A Thousand Days

by Arthur M. Schlesinger

]

  Myrdal, Gunnar, [>]; An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy, [>]

  Nair, Kusum, [>]; Blossoms in the Dust: The Human Element in Indian Development, [>] fn.

  Naked and the Dead, The (Mailer), [>]

  NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nasser, Gamal Abdel, [>], [>]; and JFK, [>]–[>]

  Nathan, Robert R., [>], [>]; calls for liberal endorsement of JFK-LBJ ticket, [>]; and foreign economic policy, [>]; and domestic economic policy, [>]

  Nation, The, [>]; Martin Luther King article in, [>]

  National Academy of Foreign Affairs, [>]

  National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), [>]–[>]

  National Arts Foundation, [>]

  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and school integration, [>]; and Medgar Evers, [>]. See also Wilkins, Roy

  National Association of Broadcasters, [>]

  National Association of Manufacturers, [>]

  National Broadcasting Company (NBC), [>]; NBC White Paper, “Cuba: Bay of Pigs,” [>] fn., [>] fn. National Cultural Center, Washington, [>]

  National Debt, [>], [>]

  National defense, [>], [>]–[>]; Eisenhower view of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] fn.; JFK view of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and National Security Council, [>]–[>]; limited-war thesis, [>]–[>], [>]; criticism of Eisenhower policy for, [>]–[>]; and McNamara, [>], [>]–[>]; and operations research, [>]–[>]; European, and NATO, [>]–[>]; budget, [>]–[>]

  National Defense Education Act, [>]

  National Indignation Convention, Dallas, [>], [>]

  National Labor Relations Board, [>]

  National Press Club, [>]–[>]

  National security, U.S.: policy, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Latin America, [>]; and atmospheric nuclear testing, [>]–[>]; and missiles, [>]–[>]; and foreign aid, [>]; and Soviet missiles in Cuba, [>]–[>]; and MLF submarine force, [>]; and test ban treaty, [>]

  National Security Council, [>], [>]; original purpose of, [>]; Jackson Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Bundy, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and NSC [>], [>], [>]; and Laos, [>]–[>], [>]; and Berlin, [>]; role of, in JFK-State Department relationship, [>]; Executive Committee, [>]; and nuclear testing, [>], [>], [>]; and Volta Dam, [>]; and foreign economic policy, [>]; and ExCom in missile crisis, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Vietnam policy, [>]–[>], [>]

  National Service Corps. See Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

  National Trade Policy, Committee for, [>]

  National University (Ireland), [>]

  National Wildlife Federation, [>]

  Nation of Immigrants, A (Kennedy), [>]

  NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization

  Natural resources, [>], [>]; task force on, [>]; presidential approach to, [>], [>]; White House Conference on Conservation, [>]; water pollution control, [>] fn.

  Negroes, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; in foreign service, [>], [>]; and Rusk, [>]; indifference of, to Africa, [>], [>], [>]; in Second World War, [>]; in election of 1960, [>]; and federal employment, [>]–[>]; and Meredith case, [>]; and unemployment, [>], [>], [>]; and JFK, [>]–[>], [>]; alienation of, [>]–[>]

  Negroes with Guns (Williams), [>]

  Nehru, B. K., [>]

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Laos, [>], [>]; on nuclear testing, [>], [>]; and neutrals, [>]; and JFK, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; and Goa, [>]–[>]; LBJ visits, [>]

  Nenni, Pietro, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and Eisenhower administration, [>]. See also Italy

  Netherlands, [>]

  Neuberger, Maurine, [>]

  Neuberger, Richard, [>]

  Neustadt, Richard, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] fn., [>]; and interregnum, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; “Organizing the Transition,” [>]–[>]; Presidential Power, [>], [>], [>]; and Council of Economic Advisers, [>]; and Bundy, [>]; on presidential role in foreign affairs, [>]; on role of State Department in foreign affairs, [>]; JFK to, on location of disarmament agency, [>]–[>]; and JFK, relationship, [>]–[>]; describes President as “a decision machine,” [>]; and John F. Kennedy Institute of Politics, [>] fn.

  Neutral nations, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; Dulles’s description of, [>]–[>], [>]; JFK view, [>]–[>]; and Laos, [>]–[>]; Galbraith’s reply to State Department on policy change toward, [>]–[>]; Belgrade meeting, [>]–[>]; and Peace Corps, [>]; Guiana, [>]

  Neutron bomb, [>]–[>]

  Nevins, Allan, [>]; The Emergence of Lincoln, [>]

  New Deal, [>], [>], [>]; and 1950s liberalism compared, [>]; men of, and New Frontiersmen compared, [>]–[>]; economists of, [>]; and JFK’s economics, [>]; and Puerto Rico, [>]; and LBJ, [>]

  New England, economic problems in, [>]

  New Face of War (Browne), [>] fn. New Frontier, [>], [>], [>]; in inaugural address, [>] fn.; staff, [>]–[>]; spirit, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and ‘permanent’ government, [>]–[>]; Robert Kennedy as champion of, [>]; and Congress, [>]; and youth, [>]; and trade expansion bill, [>]

  “New Frontiers of American Liberalism,” [>]

  Newman, Joseph, [>]; on anti-Castro sentiment, [>]

  New Republic, [>], [>]

  Newsweek, [>]

  New York, [>]–[>]; reform democrats, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; Conservative party, [>], [>]

  New Yorker, The, [>]; Rovere describes East German refugee flow in, [>]; “Letter from a Region of My Mind” (Baldwin), [>]

  New York Herald Tribune, [>]; Newman’s piece on Castro’s popularity, [>]; JFK cancels subscription to, [>]

  New York Post, [>], [>], [>] New York Times, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and the Establishment, [>]; on imminency of Cuban landing, [>]; statement by scientists on nuclear weapons, [>]; on Bowles’s resignation, [>]; and the UN, [>]; criticizes JFK’s Algerian speech, [>]; Schlesinger, Sr., poll of presidential greatness in, [>]; item on FDR’s naval prints, [>]; demands JFK be public educator, [>]; and government’s hemispheric ‘meddling,’ [>]; Castro explains Soviet missiles to Matthews of, [>]; speculates about missile crisis, [>]

  New Zealand, [>]

  Ngo Dinh Diem, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Phoumi Nosavan, [>]; and Geneva conference, [>]; and Eisenhower, [>]–[>]; economic policies of, [>]; U.S. assistance to, [>]; dissatisfaction of Vietnamese with, [>], [>]; and LBJ’s Southeast Asia tour, [>]–[>]; relationship with Washington, [>]–[>], [>]; and Vietnamese Army, [>], [>]; in Taylor-Rostow report, [>]–[>]; Galbraith reports ineffectuality of regime of, [>]–[>]; and strategic hamlet’ program, [>], [>]; and Nolting-Harkins report, [>]; reaction of U.S. newsmen to, [>]; and Buddhist protests, [>]–[>]; and Lodge, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Saigon coup, [>]–[>], [>]; murder of, [>]

  Ngo Dinh Nhu, [>], [>]; and Buddhist protests, [>], [>]; and Saigon coup, [>]–[>], [>]; and Hanoi, [>]; murder of, [>]

  Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame, [>], [>]; and Buddhist protests, [>]; denunciation of, by father, [>]; U.S. visit of, [>]

  Nhu, Ngo Dinh. See Ngo Dinh Nhu

  Nhu, Madame Ngo Dinh. See Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame

  Nicaragua, [>]; Cuban Brigade, [>], [>], [>]

  Nichols, Mike, [>]

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, [>]

  Night Comes to the Cumberlands (Caudill), [>]

  Ninth Wave, The (Burdick), [>], [>]

  Nitze, Paul, [>]–[>], [>]; and task force on national security, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; as Assistant Secretary of Defense, [>]; and U.S. defense strategy, [>], [>]; and Cuba task force, [>]; at JFK-Macmillan meeting in Nassau, [>]

  Nixon, Richard M., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; in 1956 election, [>], [>]; Rayburn’s opinion of, [>], [>]; JFK on, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and ADA, [>]; and suburban Catholics, [>]; JFK pays post-election call on, [>]; visits Latin America, [>], [>], [>]; advocates aggressive policy toward Castro, [>]; accuses JFK of security breach, [>]; proposes Cuban exile forces against Castro, [>]; JFK talks with, post-Bay of Pigs, [>], [>], [>]; “Cuba, Castro, and JFK
,” [>] fn., [>] fn.; on U.S. retaliatory powers, [>]; and Dien Bien Phu, [>]; JFK to, on Laos, [>]; Khrushchev on, [>]–[>]; and Stevenson test ban proposal, [>]; criticizes JFK’s African Subcommittee, [>]; criticizes Peace Corps plan, [>]; and economic growthmanship, [>]; Six Crises, [>]; in election of 1962, [>]; and Tractors for Freedom plan, [>]

  Nkrumah, Kwame, [>]; and Belgrade meeting of neutrals, [>]; visits White House (1961), [>], [>]; Houphouët-Boigny to Robert Kennedy on, [>],[>]; Lady Jackson describes to JFK, [>]; and Communists, [>]–[>]; dictatorship of, [>]

  Nobel Prize winners, [>], [>]

  Nogueiria, Dr. Franco, [>]–[>]

  Nolting, Frederick, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Harkins, policy of, toward Ngo Dinh Diem, [>], [>]; and newsmen, [>]; at President’s meetings on Vietnam, [>], [>]

  Non-aggression pact, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also Test ban treaty

  Nonintervention, [>]; and Good Neighbor policy, [>]–[>], [>]; and Eisenhower administration’s view of Cuban problem, [>]; and CIA’s Trinidad Plan, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and CIA decision for direct intervention, [>]; J. S. Mill doctrine of, [>]; JFK reaffirms U.S. doctrine of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Norris, George W., [>], [>], [>]

  Norstad, General Lauris, [>]; and Berlin, [>]; and nuclear resolve, [>]

  North Africa, [>]–[>]

  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; and George Ball, [>]; effect of, on European communism, [>]; JFK, de Gaulle discuss, [>], [>]; Khrushchev’s view of Berlin in, [>]; and West Berlin, [>]–[>]; and African matters, [>]–[>]; Warsaw Pact, [>]; economic role of, [>]–[>]; nuclear role of, [>]–[>], [>]; and Polaris, [>], [>]; and MLF, [>]; and Italy, [>]. [>]

  North Carolina, [>]

  Norton, Clem, [>]

  Norton, John N., [>]

  Nuclear deterrence, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; liberals’ condemnation of, [>]; and Atlantic community, [>]; centralization of, and McNamara, [>]–[>]; centralization vs. flexible response, [>]–[>]; British, and Skybolt, [>]–[>]; and MLF, [>]

  Nuclear powers, [>], [>]–[>]; and defense strategy, [>]–[>]; Republican view of, [>], [>]; and the Soviets, [>], [>], [>]; JFK, de Gaulle discuss, [>]–[>], [>]; fail-safe controls for, [>]; of U.S. in 1964, [>]; and control, [>]–[>]; and MLF, [>], [>]–[>]; and test ban treaty, [>]–[>]

  Nuclear test ban treaty. See Test ban treaty

  Nuclear testing, [>], [>], [>]; and Soviets, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; U.S. concern about, [>]–[>]; and atmosphere, [>], [>], [>], [>]; pressure on JFK to resume, [>]–[>]; Schlesinger prepares White Paper on, [>]; U.S. resumes, [>], [>], [>]–[>]. [>]; JFK-Macmillan Bermuda talks, [>]–[>]; and Senate reaction to treaty, [>]

  Nuclear war, [>], [>], [>]; Eisenhower administration’s thesis for, [>]–[>]; danger of miscalculation, [>]–[>]; and Berlin, [>]; and Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>]; and conventional forces, [>]–[>]

  Nyasaland, [>]

  Nyerere, Julius, [>]; and U.S. condemnation of apartheid, [>]

  OAS. See Organization of American States

  Oberdorfer, Louis, [>]

  Obote, Milton, [>]

  O’Brien, Lawrence, [>], [>]; as Special Assistant, [>]; and Shriver, [>]; and presidential program, [>]; and domestic policy, [>]; as congressional liaison, [>], [>], [>]; and trade expansion act, [>]–[>]; and campaign strategy, [>]

  O’Connor, Edwin, [>]

  O’Connor, Frank, [>]

  O’Donnell, Kenneth, [>]; at Los Angeles, [>], [>], [>]; during campaign, [>], [>]; as Special Assistant, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; war experiences of, [>]; disapproves of Clay committee, [>], [>]; JFK to, on big business, [>]–[>]; and Robert Kennedy, [>]; and Meredith case, [>]; counsels JFK on Dallas trip, [>]; JFK discusses role of Secret Sen ice with, [>]; describes Dallas’s reaction to JFK, [>]

  Odria, Manuel, [>]

  OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS): Research and Analysis Branch, [>]; and Goldberg, [>]; and Charles River economists, [>]; and James Donovan, [>]

  Office of War Information, [>]

  Office of War Mobilization, [>]

  Ohio, [>]

  Olivier, Borg, [>]

  O’Mahoney, Monsignor, [>]

  Onassis, Aristotle, [>]

  On Soviet Military Science, [>]

  Operation Pan America, [>]

  Operation Tycoon, and ICA, [>]

  Oppenheimer, J. Robert, [>], [>]

  O’Reilly, John Boyle, [>]

  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), [>]–[>]; and Van Lennep, [>]; and George Ball, [>]

  Organization of Afrícan Unity, [>]–[>]

  Organization of American States (OAS), [>], [>], [>], [>]; and anti-Castro measures, [>], [>], [>], [>]; JFK urges Council to expedite Aliance for Progress, [>]; and Trujillo, [>]; and Dominican election, [>]; and Morrison, [>]; and expulsion of Cuba, [>]; resolution on security, [>]; and military junta, Peru, [>]; and naval blockade of Cuba, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]; charter, [>] fn.

  “Organizing the Transition” (Neustadt), [>]–[>]

  Orlich Balmarcich, José, [>]

  Ormsby Gore, David (Lord Harlech), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; JFK compares to Bundy, [>]; on Bay of Pigs, [>]; on U.S. Laos policy, [>]; and JFK, [>]–[>]; and test ban, [>]; describes JFK-Macmillan relationship, [>]; on new generation of Soviets, [>]; and Hickory Hill seminars, [>]; and Cuban missile crisis, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; and Skybolt cancellation, [>], [>]; at JFK-Macmillan meeting in Nassau, [>]; and test ban treaty, [>]. [>], [>]–[>]

  Orrick, William, [>]

  Osgood, R. E., [>]

  Other America, The (Harrington), [>]

  Outer Mongolia, [>], [>]; admission of, to UN, [>]

  ‘Overkill,’ [>]; JFK view of, [>]

  Overseas food program, [>]

  Owen, Henry, [>]

  Owings, Nathaniel A., [>]

  Oxford, Mississippi. See Meredith, James; Mississippi

  Pacem in Terris (John XXIII), [>]

  Pachter, Henry, [>]

  Pakistan, [>]; and SEATO, [>]; military aid to, [>]; and India, [>]; Jacqueline Kennedy visits, [>]

  Pan American Union, [>], [>]

  Panofsky, Wolfgang, [>], [>]

  Paraguay, [>], [>]

  Paris: JFK-de Gaulle meeting, [>]–[>]; reaction of, to Jacqueline Kennedy, [>]

  Parnell, Charles Stewart, [>]

  Parsons, J. Graham, [>], [>]–[>]; as ambassador to Sweden, [>]–[>]

  Partido Revolucionario Dominicano, [>]

  Partisan Review, “The Future of Socialism” (Schlesinger), [>]

  Passman, Otto, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Past That Would Not Die, The (Lord), [>] fn.

  Pathet Lao, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and civil war, [>]; and Souvanna Phouma, [>]; and Kong Le, [>]; and Khrushchev, [>]; after cease-fire, [>]; and neutralists, [>]. See also Laos

  Patman, Wright, [>]

  Patterson, John, [>]

  Paul VI, Pope, [>]

  Pavlick, Richard R., [>]

  Paz Estenssoro, Victor, [>], [>], [>], [>]; on quasi-feudalism in Latin America, [>]; on poverty, [>]

  Pazos Vea, Felipe, [>]

  Pazos Vea, Javier, [>]; “Cuba—‘Long Live the Revolution!”’ [>] fn.

  Peace Corps, [>], [>], [>] fn., [>]; JFK calls for establishment of, [>], [>]; Touré invites to Guinea, [>]; and Shriver, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; autonomy of, [>], [>]; criticism of, [>]; objectives of, [>]; in action, [>]–[>]

  Pearson, Drew, [>]; Khrushchev to, on John Foster Dulles, [>]; Buchwald on, [>]

  Peking, [>]. See also China

  Pell, Claiborne: criticizes Acheson’s Berlin policy, [>]; and the arts, [>]

  Pendergast, Mike, [>]

  Penney, Sir William, [>]

  Pennsylvania Avenue, [>]–[>]

  Pentagon, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; in Cuban invasion, [>]; and McNamara, [>]–[>], [>]; morale in, [>]; and Sou
theast Asia, [>]; and Berlin crisis, [>]; and disarmament issues, [>]–[>]; prepares shelter instruction booklet, [>]; in Cuban missile crisis, [>]–[>]. See also Defense, U.S. Department of

  Perkins, Frances, [>]

  Peronismo, [>]

  Perkins, James, [>]

  Perón, Juan, [>]

  Persons, Wilton B., [>]–[>]

  Person to Person (TV program), [>]

  Peru, [>], [>], [>], [>]; political instability of, [>]–[>]; Washington reaction to military coup in, [>], [>] fn.; and OAS, [>]. See also Haya de la Torre, Victor

  Petersen, Howard, [>]

  Peyrefitte, Alain, [>]

  Phillipine Islands, [>]; and SEATO, [>]

  Phoui Sananikoune, [>]; and State Department, [>]

  Phoumi Nosavan, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and CIA, [>]; and Defense Department, [>]; JFK view of, [>], [>]; and Harriman, [>]–[>]; capitulation of, [>]; flees country, [>]–[>]

  Pilgrim’s Way (Buchan), [>], [>], [>]

  Pinchot, Gifford, [>]

  Pinilla, Rojas, [>]

  Pittman, Steuart, [>]

  Plank, John, [>]; and CRC, [>], [>]

  Plans for Progress, [>]

  Plimpton, Francis, [>]

  Poland, [>], [>], [>]; reaction of, to assassination, [>]

  Polaris program, [>], [>], [>], [>]; in de Gaulle-JFK discussion, [>]; and defense budget, [>]; U.S. 1964 strength, [>]; and NATO, [>]; and Skybolt, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Statement on Nuclear Defense Systems, [>]; and France, [>]

  Police brutality, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; at Ole Miss, [>]; in Birmingham, [>]–[>]. See also Connor, Eugene

  Politician, The (Welch), [>]

  Polk, James K., [>], [>]

  Poll tax, [>] fn., [>], [>] fn.

  Population policy, [>]–[>]; and foreign aid planning, [>]; and McGhee, [>]; and Barnett, [>]; domestic, [>]

  Porter, Sylvia, [>]

  Porter, William J., [>], [>]; and Ben Bella, [>]–[>]

  Portugal, [>]–[>], [>]; and Goa, [>]–[>]; and colonies, [>]–[>]

  Post Office, U.S. Department, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Poverty program, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; 1950 programs for, [>]–[>]; and Galbraith, [>]; and The Other America (Harrington), [>]; and Heller, [>]–[>]

  Powell, Adam Clayton, [>]