Great Wave

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by Fischer, David Hackett;


  waves of, 302–3, 304

  and welfare, 303, 304

  famine: bibliography, 451

  and differences among price revolutions, 240

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 107

  and fourteenth century crisis, 35–37, 240, 326n1, 451

  and medieval price revolution, 35–37, 48, 240, 326n1

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 48

  and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 101, 102

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 76, 87, 89, 93, 101, 102. See also specific nation

  Fanfani, Amintore, 368, 408

  Farber, Howard, 260

  Farmer, David L., 4, 32, 286, 319n8, 324n31, 326n46

  Febvre, Lucien, 406

  Federal Reserve Board (U.S.), 194, 205, 212, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224–25

  Ferdinand (king of Spain), 56

  Field, Alexander James, 435

  finance. See Money

  Finland, 107, 378, 400

  first wave. See Medieval price revolution

  fiscal imbalances, 85–87, 97, 100. See also Money

  Fischer, Stanley, 426, 427

  Fisher, H.A.L., 246

  Fisher, Irving, 368–69, 427

  Fitzgerald, C. P., 268

  Flanders, 38, 40, 97, 348n13

  floors, 210, 250

  Florence: banking in, 33–34, 59

  disease in, 68

  and fourteenth century crisis, 40

  interest rates in, 80

  medieval price revolution in, 25, 33–34, 40

  money in, 25, 48

  politics in, 59

  population in, 50–51

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 49, 50–51, 57, 59, 62

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 65–68, 70, 80

  social unrest in, 40, 49

  wages in, 59

  food prices: and causes of price revolutions, 247

  and crime, 94

  and differences among price revolutions, 240

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 123, 123, 126, 142, 144, 147, 147, 148, 153, 155

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103

  and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 45

  and global markets, 155

  and medieval price revolution, 21–22, 23–24, 35, 45

  and seventeenth century crisis, 92, 94

  and similarities among price revolutions, 237

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 73–74, 75, 76, 79, 92, 94

  and twentieth century price revolution, 191, 204, 213, 215, 218, 218. See also Grain prices

  Ford (Gerald) administration, 210

  Fordyce, Alexander, 141

  Forrester, Jay W., 275

  Fossier, Robert, 320n12

  fourteenth century: crisis of, 34, 35–45, 42–43, 240, 242, 245, 265–68, 306, 306, 448–54. See also Medieval price revolution; specific topic, nation, or geographic area

  fourth wave. See Twentieth century price revolution

  France: climate in, 93, 107, 142, 148

  colonies of, 149

  commodity prices in, 121

  crime in, 35–36, 146–47

  cultural issues in, 118

  disease in, 53

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 6, 117–20, 121, , 123, 123, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139–40, 141, 142–49, 147, 149, 153–54, 238, 289, 479

  energy prices in, 21, 74, 123, 123, 347n9

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 105, 105, 107, 107, 109, 110, 111–12, 113, 344n9, 347n9, 477–78

  family disintegration in, 136, 137

  food prices in, 74, 123, 142, 147, 147, 148, 153

  and fourteenth century crisis, 35–36, 37–38, 40, 452

  grain prices in, 6, 19, 55, 83, 107, 120, 122, 123, 137, 146–47, 330n6, 338–39n43, 344n9

  inequalities in, 35–36, 37–38, 117–18, 135, 136, 138, 139–40, 143–46

  inflation in, 182

  interest rates in, 54, 55, 80, 105, 107, 130, 140, 143, 163, 221

  manufactured goods in, 123

  medieval price revolution in, 11–13, 19, 19, 20, 25, 28, 32, 35–36, 37–38, 40, 320n8, 442, 444

  money in, 25, 32, 48, 82, 83, 91, 109, 128, 142–43, 149, 152, 182, 195, 238, 283, 338–39n43, 466, 489

  peasants in, 37–38, 47, 49, 104, 113, 140, 144–46, 154

  politics in, 56, 111–12, 148, 154, 195, 351n10

  population in, 13, 20, 72, 73, 333–34n18

  price controls in, 148

  primary sources about, 378–80, 397, 400

  productivity in, 195

  religion in, 87, 112

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 46–47, 48, 49, 51–53, 52, 53, 54, 55, 330n16, 456–58

  rents in, 52, 104–5, 105, 130, 131, 148

  returns to capital in, 54, 107, 162, 163, 221

  returns to labor in, 53

  returns to land in, 52, 104–5, 105, 126, 131

  secondary sources about, 442, 444, 452, 456–58, 463, 466, 472, 477–78, 479, 485–87, 488–89, 491–92

  and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 97, 100, 472

  silver in, 24

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 80, 82, 83, 87, 93, 95, 97, 100, 333–34n18, 338–39n43, 463, 466

  social conflicts in, 49

  social unrest in, 40, 52, 97, 100, 472

  taxes in, 139–40, 147

  trade in, 350n4

  and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 184, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 199, 204, 217, 221

  and Victorian equilibrium, 159, 159, 162, 163, 171, 353n2, 491–92

  wages in, 53, 78, 104, 123, 132, 142, 148, 159, 289, 330n16

  and wars, 38, 46–47, 52–53, 55, 97, 121, 149, 153–54, 171, 189

  welfare in, 138, 144

  wholesale prices in, 159, 189, 194, 199. See also French Revolution; Paris, France

  Franck, Sebastian, 73

  Franco-Prussian War, 157

  Franklin, Benjamin, 144

  Franze, Gunther, 96

  Frêche, Georges and Geneviève, 363–64

  Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Emperor), 13

  Frederick the Great (king of Prussia), 112

  Freeman, Christopher, 274

  French Mississippi Bubble, 280

  French Revolution, 121, 142–49, 147, 151, 152, 154, 191, 350n4, 485–87, 488–89

  Friedman, Milton, 7, 184–85, 224, 276, 278, 427, 496–97

  Friis, Astrid, 367, 370

  frontiers, 188

  Galbraith, John Kenneth, 187–88, 197, 210, 224–25, 236

  Galicia, 263

  van Gelderen, C., 273

  Geneva, Switzerland, 59, 141

  Genghis Khan, 265

  Genoa, 25, 41, 57, 82, 149, 456

  Germany: bibliography, 380–82, 397, 400–401, 463–64, 486, 492, 497–98, 499

  climate in, 93, 157

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 126, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 141, 144, 155

  energy prices in, 74

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113

  food prices/production in, 74, 191

  and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 38

  grain prices in, 6, 51, 120

  hyperinflation in, 193, 497–98

  inequalities in, 135, 191, 257

  interest rates in, 163

  medieval price revolution in, 19, 20, 28, 35, 38

  money in, 91, 182, 193, 283

  peasants in, 87

  politics in, 111, 195, 204

  population in, 20, 72, 87, 95, 96, 348n13

  price controls in, 191

  religion in, 86–87, 134

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 51

  rents in, 105, 131

  returns to capital in, 163

  returns to labor in, 133

  returns to land in, 126, 131

  and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 95, 96

  silver in, 81, 324n28

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 6
7, 69, 70, 72, 74, 81, 86–87, 93, 95, 96–97, 96, 101, 463–64

  social unrest in, 101, 486

  taxes in, 191, 193

  and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 184, 189, 191, 192–93, 194, 194, 195–96, 197–98, 199, 203, 204, 217, 224, 497–98, 499

  and Victorian equilibrium, 156–57, 158, 159, 159, 163, 492

  wages in, 104, 132, 133, 159

  and wars, 38, 155, 157, 189, 191, 192–93, 195–96, 197–98

  wholesale prices in, 158, 159, 189, 194, 199. See also Berlin, Germany; Prussia

  Ghana, 229

  Ghent, France, 87, 88

  Gibbon, Edward, 113

  Gibson, A.J.S., 289

  Gibson paradox, 242, 432

  Gimpel, Jean, 23

  Gini ratios, 222, 223, 291, 292, 298, 299

  Glamann, Kristoff, 367

  global inflation, 204, 210, 211, 234, 430, 496

  global markets, 155, 168, 176, 188, 204, 496

  Göhring, Martin, 136

  gold: bibliography, 420

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 127, 129, 152

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 109

  and fourteenth century crisis, 48

  and medieval price revolution, 24–25, 29, 32, 34

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 59

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 81–83, 129, 332n14, 336n35, 337n39, 338n41

  supply of, 24, 48, 127, 184–85, 336n35, 338n41

  and twentieth century price revolution, 184, 186, 192, 194, 209

  and Victorian equilibrium, 171. See also American treasure; Debasements; Recoinages

  Goldman, Eric, 200

  Goldstein, Joshua, 274

  Goldstein, Sidney, 313

  Goldstone, Jack A., 415

  Goldthwaite, Richard, 59

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 230

  Gordon, David M., 275

  Gordon, Robert, 205

  Goubert, Pierre, 276, 342n2, 418

  Gould, J. D., 333n15

  Gouldner, Alvin, 314

  grain prices: Abel’s studies about, 5

  in ancient world, 259, 260, 261

  and causes of price revolutions, 242

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 122, 123, 135, 137, 142, 143, 146–47, 152, 352n16

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 344n9, 347n9

  and family disintegration, 173

  and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 36

  and medieval price revolution, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 22, 23, 28, 31–32, 35, 36

  and monetarism, 242

  and money supply, 338–39n43

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 50, 51, 55, 328–29n6, 330n16

  and seventeenth century crisis, 92, 94, 96

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 70, 71, 74–75, 74, 77, 79, 83, 87–88, 89, 92, 94, 96, 338–39n43, 34052, 352n16

  and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 209

  and Victorian equilibrium, 158–59, 162, 173. See also specific nation

  Great Depression, 193–94, 498

  Greece, 57, 260–61, 260, 330n17, 401, 436–37

  Griziotti-Kretschmann, Jenny, 5, 410

  Gurr, Ted R., 306

  Habbakuk, H. J., 104, 433

  Haines, Walter W., 415

  Haiti, 232

  Hakewill, George, 85

  Hamelin, J., 271–72

  Hamil, R., 274

  Hamilton, Earl, 73–74, 332n14, 333n14, 367, 368–69, 413, 460

  Hamilton, James D., 277

  Hammurapi, reign of, 259, 260

  Handel, George Frederick, 103, 113

  Hanes, Christopher, 426

  Hapsburgs, 77, 336n29

  Hardy, Charles O., 414

  Harkness, J. P., 274

  Harris, José, 368

  Hartwell, R., 267

  Haskins, Charles Homer, 12–13

  Hauser, Henri, 276, 367, 368, 407, 418

  Haustein, Heinz-Dieter, 274

  Hawley-Smoot tariff (1930), 194

  Heilbroner, Robert, 201

  Henry II (king of England), 13

  Henry IV (king of England), 285

  Henry VII (king of England), 56, 79, 285

  Henry VIII (king of England), 285, 337n38

  Henry, Louis, 407

  Herlihy, David, 16, 49, 319n5, 320n8

  Hilton, Rodney, 434

  historical compilations: continental, 371

  early, 366–71

  international, 371

  of Latin America, 372

  national, 372–97

  by place, 371

  historicism, 241, 245, 246

  historicist model, 8, 246

  history, 113, 177, 236, 245, 246, 281, 312–16

  Hobbes, Thomas, 100

  Hobbs, G. D., 274

  Hobsbawm, Eric J., 341n1, 342n1

  Holstein, 77

  Holy Roman Empire, 40

  Homer, Sidney, 287

  homicide. See Crime

  Hoover, Herbert, 194

  Hopkins, Sheila, 3, 5, 107, 108, 159, 369, 412, 413, 433, 474. See also Phelps-Brown-Hopkins price index

  Hoskins, W. G., 93

  Hoszowski, Stanislas, 79, 334–35n24, 335n28

  Hou, C., 268

  Houghton, Walter, 176

  housewives: wages of, 289

  Huang, K., 267–68

  Hundred Years War, 46–47

  Hungary: bibliography, 382, 401

  and fourteenth century crisis, 40

  hyperinflation in, 193

  medieval price revolution in, 24

  money in, 193

  politics in, 56

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 56

  and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 100

  silver in, 24

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 93, 100

  social unrest in, 100

  and twentieth century price revolution, 193, 194

  Hunt family, 214

  hyperinflation: bibliography, 430, 497–98

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 149, 152, 158

  and monetarism, 430

  and twentieth century price revolution, 193, 194, 196, 198, 198, 230, 231, 232, 497–98, 499

  Iberia, 19, 97, 456, 478. See also Portugal; Spain

  Iceland, 401

  Iconoclast disorders, 87

  illegitimacy. See Family disintegration

  Imbert, Gaston, 274

  Imperialism. See Politics; Wars

  Incas, 266

  income distribution: measures of, 291–92

  income in kind, 288, 289–90

  India, 188, 204, 213, 266, 269, 308, 382–83, 401

  Indies, 84

  Indonesia, 401

  industrial products. See Manufactured goods

  Industrial Revolution, 168, 295, 487

  industrialization, 446–47, 484, 487

  inequality: bibliography, 431–32, 447, 483, 489–90, 496, 501

  and capitalism, 295, 298

  causes of, 300, 361n16

  and causes of price revolutions, 247–48, 249

  and consequences of price revolutions, 250

  and crime, 309

  and cultural values, 294

  and ecology, 294–95

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 117–18, 135–40, 139, 141–42, 143–46, 148, 483

  empirical evidence about, 297–98, 300

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 108, 108

  and equilibrium, 239, 249, 300

  and fourteenth century crisis, 35–38, 40–41, 327n9

  and industrial revolution, 295

  and Marxism, 295, 361n16

  and medieval price revolution, 13, 16, 28–30, 30, 31, 34, 35–38, 40–41, 327n9, 447

  models for, 293–97, 298

  and population, 295, 296, 298

  and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 255, 256–57

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 59

  and returns to capital, 300
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  and returns to labor, 300

  and seventeenth century crisis, 92, 94

  and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 79–80, 85, 86, 86, 89, 92, 94

  and twentieth century price revolution, 187–89, 190, 191, 193, 194, 210, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222–23, 222, 230, 231, 234, 256–57, 501

  and Victorian equilibrium, 164, 165, 166, 496

  and wave patterns, 300

  and Welfare State, 297. See also Revolutionary crisis; Social unrest; specific nation

  inflation: and administered prices, 280

  in ancient world 261

  anti-, 200, 205, 207, 215–17, 234, 255

  bibliography, 426–27, 428–32, 500

  bubble, 280

  causes of, 279–81

  competitive, 202–3, 250

  consequences of, 430

  control of, 430, 500

  cost-push, 126, 278, 280, 428

  definitions of, 278–81

  demand-caused, 23, 126, 244–45, 247, 249, 280, 428

  discovery of, 200–203

  double-digit, 209, 216, 225

  fears of, 252–53

  global, 204, 210, 211, 234, 430

  and “inflationary psychology, ” 200–201, 216, 252

  and inflationary-expectations model, 280

  institutionalization of, 201–2, 233, 238, 239

  long-term, 430

  monetary, 278–80, 284

  and “new inflation” models, 428–29, 500

  and predictions about price revolutions, 252–53

  and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 255–56

  price, 238, 278, 279

  sociopolitical models of, 429

  supply-caused, 280

  and twentieth century price revolution, 180, 181–82, 200–203, 206, 207, 211, 215–17, 226, 500

  velocity of, 279, 280–81

  wage, 278

  war, 280–81. See also Hyperinflation; specific nation or price revolution

  Innis, Harold, 345n18

  Institut National d’Etudes Demographiques, 407

  institutional models: of inequalities, 297, 298

  insurrections. See Social unrest

  interest rates: bibliography, 419–20, 445, 458, 467, 476, 490, 495

  and causes of price revolutions, 243, 247, 249

  and eighteenth century price revolution, 129, 130, 130, 140, 143, 152

  and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 105, 107, 348n20, 476

  and equilibrium, 239, 249

  as historical indicators, 287

  indicators for, 287

  and Marxism, 243

  and medieval price revolution, 26, 28, 29, 287, 445

  and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 255

  and Renaissance equilibrium, 54, 55–56, 458

  and seventeenth century crisis, 105

  and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239

  and sixteenth century price revolution, 77, 80, 336n29, 467

 

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