A Thousand Days
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]; and Congo, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; U.S. mission to, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; and JFK, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; internal organization of, [>]–[>]; Soviets propose troika for, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; Disarmament Commission, [>]; and General Assembly session, [>], [>]; JFK addresses, [>]–[>]; and Hammarskjöld, [>]; and U Thant, [>], [>]–[>]; and colonialism, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; U.S. African policy in, [>]–[>]; and Tunisia, [>]; and South Africa, [>]–[>]; Sweden’s study of population problems at, [>], [>]; bond issue, [>] fn.; Security Council and missile crisis, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and dismantlement and removal of missiles in Cuba, [>]; General Assembly’s Declaration of Legal Principles for Outer Space, [>]
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), [>], [>]
United States Coast Guard: Academy, [>]; at inauguration, [>]
United States Government, departments of. See names of specific departments
United States Information Agency (USIA), [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Cuban White Paper, [>]; and economic commentaries of, [>]; reports European reaction to MLF, [>]
United States Military Assistance and Advisory Group: in Laos, [>]–[>]; in Vietnam, [>]
United States of Europe: Action Committee for a, [>], [>]; and MLF, [>]. See also Monnet, Jean
United States Steel, [>]–[>], [>]; and Defense Department, [>]; reaction to clash by Latin Americans, [>]
United Steelworkers, [>]
University of California, JFK delivers Charter Day address at, [>]–[>], [>]
UNRRA (United Nations Rehabilitation and Relief Association), [>]
Urban Affairs, Department of, effort to establish, [>], [>]
Urban League, [>], [>]
Urrutia, Manuel, [>]
Uruguay, [>]; and Cuban expulsion from OAS, [>]
US. News and World Report, [>]; reports congressional attitude toward JFK, [>]
U.S.S.R. See Soviet
Union U Thant, [>]; and Congo unification plan, [>]–[>]; urges negotiations for Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>]; Soviet Union supports election of, [>]
U-2 flights, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Bissell, [>]; use of, in Cuban invasion, [>]; JFK reaction to, [>]; and Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; stray over Soviet Union, [>]; Khrushchev requests stopping of, over Cuba, [>]
Valachi case, [>]
Vanderbilt University, [>]
Van der Rohe, Mies, [>]
Van Doren, Charles, [>]
Van Lennep, E., [>]
Varona, Manuel Antonio de, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and Ray authorize organization of Cuban Revolutionary Council, [>]; protests Artime appointment, [>]; indicts CIA, [>]
Veblen, Thorsten, [>]
Venezuela, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; population growth in, [>]; Peace Corps in, [>]; political composition of, [>]; as model of progressive democracy, [>]; and Communism, [>]; breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba, [>]; and Alliance for Progress, [>]
Veterans Administration, [>]
Vice-Presidency: and JFK (1956), [>]–[>], [>]; in 1960, [>], [>]–[>]; and Humphrey, [>], [>], [>]; and LBJ, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Vienna summit meeting, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; JFK outlines hopes for, [>]; freedom of choice vs. intellectual freedom, [>]–[>]; ‘miscalculation’ discussed, [>]–[>]; Laos cease-fire discussed, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and reactionary regimes, [>]–[>]; balance of power, [>]–[>], [>]; test ban discussed, [>]–[>]; discussion on Berlin, [>]–[>]; JFK reports to American people, [>]; Khrushchev reports to Russian people. [>]–[>]
Vientiane Agreements, [>], [>], [>]
Viereck, Peter, [>]
Viet Cong. See under Vietnam
Vietnam, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; Viet Cong, [>], [>], [>]–[>]. [>], [>], [>], [>]; 1951 U.S. policy in, [>]–[>]; U.S. economic aid to, [>]. [>]. [>]. [>]; Viet Minh, [>]–[>]; aids Pathet Lao, [>], [>], [>]; JFK and Nehru discuss, [>], [>]; Eisenhower pledge of support in, [>]–[>]; JFK continues 1954 policy in, [>]; counter-insurgency plan for, [>], [>], [>]; task force, [>]; LBJ visits, [>]–[>]; economic mission to, [>]; Taylor-Rostow mission to, [>]–[>]; Harkins-Nolting policy for, [>], [>], [>]; strategic hamlet program, [>]–[>]. [>], [>], [>]; and newsmen, [>]–[>], [>]; government criticism of policy, [>]–[>]; and Rusk, [>]; and Buddhist protests, [>]–[>]; and Saigon coup, [>]–[>], [>], [>] fn.
Vietnam: Inside Story of the Guerrilla War (Burchett), 982fn.
Village Voice, [>]
Villaroel, Gualberto, [>]
Voice of America, [>] Volta River Dam. See Ghana Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), [>]
Voting rights, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Civil Rights Commission, [>]–[>]; Act of 1965, [>]; literary tests and poll taxes, [>]
Wadsworth, James J., [>]
Walker, Major General Edwin A., [>], [>], [>]; and Meredith case, [>], [>]
Wallace, George C., [>]; and University of Alabama, [>]
Wallace, Henry, [>], [>]
Wall Street, [>], [>], [>]
Walton, William, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and display of Roosevelt’s “Old Navy: 1776–1860,” [>]; on the Kennedys and the arts, [>]; and Fine Arts Commission, [>]
War and Peace in the Space Age (Gavin), [>]
Ward, Barbara, [>], [>]; JFK’s regard for, [>]
Ward, Stephen, [>], [>]
Warnecke, John C., [>]
Warren, Earl, [>], [>]
Warsaw Pact (NATO), [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Washington, George, [>], [>]
Washington Post, [>], [>]; and Graham, [>], [>]; editorial on death of Joseph Kennedy, Jr., [>]; and Karl Meyer, [>]; criticizes Kennedy’s failure as public educator, [>]; Roberts’s story on Alsop-Bartlett Cuban piece, [>]
Watkins, Tom, [>]–[>]
Watson, Thomas J., Jr., [>]
Weaver, George, [>]
Weaver, Dr. Robert C., [>], [>], [>]
Webb, James, [>]
Wechsler, James, [>], [>]; and JFK discuss nuclear war over Berlin, [>]; writes column on JFK’s thoughts on war and peace, [>]; on Robert Kennedy, [>]
Welch, Robert, [>]
Welles, Sumner, [>], [>]; and FDR’s State Department, [>], [>]
We Shall Overcome (Dorman), [>] fn.
West, Morris, [>]
West Africa (magazine), on JFK’s political attitude toward Africa, [>]
West Germany (German Federal Republic), [>], [>]; Khrushchev’s views on, [>]–[>]. [>]–[>]; and third world war, [>]; reaction of, to Wall, [>]. [>]; Robert Kennedy reaffirms American commitment to, [>]; and Coal and Steel Community, [>]; and nuclear capacity, [>], [>], [>]; Social Democrats of, [>]; and European policy, [>]
West New Guinea, [>]–[>]; and Bunker, [>]
West Virginia, [>], [>]; unemployed in, [>], [>]
Wharton, Clifton R., [>]
Wheat, [>], [>], [>], [>]; sale of, to U.S.S.R., [>], [>]
Wheeling Steel Company, [>]
While England Slept (Churchill), [>]
Whitaker, Arthur, and Latin American Task Force, [>]
White, Byron, [>], [>]; as Rhodes Scholar, [>]; war experience of, [>]; and Justice Department, [>]; and Supreme Court appointment, [>]
White, E. B., [>]–[>]
White, Lee, [>], and civil rights, [>]
White, Theodore H., [>] fn., [>], [>], [>]; The Making of the President: 1960, [>], [>]; and Humphrey, [>]; in Los Angeles, [>]; on State Department, [>], [>]; on Vietnam, [>]; on LBJ’s years as Vice-President, [>]
White, General Thomas D., [>]; opposition of, to test ban treaty, [>]
White, Walter, [>]
White, William S., [>]; The Professional: Lyndon B. Johnson, [>], [>] fn.
‘White backlash,’ [>]–[>]
White House, [>]–[>]; restoration project, [>]–[>]; guidebook and tours, [>]–[>]; staff, [>]–[>]
White House Historical Association, [>]
White Paper on Cuba, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Whittaker, Charles, [>]
Why England Slept (Kennedy), [>]–[>],
[>], [>]
Wicker, Tom, [>], [>]
Wiener, Norbert, [>]
Wiesner, Jerome B., [>]; Science Adviser to JFK, [>], [>]; at Pugwash meeting, Moscow, [>], [>]; and ‘missile gap,’ [>]; and McNamara, [>]; and disarmament, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and nuclear testing, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and radioactive fallout, [>]–[>]; and neutron bomb, [>]; and arms control, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; and defense budget, [>]; and test ban, [>], [>]; and reciprocal/unilateral arms reduction and control, [>]
Wilbur, Richard, [>]
Wild, Payson, [>]
Wilder, Thornton, [>]
Wilkins, Roy, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; JFK explains civil rights policy to, [>]; and executive housing order, [>]; and Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, [>]; and JFK, [>]
Williams, G. Mennen, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; Assistant Secretary of State for Africa, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Bowles, [>]; and uncommitted nations, [>]; views of U.S. role in Africa, [>], [>]; JFK support for, [>]; “Africa is for the Africans,” [>]–[>]; and Congo, [>]; and U.S. apartheid policy, [>]
Williams, Robert F., [>]
“Will the Spell Be Broken?” (article), [>]
Wilson, Charles, [>]; on Indochina, [>]
Wilson, Donald M., [>]
Wilson, Edmund, [>]
Wilson, Harold, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Wilson, Henry Hall, [>]
Wilson, Richard, [>] fn.
Wilson, Thomas, [>]
Wilson, Woodrow, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; Fourteen Points and New Freedom, [>]; domestic policy of, [>]; and public information, [>], [>]
Winchell, Walter, [>]
Wirtz, W. Willard, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Wisconsin, [>]
Wofford, Harris, [>], [>], [>]; and civil rights, [>]; Special Assistant for civil rights, [>], [>]; and Peace Corps, [>]
Wohlstetter, Roberta, [>]
Woods, George, [>]
Woodward, Robert F., [>], [>]; on expulsion of Cuba from OAS, [>]; as ambassador to Spain, [>]
Wool, Robert, [>]
World Bank, [>]; and George Woods, [>]
World Federalists, [>]
World Marxist Review, and Cuban Revolution, [>] fn.
World War II. See Second World War
Wright, James, [>]
Wright, Sir Michael, [>] Disarm and Verify, [>] fn.
Wyatt, Wilson, [>], [>], [>]
Yale University: Law School citation to Blough, [>]; JFK delivers commencement address at, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Yarborough, Ralph, [>] [>]–[>], [>]
Yarborough, Major General William P., [>]
Yarmolinsky, Adam, [>], [>], [>]
Ydígoras Fuentes, Miguel, [>]; and Cuban freedom fighters, [>]
Yemen, [>], [>]
Yost, Charles W., [>]
Young, Kenneth, [>]
Young, Whitney, [>], [>]
Young Americans for Freedom, [>]
Young Democrats, [>]
Young Melbourne, The (Cecil), [>], [>]
Youth, [>], [>]–[>]; impact of JFK upon, [>], [>]–[>]; Robert Kennedy’s concern for, [>], [>], [>]; JFK’s concern for, [>]–[>]
Youth Conservation Corps, [>]
Yugoslavia, [>], [>], [>], [>]; anticommunist uprisings in, [>]; aid to, [>]
Zacharias, Jerrold R., [>]
Zakharov, Marshal M. V, [>]
Zevi, Tullia, [>]
Zorin, V A., [>]–[>]; and disarmament controls, [>]; in Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>], [>]
Zuckerman, Sir Solly, [>]
Zukert, Eugene, [>]; Secretary of Air Force, [>]
About the Author
ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, JR., the author of sixteen books, was a renowned historian and social critic. He twice won the Pulitzer Prize, in 1946 for The Age of Jackson and in 1966 for A Thousand Days. He was also the winner of the National Book Award for both A Thousand Days and Robert Kennedy and His Times (1979). In 1998 he was awarded the prestigious National Humanities Medal.
Footnotes
* Grace Tully, FDR, My Boss (New York, 1949), xi.
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* U. E. Baughman, Secret Service Chief (New York, 1962), 3, 12.
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* This thought had lain in Kennedy’s mind for a long time. As far back as 1945 he had noted down in a looseleaf notebook a quotation from Rousseau: “As soon as any man says of the affairs of the state, What does it matter to me? the state may be given up as lost.” In his address accepting the Democratic nomination in 1960, he said of the New Frontier, “It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them.” On September 5 at Cadillac Square in Detroit, Kennedy departed from his prepared text to say: “The new frontier is not what I promise I am going to do for you. The new frontier is what I ask you to do for our country.” He continued to polish the thought in the back of his mind until he was ready to put it in final form in the inaugural address.
Though this line was clearly Kennedy’s own, like all such lines it had its historic analogues. Gilbert Seldes cites the remarks of the mayor of Haverhill at the funeral of John Greenleaf Whittier as quoted by Van Wyck Brooks in New England: Indian Summer: “Here may we be reminded that man is most honored, not by that which a city may do for him, but by that which he has done for the city.” And James Rowe, Jr., Oliver Wendell Holmes’s last law clerk, points out the following lines from a Memorial Day address delivered by Justice Holmes in 1884: “It is now the moment when by common consent we pause to become conscious of our national life and to rejoice in it, to recall what our country has done for each of us, and to ask ourselves what we can do for our country in return.”
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* His younger brother Edward exceeded this margin in 1964.
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* Except for a couple of speeches about China which he delivered in 1949 before McCarthy discovered the communist issue. These speeches were out of character and remained on Kennedy’s conscience for a long time. As late as 1960 he separately expressed both to Theodore H. White and to me his sorrow that he had ever given them.
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* “Come now, and let us reason together.” Isaiah 1: 18. L.B.J., passim.
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* C. Dwight Dorough, Mr. Sam (New York, 1962), 570. This account has the Kennedy-Rayburn talk taking place on Wednesday night, which is wrong, but it probably can be relied upon as Rayburn’s memory of what he told Kennedy.
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* Including this one; my account is based on as careful as possible a collation of the diverging recollections of participants.
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* Murray Kempton, “L’Envoi,” New York Post, November 2, 1960.
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* W. G. Carleton, “Kennedy in History: An Early Appraisal,” Antioch Review, Fall 1964.
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* In the English sense, that is; in the American sense of believing in a strong Congress and a weak executive, he often emphasized to James MacGregor Burns and others, “I am no Whig!”
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* Richard Goodwin showed him Mailer’s piece after it appeared in Esquire. Later he asked what Kennedy thought of it. Kennedy replied enigmatically, “It really runs on, doesn’t it?”
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* The term Establishment was revived by Henry Fairlie for use in England in a series for The Spectator in September–October 1955. Anyone who writes on the American Establishment must, of course, acknowledge his debt to our most brilliant and persevering practitioner of Establishment Studies, the devoted Hudson River scholar, Richard H. Rovere. All such inquiries begin with Dr. Rovere’s pioneering monograph, “The American Establishment,” in The American Establishment (New York, 1962).
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* Mar
tin Durkin was a trade unionist whom Eisenhower appointed Secretary of Labor but who could find no points of social or intellectual contact with the Eisenhower administration and resigned unhappily after a few months.
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* And to whom I must express deep gratitude for her unstinted assistance during the writing of this book.
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* George S. McGovern, War Against Want (New York, 1964), xi-xii.
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* Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., “Good Fences Make Good Neighbors,” Fortune, August, 1946.
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* Undeterred by past error, the International Monetary Fund in 1964–65 persuaded a complaisant government in the Dominican Republic to accept a fiscal program which reduced per capita income, increased unemployment and led in the spring of 1965 to political convulsion and United States intervention.
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* Seymour E. Harris, The Economics of the Political Parties (New York, 1962), 25.
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* World Marxist Review, August, 1959.
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* Javier Felipe Pazos Vea, “Cuba—‘Long Live the Revolution!’” New Republic, November 3, 1962.
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* Hugh Thomas, “The Origins of the Cuban Revolution,” World Today, October 1963.
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* Raúl Chibas on NBC White Paper, “Cuba: Bay of Pigs,” February 4, 1964.
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* NBC White Paper, “Cuba: Bay of Pigs,” February 4, 1964.
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* Haynes Johnson, The Bay of Pigs (New York, 1964, [Dell edition]), 56.
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* Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (New York, 1963), 169.
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* Haynes Johnson, The Bay of Pigs (New York, 1964 [Dell edition]), 67.
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* Later in the day the President returned to me my aide-mémoire on the Miró conversation with the scrawled notation: ‘‘I informed Bissell that he should have Cardona told that the operation would be cancelled immediately unless Cardona made the decision to go ahead with full understanding of the limitations on U.S. support.”