Great Wave
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waves of, 302–3, 304
and welfare, 303, 304
famine: bibliography, 451
and differences among price revolutions, 240
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 107
and fourteenth century crisis, 35–37, 240, 326n1, 451
and medieval price revolution, 35–37, 48, 240, 326n1
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 101, 102
and sixteenth century price revolution, 76, 87, 89, 93, 101, 102. See also specific nation
Fanfani, Amintore, 368, 408
Farber, Howard, 260
Farmer, David L., 4, 32, 286, 319n8, 324n31, 326n46
Febvre, Lucien, 406
Federal Reserve Board (U.S.), 194, 205, 212, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224–25
Ferdinand (king of Spain), 56
Field, Alexander James, 435
finance. See Money
Finland, 107, 378, 400
first wave. See Medieval price revolution
fiscal imbalances, 85–87, 97, 100. See also Money
Fischer, Stanley, 426, 427
Fisher, H.A.L., 246
Fisher, Irving, 368–69, 427
Fitzgerald, C. P., 268
Flanders, 38, 40, 97, 348n13
floors, 210, 250
Florence: banking in, 33–34, 59
disease in, 68
and fourteenth century crisis, 40
interest rates in, 80
medieval price revolution in, 25, 33–34, 40
money in, 25, 48
politics in, 59
population in, 50–51
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 49, 50–51, 57, 59, 62
and sixteenth century price revolution, 65–68, 70, 80
social unrest in, 40, 49
wages in, 59
food prices: and causes of price revolutions, 247
and crime, 94
and differences among price revolutions, 240
and eighteenth century price revolution, 123, 123, 126, 142, 144, 147, 147, 148, 153, 155
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103
and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 45
and global markets, 155
and medieval price revolution, 21–22, 23–24, 35, 45
and seventeenth century crisis, 92, 94
and similarities among price revolutions, 237
and sixteenth century price revolution, 73–74, 75, 76, 79, 92, 94
and twentieth century price revolution, 191, 204, 213, 215, 218, 218. See also Grain prices
Ford (Gerald) administration, 210
Fordyce, Alexander, 141
Forrester, Jay W., 275
Fossier, Robert, 320n12
fourteenth century: crisis of, 34, 35–45, 42–43, 240, 242, 245, 265–68, 306, 306, 448–54. See also Medieval price revolution; specific topic, nation, or geographic area
fourth wave. See Twentieth century price revolution
France: climate in, 93, 107, 142, 148
colonies of, 149
commodity prices in, 121
crime in, 35–36, 146–47
cultural issues in, 118
disease in, 53
and eighteenth century price revolution, 6, 117–20, 121, , 123, 123, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139–40, 141, 142–49, 147, 149, 153–54, 238, 289, 479
energy prices in, 21, 74, 123, 123, 347n9
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 105, 105, 107, 107, 109, 110, 111–12, 113, 344n9, 347n9, 477–78
family disintegration in, 136, 137
food prices in, 74, 123, 142, 147, 147, 148, 153
and fourteenth century crisis, 35–36, 37–38, 40, 452
grain prices in, 6, 19, 55, 83, 107, 120, 122, 123, 137, 146–47, 330n6, 338–39n43, 344n9
inequalities in, 35–36, 37–38, 117–18, 135, 136, 138, 139–40, 143–46
inflation in, 182
interest rates in, 54, 55, 80, 105, 107, 130, 140, 143, 163, 221
manufactured goods in, 123
medieval price revolution in, 11–13, 19, 19, 20, 25, 28, 32, 35–36, 37–38, 40, 320n8, 442, 444
money in, 25, 32, 48, 82, 83, 91, 109, 128, 142–43, 149, 152, 182, 195, 238, 283, 338–39n43, 466, 489
peasants in, 37–38, 47, 49, 104, 113, 140, 144–46, 154
politics in, 56, 111–12, 148, 154, 195, 351n10
population in, 13, 20, 72, 73, 333–34n18
price controls in, 148
primary sources about, 378–80, 397, 400
productivity in, 195
religion in, 87, 112
and Renaissance equilibrium, 46–47, 48, 49, 51–53, 52, 53, 54, 55, 330n16, 456–58
rents in, 52, 104–5, 105, 130, 131, 148
returns to capital in, 54, 107, 162, 163, 221
returns to labor in, 53
returns to land in, 52, 104–5, 105, 126, 131
secondary sources about, 442, 444, 452, 456–58, 463, 466, 472, 477–78, 479, 485–87, 488–89, 491–92
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 97, 100, 472
silver in, 24
and sixteenth century price revolution, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 80, 82, 83, 87, 93, 95, 97, 100, 333–34n18, 338–39n43, 463, 466
social conflicts in, 49
social unrest in, 40, 52, 97, 100, 472
taxes in, 139–40, 147
trade in, 350n4
and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 184, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 199, 204, 217, 221
and Victorian equilibrium, 159, 159, 162, 163, 171, 353n2, 491–92
wages in, 53, 78, 104, 123, 132, 142, 148, 159, 289, 330n16
and wars, 38, 46–47, 52–53, 55, 97, 121, 149, 153–54, 171, 189
welfare in, 138, 144
wholesale prices in, 159, 189, 194, 199. See also French Revolution; Paris, France
Franck, Sebastian, 73
Franco-Prussian War, 157
Franklin, Benjamin, 144
Franze, Gunther, 96
Frêche, Georges and Geneviève, 363–64
Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Emperor), 13
Frederick the Great (king of Prussia), 112
Freeman, Christopher, 274
French Mississippi Bubble, 280
French Revolution, 121, 142–49, 147, 151, 152, 154, 191, 350n4, 485–87, 488–89
Friedman, Milton, 7, 184–85, 224, 276, 278, 427, 496–97
Friis, Astrid, 367, 370
frontiers, 188
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 187–88, 197, 210, 224–25, 236
Galicia, 263
van Gelderen, C., 273
Geneva, Switzerland, 59, 141
Genghis Khan, 265
Genoa, 25, 41, 57, 82, 149, 456
Germany: bibliography, 380–82, 397, 400–401, 463–64, 486, 492, 497–98, 499
climate in, 93, 157
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 126, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 141, 144, 155
energy prices in, 74
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113
food prices/production in, 74, 191
and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 38
grain prices in, 6, 51, 120
hyperinflation in, 193, 497–98
inequalities in, 135, 191, 257
interest rates in, 163
medieval price revolution in, 19, 20, 28, 35, 38
money in, 91, 182, 193, 283
peasants in, 87
politics in, 111, 195, 204
population in, 20, 72, 87, 95, 96, 348n13
price controls in, 191
religion in, 86–87, 134
and Renaissance equilibrium, 51
rents in, 105, 131
returns to capital in, 163
returns to labor in, 133
returns to land in, 126, 131
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 95, 96
silver in, 81, 324n28
and sixteenth century price revolution, 6
7, 69, 70, 72, 74, 81, 86–87, 93, 95, 96–97, 96, 101, 463–64
social unrest in, 101, 486
taxes in, 191, 193
and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 184, 189, 191, 192–93, 194, 194, 195–96, 197–98, 199, 203, 204, 217, 224, 497–98, 499
and Victorian equilibrium, 156–57, 158, 159, 159, 163, 492
wages in, 104, 132, 133, 159
and wars, 38, 155, 157, 189, 191, 192–93, 195–96, 197–98
wholesale prices in, 158, 159, 189, 194, 199. See also Berlin, Germany; Prussia
Ghana, 229
Ghent, France, 87, 88
Gibbon, Edward, 113
Gibson, A.J.S., 289
Gibson paradox, 242, 432
Gimpel, Jean, 23
Gini ratios, 222, 223, 291, 292, 298, 299
Glamann, Kristoff, 367
global inflation, 204, 210, 211, 234, 430, 496
global markets, 155, 168, 176, 188, 204, 496
Göhring, Martin, 136
gold: bibliography, 420
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 127, 129, 152
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 109
and fourteenth century crisis, 48
and medieval price revolution, 24–25, 29, 32, 34
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 59
and sixteenth century price revolution, 81–83, 129, 332n14, 336n35, 337n39, 338n41
supply of, 24, 48, 127, 184–85, 336n35, 338n41
and twentieth century price revolution, 184, 186, 192, 194, 209
and Victorian equilibrium, 171. See also American treasure; Debasements; Recoinages
Goldman, Eric, 200
Goldstein, Joshua, 274
Goldstein, Sidney, 313
Goldstone, Jack A., 415
Goldthwaite, Richard, 59
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 230
Gordon, David M., 275
Gordon, Robert, 205
Goubert, Pierre, 276, 342n2, 418
Gould, J. D., 333n15
Gouldner, Alvin, 314
grain prices: Abel’s studies about, 5
in ancient world, 259, 260, 261
and causes of price revolutions, 242
and eighteenth century price revolution, 120, 122, 123, 135, 137, 142, 143, 146–47, 152, 352n16
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 344n9, 347n9
and family disintegration, 173
and fourteenth century crisis, 35, 36
and medieval price revolution, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 22, 23, 28, 31–32, 35, 36
and monetarism, 242
and money supply, 338–39n43
and Renaissance equilibrium, 48, 50, 51, 55, 328–29n6, 330n16
and seventeenth century crisis, 92, 94, 96
and sixteenth century price revolution, 70, 71, 74–75, 74, 77, 79, 83, 87–88, 89, 92, 94, 96, 338–39n43, 34052, 352n16
and twentieth century price revolution, 182, 209
and Victorian equilibrium, 158–59, 162, 173. See also specific nation
Great Depression, 193–94, 498
Greece, 57, 260–61, 260, 330n17, 401, 436–37
Griziotti-Kretschmann, Jenny, 5, 410
Gurr, Ted R., 306
Habbakuk, H. J., 104, 433
Haines, Walter W., 415
Haiti, 232
Hakewill, George, 85
Hamelin, J., 271–72
Hamil, R., 274
Hamilton, Earl, 73–74, 332n14, 333n14, 367, 368–69, 413, 460
Hamilton, James D., 277
Hammurapi, reign of, 259, 260
Handel, George Frederick, 103, 113
Hanes, Christopher, 426
Hapsburgs, 77, 336n29
Hardy, Charles O., 414
Harkness, J. P., 274
Harris, José, 368
Hartwell, R., 267
Haskins, Charles Homer, 12–13
Hauser, Henri, 276, 367, 368, 407, 418
Haustein, Heinz-Dieter, 274
Hawley-Smoot tariff (1930), 194
Heilbroner, Robert, 201
Henry II (king of England), 13
Henry IV (king of England), 285
Henry VII (king of England), 56, 79, 285
Henry VIII (king of England), 285, 337n38
Henry, Louis, 407
Herlihy, David, 16, 49, 319n5, 320n8
Hilton, Rodney, 434
historical compilations: continental, 371
early, 366–71
international, 371
of Latin America, 372
national, 372–97
by place, 371
historicism, 241, 245, 246
historicist model, 8, 246
history, 113, 177, 236, 245, 246, 281, 312–16
Hobbes, Thomas, 100
Hobbs, G. D., 274
Hobsbawm, Eric J., 341n1, 342n1
Holstein, 77
Holy Roman Empire, 40
Homer, Sidney, 287
homicide. See Crime
Hoover, Herbert, 194
Hopkins, Sheila, 3, 5, 107, 108, 159, 369, 412, 413, 433, 474. See also Phelps-Brown-Hopkins price index
Hoskins, W. G., 93
Hoszowski, Stanislas, 79, 334–35n24, 335n28
Hou, C., 268
Houghton, Walter, 176
housewives: wages of, 289
Huang, K., 267–68
Hundred Years War, 46–47
Hungary: bibliography, 382, 401
and fourteenth century crisis, 40
hyperinflation in, 193
medieval price revolution in, 24
money in, 193
politics in, 56
and Renaissance equilibrium, 56
and seventeenth century crisis, 93, 100
silver in, 24
and sixteenth century price revolution, 93, 100
social unrest in, 100
and twentieth century price revolution, 193, 194
Hunt family, 214
hyperinflation: bibliography, 430, 497–98
and eighteenth century price revolution, 149, 152, 158
and monetarism, 430
and twentieth century price revolution, 193, 194, 196, 198, 198, 230, 231, 232, 497–98, 499
Iberia, 19, 97, 456, 478. See also Portugal; Spain
Iceland, 401
Iconoclast disorders, 87
illegitimacy. See Family disintegration
Imbert, Gaston, 274
Imperialism. See Politics; Wars
Incas, 266
income distribution: measures of, 291–92
income in kind, 288, 289–90
India, 188, 204, 213, 266, 269, 308, 382–83, 401
Indies, 84
Indonesia, 401
industrial products. See Manufactured goods
Industrial Revolution, 168, 295, 487
industrialization, 446–47, 484, 487
inequality: bibliography, 431–32, 447, 483, 489–90, 496, 501
and capitalism, 295, 298
causes of, 300, 361n16
and causes of price revolutions, 247–48, 249
and consequences of price revolutions, 250
and crime, 309
and cultural values, 294
and ecology, 294–95
and eighteenth century price revolution, 117–18, 135–40, 139, 141–42, 143–46, 148, 483
empirical evidence about, 297–98, 300
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 108, 108
and equilibrium, 239, 249, 300
and fourteenth century crisis, 35–38, 40–41, 327n9
and industrial revolution, 295
and Marxism, 295, 361n16
and medieval price revolution, 13, 16, 28–30, 30, 31, 34, 35–38, 40–41, 327n9, 447
models for, 293–97, 298
and population, 295, 296, 298
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 255, 256–57
and Renaissance equilibrium, 59
and returns to capital, 300
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and returns to labor, 300
and seventeenth century crisis, 92, 94
and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 79–80, 85, 86, 86, 89, 92, 94
and twentieth century price revolution, 187–89, 190, 191, 193, 194, 210, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222–23, 222, 230, 231, 234, 256–57, 501
and Victorian equilibrium, 164, 165, 166, 496
and wave patterns, 300
and Welfare State, 297. See also Revolutionary crisis; Social unrest; specific nation
inflation: and administered prices, 280
in ancient world 261
anti-, 200, 205, 207, 215–17, 234, 255
bibliography, 426–27, 428–32, 500
bubble, 280
causes of, 279–81
competitive, 202–3, 250
consequences of, 430
control of, 430, 500
cost-push, 126, 278, 280, 428
definitions of, 278–81
demand-caused, 23, 126, 244–45, 247, 249, 280, 428
discovery of, 200–203
double-digit, 209, 216, 225
fears of, 252–53
global, 204, 210, 211, 234, 430
and “inflationary psychology, ” 200–201, 216, 252
and inflationary-expectations model, 280
institutionalization of, 201–2, 233, 238, 239
long-term, 430
monetary, 278–80, 284
and “new inflation” models, 428–29, 500
and predictions about price revolutions, 252–53
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 255–56
price, 238, 278, 279
sociopolitical models of, 429
supply-caused, 280
and twentieth century price revolution, 180, 181–82, 200–203, 206, 207, 211, 215–17, 226, 500
velocity of, 279, 280–81
wage, 278
war, 280–81. See also Hyperinflation; specific nation or price revolution
Innis, Harold, 345n18
Institut National d’Etudes Demographiques, 407
institutional models: of inequalities, 297, 298
insurrections. See Social unrest
interest rates: bibliography, 419–20, 445, 458, 467, 476, 490, 495
and causes of price revolutions, 243, 247, 249
and eighteenth century price revolution, 129, 130, 130, 140, 143, 152
and Enlightenment equilibrium, 103, 104, 105, 107, 348n20, 476
and equilibrium, 239, 249
as historical indicators, 287
indicators for, 287
and Marxism, 243
and medieval price revolution, 26, 28, 29, 287, 445
and prescriptions for thinking about price revolutions, 255
and Renaissance equilibrium, 54, 55–56, 458
and seventeenth century crisis, 105
and similarities among price revolutions, 238, 239
and sixteenth century price revolution, 77, 80, 336n29, 467