The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
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40. Josh White and Griff Witte, “To Stem Iraqi Violence, U.S. Looks to Factories,” Washington Post, December 12, 2006.
41. James A. Baker III, Lee H. Hamilton, Lawrence S. Eagleburger, et al., Iraq Study Group Report, December 2006, page 57, www.usip.org.
42. Pfeifer, “Where Majors Fear to Tread.”
43. “Iraq’s Refugee Crisis Is Nearing Catastrophe,” Financial Times (London), February 8, 2007; Joshua Gallu, “Will Iraq’s Oil Blessing Become a Curse?” Der Spiegel, December 22, 2006; Danny Fortson, Andrew Murray-Watson and Tim Webb, “Future of Iraq: The Spoils of War,” Independent (London), January 7, 2007.
44. Iraqi Labor Union Leadership, “Iraqi Trade Union Statement on the Oil Law,” December 10–14, 2006, www.carbonweb.org.
45. Edward Wong, “Iraqi Cabinet Approves Draft of Oil Law,” New York Times, February 26, 2007.
46. Steven L. Schooner, “Contractor Atrocities at Abu Ghraib: Compromised Accountability in a Streamlined Outsourced Government,” Stanford Law & Policy Review 16, no. 2 (2005): 552.
47. Jeremy Scahill, Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army (New York: Nation Books, 2007), 123.
48. Jim Krane, “A Private Army Grows Around the U.S. Mission in Iraq and Around the World,” Associated Press, October 30, 2003; Jeremy Scahill, “Mercenary Jackpot,” The Nation, August 28, 2006; Jeremy Scahill, “Exile on K Street,” The Nation, February 20, 2006; Mark Hemingway, “Warriors for Hire,” Weekly Standard, December 18, 2006.
49. Griff Witte, “Contractors Were Poorly Monitored, GAO Says,” Washington Post, April 30, 2005.
50. T. Christian Miller, Blood Money: Wasted Billions, Lost Lives, and Corporate Greed in Iraq (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2006), 87. FOOTNOTE: George R. Fay, AR 15–6 Investigation of the Abu Ghraib Detention Facility and 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, pages 19, 50, 52, www4.army.mil.
51. Renae Merle, “Army Tries Private Pitch for Recruits,” Washington Post, September 6, 2006.
52. Andrew Taylor, “Defense Contractor CEOs See Pay Double Since 9/11 Attacks,” Associated Press, August 29, 2006; Steve Vogel and Renae Merle, “Privatized Walter Reed Workforce Gets Scrutiny,” Washington Post, March 10, 2007; Donna Borak, “Walter Reed Deal Hindered by Disputes,” Associated Press, March 19, 2007.
53. According to Thomas Ricks, “When the U.S. troop level was about 150,000, and the allied troop contributions totaled 25,000, there were about 60,000 additional civilian contractors supporting the effort.” That means there were 175,000 coalition soldiers to 60,000 contractors, a ratio of 1 contractor to every 2.9 soldiers. Nelson D. Schwartz, “The Pentagon’s Private Army,” Fortune, March 17, 2003; Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: Penguin, 2006), 37; Renae Merle, “Census Counts 100,000 Contractors in Iraq,” Washington Post, December 5, 2006.
54. Ian Bruce, “Soldier of Fortune Deaths Go Missing in Iraq,” Herald (Glasgow), January 13, 2007; Brian Brady, “Mercenaries to Fill Iraq Troop Gap,” Scotland on Sunday (Edinburgh), February 25, 2007; Michelle Roberts, “Iraq War Exacts Toll on Contractors,” Associated Press, February 24, 2007.
55. United Nations Department of Public Information, “Background Note: 31 December 2006,” United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, www.un.org; James Glanz and Floyd Norris, “Report Says Iraq Contractor Is Hiding Data from U.S.,” New York Times, October 28, 2006; Brady, “Mercenaries to Fill Iraq Troop Gap.”
56. FOOTNOTE: James Boxell, “Man of Arms Explores New Areas of Combat,” Financial Times (London), March 11, 2007.
57. Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Iraq Reconstruction: Lessons in Contracting and Procurement, July 2006, pages 98–99, www.sigir.mil; George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, Washington, DC, January 23, 2007.
58. Guy Dinmore, “US Prepares List of Unstable Nations,” Financial Times (London), March 29, 2005.
19. Blanking the Beach: “The Second Tsunami”
1. Seth Mydans, “Builders Swoop in, Angering Thai Survivors,” International Herald Tribune (Paris), March 10, 2005.
2. ActionAid International et al., Tsunami Response: A Human Rights Assessment, January 2006, page 13, www.actionaidusa.org.
3. Sri Lanka: A Travel Survival Kit (Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet, 2005), 267.
4. John Lancaster, “After Tsunami, Sri Lankans Fear Paving of Paradise,” Washington Post, June 5, 2005.
5. National Physical Planning Department, Arugam Bay Resource Development Plan: Reconstruction Towards Prosperity, Final Report, pages 4, 5, 7, 18, 33, April 25, 2005; Lancaster, “After Tsunami, Sri Lankans Fear Paving of Paradise.”
6. “South Asians Mark Tsunami Anniversary,” United Press International, June 26, 2005.
7. USAID/Sri Lanka, “USAID Elicits ‘Real Reform’ of Tourism,” January 2006, www.usaid.gov.
8. Ibid.
9. E-mail interview with Karen Preston, public relations manager, Leading Hotels of the World, August 16, 2006; Ajay Kapur, Niall Macleod, and Narendra Singh, “Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances,” Citigroup: Industry Note, Equity Strategy, October 16, 2005, pages 27, 30.
10. United Nations Environment Programme, “Sri Lanka Environment Profile,” National Environment Outlook, www.unep.net.
11. Tittawella was director general of the Public Enterprises Reform Commission of Sri Lanka from 1997 to 2001, during which time he oversaw the privatization of Sri Lanka Telecom (August 1997) and Sri Lankan Air Lines (March 1998). After the 2004 elections, he was named chairman and CEO of the government-run Strategic Enterprises Management Agency, which continued the project of privatization under the updated language of “public-private partnerships.” Public Enterprises Reform Commission of Sri Lanka, “Past Divestitures,” 2005, www.perc.gov.lk; “SEMA to Rejuvenate Key State Enterprises,” June 15, 2004, www.priu.gov.lk.
12. Movement for National Land and Agricultural Reform, Sri Lanka, A Proposal for a People’s Planning Commission for Recovery After Tsunami, www.monlar.org.
13. “Privatizations in Sri Lanka Likely to Slow Because of Election Results,” Associated Press, April 5, 2004.
14. “Sri Lanka Begins Tsunami Rebuilding Amid Fresh Peace Moves,” Agence France-Presse, January 19, 2005.
15. Movement for National Land and Agricultural Reform, Sri Lanka, A Proposal for a People’s Planning Commission for Recovery After Tsunami, www.monlar.org; “Sri Lanka Raises Fuel Prices Amid Worsening Economic Crisis,” Agence France-Presse, June 5, 2005; “Panic Buying Grips Sri Lanka Amid Oil Strike Fears,” Agence France-Presse, March 28, 2005.
16. James Wilson and Richard Lapper, “Honduras May Speed Sell-Offs After Storm,” Financial Times (London), November 11, 1998; Organization of American States, “Honduras,” 1999 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, page 165, www.sice.oas.org; Sandra Cuffe, Rights Action, A Backwards, Upside-Down Kind of Development: Global Actors, Mining and Community-Based Resistance in Honduras and Guatemala, February 2005, www.rightsaction.org.
17. Mexico’s Telmex Unveils Guatemala Telecom Alliance,” Reuters, October 29, 1998; Consultative Group for the Reconstruction and Transformation of Central America, Inter-American Development Bank, “Nicaragua,” Central America After Hurricane Mitch: The Challenge of Turning a Disaster into an Opportunity, May 2000, www.iadb.org; Pamela Druckerman, “No Sale: Do You Want to Buy a Phone Company?” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 1999.
18. “Mexico’s Telmex Unveils Guatemala Telecom Alliance”; “Spain’s Fenosa Buys Nicaragua Energy Distributors,” Reuters, September 12, 2000; “San Francisco Group Wins Honduras Airport Deal,” Reuters, March 9, 2000; “CEO–Govt. to Sell Remaining Enitel Stake This Year,” Business News Americas, February 14, 2003.
19. Quotation from Eduardo Stein Barillas. “Central America After Hurricane Mitch,” World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, Davos, Switzerland, January 30, 1999.
20. Alison Rice, Tsunami Concern, Post-Tsunami Tourism and Reconstructio
n: A Second Disaster? October 2005, page 11, www.tourismconcern.org.uk.
21. TAFREN, “An Agenda for Sri Lanka’s Post-Tsunami Recovery,” Progress & News, July 2005, page 2.
22. USAID Sri Lanka, “Fishermen and Tradesmen to Benefit from U.S. Funded $33 Million Contract for Post-Tsunami Infrastructure Projects,” press release, September 8, 2005, www.usaid.gov; United States Government Accountability Office, USAID Signature Tsunami Reconstruction Efforts in Indonesia and Sri Lanka Exceed Initial Cost and Schedule Estimates, and Face Further Risks, Report to Congressional Committee, GAO-07–357, February 2007; National Physical Planning Department, Arugam Bay Resource Development Plan: Reconstruction Towards Prosperity, Final Report, April 25, 2005, page 18.
23. United States Embassy, “U.S. Provides $1 Million to Maintain Tsunami Shelter Communities,” May 18, 2006, www.usaid.gov.
24. Randeep Ramesh, “Indian Tsunami Victims Sold Their Kidneys to Survive,” Guardian (London), January 18, 2007; ActionAid International et al., Tsunami Response, 17; www.actionaidusa.org; Nick Meo, “Thousands of Indonesians Still in Tents,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), December 27, 2005.
25. ActionAid International et al., Tsunami Response, 9.
26. Central Intelligence Agency, “Maldives,” The World Factbook 2007, www.cia.gov.
27. Coco Palm Dhuni Kolhu, www.cocopalm.com; Four Seasons Resort, Maldives at Landaa Giraavaru, www.fourseasons.com; Hilton Maldives Resort and Spa, Rangali Island, www.hilton.com; “Dhoni Mighili Island,” Private Islands Online, www.privateislandsonline.com.
28. Roland Buerck, “Maldives Opposition Plan Protest,” BBC News, April 20, 2007; Asian Human Rights Commission, “Extrajudicial Killings, Disappearances, Torture and Other Forms of Gross Human Rights Violations Still Engulf Asia’s Nations,” December 8, 2006, www.ahrchk.net; Amnesty International, “Republic of Maldives: Repression of Peaceful Political Opposition,” July 30, 2003, www.amnesty.org.
29. Ashok Sharma, “Maldives to Develop ‘Safe’ Islands for Tsunami-Hit People,” Associated Press, January 19, 2005.
30. Ministry of Planning and National Development, Republic of Maldives, National Recovery and Reconstruction Plan, Second Printing, March 2005, page 29, www.tsunamimaldives.mv.
31. Ibid.; ActionAid International et al., Tsunami Response, 18.
32. The leases are for twenty-five years, but the fine print of the bids allows them to be extended to fifty under certain ownership structures. Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Bidding Documents: For Lease of New Islands to Develop as Tourist Resorts (Malé: Republic of Maldives, July 16, 2006), 4, www.maldivestourism.gov.
33. Penchan Charoensuthipan, “Survivors Fighting for Land Rights,” Bangkok Post, December 14, 2005; Mydans, “Builders Swoop in, Angering Thai Survivors.”
34. Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, “The Tsunami in Thailand: January–March 2005,” www.achr.net.
35. Shimali Senanayake and Somini Sengupta, “Monitors Say Troops Killed Aid Workers in Sri Lanka,” New York Times, August 31, 2006; Amantha Perera, “Tsunami Recovery Skewed by Sectarian Strife,” Inter Press Service, January 3, 2007.
36. Shimali Senanayake, “An Ethnic War Slows Tsunami Recovery in Sri Lanka,” New York Times, October 19, 2006.
37. Roland Paris, At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 200.
20. Disaster Apartheid: A World of Green Zones and Red Zones
1. Hein Marais, “A Plague of Inequality,” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), May 19, 2006.
2. “Names and Faces,” Washington Post, September 19, 2005.
3. Adolph Reed Jr., “Undone by Neoliberalism,” The Nation, September 18, 2006.
4. Jon Elliston, “Disaster in the Making,” Tucson Weekly, September 23, 2004; Innovative Emergency Management, “IEM Team to Develop Catastrophic Hurricane Disaster Plan for New Orleans & Southeast Louisiana,” press release, June 3, 2004, www.ieminc.com.
5. Ron Fournier and Ted Bridis, “Hurricane Simulation Predicted 61,290 Dead,” Associated Press, September 9, 2005.
6. Paul Krugman, “A Can’t Do Government,” New York Times, September 2, 2005; Martin Kelly, “Neoconservatism’s Berlin Wall,” The G–Gnome Rides Out blog, September 1, 2005, www.theggnomeridesout.blogspot.com; Jonah Goldberg, “The Feds,” the Corner blog on the National Review Online, August 31, 2005, www.nationalreview.com.
7. Milton Friedman, “The Promise of Vouchers,” Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2005; John R. Wilke and Brody Mullins, “After Katrina, Republicans Back a Sea of Conservative Ideas,” Wall Street Journal, September 15, 2005; Paul S. Teller, deputy director, House Republican Study Committee, “Pro-Free-Market Ideas for Responding to Hurricane Katrina and High Gas Prices,” e-mail sent on September 13, 2005.
8. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers, February 2007, page 16, www.ipcc.ch.
9. Teller, “Pro-Free-Market Ideas for Responding to Hurricane Katrina and High Gas Prices.”
10. Eric Lipton and Ron Nixon, “Many Contracts for Storm Work Raise Questions,” New York Times, September 26, 2005; Anita Kumar, “Speedy Relief Effort Opens Door to Fraud,” St. Petersburg Times, September 18, 2005; Jeremy Scahill, “In the Black(water),” The Nation, June 5, 2006; Spencer S. Hsu, “$400 Million FEMA Contracts Now Total $3.4 Billion,” Washington Post, August 9, 2006.
11. Shaw Group, “Shaw Announces Charles M. Hess to Head Shaw’s FEMA Hurricane Recovery Program,” press release, September 21, 2005, www.shawgrp.com; “Fluor’s Slowed Iraq Work Frees It for Gulf Coast,” Reuters, September 9, 2005; Thomas B. Edsall, “Former FEMA Chief Is at Work on Gulf Coast,” Washington Post, September 8, 2005; David Enders, “Surviving New Orleans,” Mother Jones, September 7, 2005, www.motherjones.com.
12. United States House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform—Minority Staff, Special Investigations Division, Waste, Fraud and Abuse in Hurricane Katrina Contracts, August 2006, page i, www.oversight.house.gov.
13. Rita J. King, CorpWatch, Big, Easy Money: Disaster Profiteering on the American Gulf Coast, August 2006, www.corpwatch.org; Dan Barry, “A City’s Future, and a Dead Man’s Past,” New York Times, August 27, 2006.
14. Patrick Danner, “AshBritt Cleans Up in Wake of Storms,” Miami Herald, December 5, 2005.
15. “Private Companies Rebuild Gulf,” PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, October 4, 2005.
16. Scott Shane and Ron Nixon, “In Washington, Contractors Take on Biggest Role Ever,” New York Times, February 4, 2007.
17. Mike Davis, “Who Is Killing New Orleans?” The Nation, April 10, 2006.
18. Leslie Eaton, “Immigrants Hired After Storm Sue New Orleans Hotel Executive,” New York Times, August 17, 2006; King, CorpWatch, Big, Easy Money; Gary Stoller, “Homeland Security Generates Multibillion Dollar Business,” USA Today, September 11, 2006. FOOTNOTE: Judith Browne-Dianis, Jennifer Lai, Marielena Hincapie et al., And Injustice for All: Workers’ Lives in the Reconstruction of New Orleans, Advancement Project, July 6, 2006, page 29, www.advancementproject.org.
19. Rick Klein, “Senate Votes to Extend Patriot Act for 6 Months,” Boston Globe, December 22, 2005.
20. Jeff Duncan, “The Unkindest Cut,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), March 28, 2006; Paul Nussbaum, “City at a Crossroads,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 29, 2006.
21. Ed Anderson, “Federal Money for Entergy Approved,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), December 5, 2006; Frank Donze, “146 N.O. Transit Layoffs Planned,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), August 25, 2006; Bill Quigley, “Robin Hood in Reverse: The Looting of the Gulf Coast,” justiceforneworleans.org, November 14, 2006.
22. Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, “Mr. Endesha Juakali,” www.achr.net.