The Science of Language
Page 44
Carruthers, Peter 162
causation 141, 193, 198
chemistry 19, 65, 73, 88, 156
Cherniak, Christopher 60, 277
childrenacquisition of language 56, 244–246
dysarthria 43
language capacities of 70
speech production 281
Williams Syndrome 46
Chomsky, Carol 44–45
Chomsky, Noaminfluence of 2
intellectual contribution of 76–79, 285
on natural science 183–185
and Nelson Goodman 86–92
personal relationship with Goodman 91–92
role of simplicity in his work 80–85
Church, Alonzo 64
Churchland, Patricia 212
cognitive development 70
cognitive faculties 1, 154, 179, 202, 212, 259, 260, 267, 271, 280biological basis of 103, 172
distinctiveness of human 178
evolution of 78
limits of 97, 133, 134, 146, 184, 189, 247, 289, 290
predetermination of 98
and truth 136
cognitive science 127, 247
Collins, John 277
color 247–248 adverbial account of 258, 260
science of 192, 247, 257, 259
common sense 73, 124–128, 180, 189, 209, 211, 259, 280concepts 161, 271, 272, 284
understanding of functions 158–166
communication 11–20, 44, 50, 51, 164, 166, 176animal communication systems 12, 20, 33, 197, 262
evolution of 20, 58
computation 31–32, 65, 161, 174, 195, 213, 281–282 efficiency of 39, 60, 61, 148
linguistic 265
optimal 62
phases of 278
concepts 26, 202, 267acquisition of 200, 230, 268
adverbial account of 260
of animals 203
artifact concepts 162, 284
atomic 34, 275
Chomsky's views on 188
common sense 267
commonsense concepts 126, 161, 267, 271, 284
complexity of 201
compositional character of 190, 194, 268
errors in thinking about 186–196
and externalism 220
I-concepts 153–156
innateness 284
and internalism 198, 255–257
intrinsic content of 199
lexical concepts 190
linguistic expression of 197, 203, 230
location of 260
nature of human 77, 177, 230, 268, 274, 284
origin of 26
properties of 40, 204
and reasoning 180
relational 35
scientific 184, 279
theories of 186–194, 196
under- or overspecification of 193, 195
uniqueness of human concepts 21–30, 33–35, 196–205, 263
conceptual intentional systems 14
conceptualism 130
Condition C 37, 238, 275
conjunctivism 254
connectionism 67, 179, 180, 186, 200, 220, 225, 282
consciousness 98
constructivism 87, 206, 208, 285
conventions 221, 223
cooperative societies 103, 105
corporations, CEOs of 147
Crain, Stephen 254
creative aspect of language use 5, 6, 204, 210, 253, 262impact on the study of language 227, 263
origin of 97
Cudworth, Ralph 40, 163, 267
culture 121, 178
Dalton, John 88
Darwin, Charles 171
Davidson, Donald 35, 112, 139, 140, 141, 166, 198
Dawkins, Richard 105
debating 116
decision 52
Deep Structures 233
democracy 118
denotation 188, 215, 218See also meaning, reference
derivation of sentences 193, 238, 281
Descartes, René 74, 246, 286, 289animals 124, 177
linguistics 63, 178
reason 124, 139, 178
description 90, 134
design 50–58, 139, 172, 175, 265connotations of the word 50
desire 138
determinism 141, 280–281, 290
development 46–49, 59, 73, 158, 279constraints on 245
epigenetic factors 242
phenotypical 171
Dewey, John 212
discourse domains 207
displacement 25, 108
dispositional terms 192
dissection 203
dissociation 16
dominance hierarchies 143, 237
dualism, methodological 288
Dummett, Michael 57
dysarthria 43
economics 144
Elman, J. L. 225, 283
empiricism 6, 187, 247, 267, 283attractions of 286
cognitive capacities 178, 180
criticism of 285
functionalism 186
epistemology 133–137, 157
Epstein, Samuel 83
ethology 21
Everett, Dan 30
evidence for theories of 143
evolution 12–15, 23, 41, 53, 60, 173, 266, 279, 285See also human evolution
and behaviorism 67, 76
and human nature 103–107
minimalist reading of 78, 200
natural selection 58, 76, 104, 143, 157, 172
evolution of language 20, 53, 170, 172, 176
speed of 24, 44–45, 103
study of 51, 77, 105
evolution–development (evo-devo) studies 158, 171, 279, 286
experience 148
explanation 96, 132, 136, 174adequacy of 244, 245
best theory 96, 135, 148, 184, 246
in biology 158
and description 90
scientific 128
externalism 130, 153, 189, 260, 273, 289attractions of 214
criticism of 209–231
eye, evolution of 46, 105, 279
facial recognition 69
faculty of language 36, 74, 172, 177, 243, 260, 270adicity 198, 199
broad 36, 172, 269
narrow 36, 172, 269
perfection of 50
Ferguson, Thomas 145first factor considerations 45, 96, 148
Fitch, W. T. 60, 170, 172, 268, 269
Fodor, Janet 55
Fodor, Jerry 189, 195, 228, 259computational theory of mind 280
concepts 34, 201
denotation 191, 218, 219
evolution 58, 279
language of thought 27, 71, 189, 190, 220, 230, 269
meaning 194, 217, 269
modes of presentation (MOPs) 187, 190, 217, 218, 219, 275
nativism 187, 188
formal languages 16, 17, 289
Foucault, Michel 120
freedom 143, 152, 177, 280–281, 290
Frege, Gottlob 155, 215, 251semantics 214, 215, 251, 252
senses 251, 253
functions 11–20, 157–170, 262in biology 169–174
concept of 11
definition of 167
formal functions 166–169
function-of-an-organ 174–175
intensional specification of 167
interest-dependent 158–166
in mathematics and natural science 166–169
Galileo 18, 88
Gallistel, C. R. 26, 33, 197, 203, 268
Gandhi, Mahatma 114, 144
garden path sentences 50
Gauss, Carl F. 127
Gehring, Walter 46, 171, 258, 279
genes 46–49, 148, 173master genes 279, 280
and Merge 49
PAX-6 46, 280
universal genome 53
Gleitman, Lila 196
Godwin, Richard 123
Golinkoff, Roberta 196
Goodman, Nelson 81, 83, 88, 261, 285behaviorism 89, 285
and Chomsky 86–92
constructivism 285
nominalism 87, 91
Gould, Stephen J. 158, 170, 172, 173
grammar 277–278 and acquisition of language 24, 60
artifacts in theories of 238
extensional equivalence of 153
finite state 232
generative 63, 85, 91, 96, 99
generative capacity 236
phrase structure 233, 235
structure and hierarchy 236
transformational 25
‘great leap forward' 13, 70, 179
growth 40, 73, 77cognitive growth 121
developmental constraints on 41, 45, 158
Haldane, J. B. S. 51, 53
Hale, Kenneth 17, 62
Halle, Morris 21
Hamilton, William D. 104
Harman, Gilbert 100
Harris, Zellig 38, 80, 81, 86
Hauser, Marc 100, 109, 286evolution of communication 12, 58
faculty of language 60, 170, 172, 268, 269
hearing 48
Helmholtz, Hermann von 73, 97
Herbert of Cherbury 181
Higginbotham, Jim 129, 130
Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy 196
homunculus 37, 290
Hornstein, Norbert 29, 183, 265
human behavior 138–151, 286
human evolution 2, 13, 71developmental constraints on 41
‘great leap forward' 13, 70, 77
human nature 95–102, 108–112 and biological capacities 95
Chomsky on 95–102
determined and uniform 95, 99
distinctiveness of 176–179
enlightenment conception of 142
and evolution 103–107
‘great leap forward' 179
moral agency 101
plasticity of 121
humanitarian intervention 121, 122, 287
humans, genetic variation 13
Hume, David 26, 90, 99, 106, 179color problem 247–248, 286
theory of moral nature 63, 99, 109
Huxley, Thomas 23
I-beliefs 153–156 definition of 156
I-concepts 153–156 definition of 155
I-language 81, 153–156, 164, 239, 258, 266intensional specification of 167
imagination 70, 161
inclusiveness 62, 281
induction 88, 90, 95
inference 73, 165, 221
information 208, 213, 218, 228, 229, 254pragmatic 30
semantic 29, 260
innateness 39–45, 60, 89, 91, 255, 267, 284
innatism 123
innovation 71, 74, 95, 177, 178, 185, 282technological 145
insects, study of 147
instinct 96, 143, 178, 181, 247, 248, 287
instrumentalism 211
intention (see also nativism) 163
internalism 6, 228, 248, 262–263, 269, 287and concepts 188, 190, 209, 255–257, 260, 272
intuitions 125, 126
island sentences 50
Jackendoff, Ray 170, 172
Jacob, François 24, 53, 60, 243
Joos, Martin 145
justice 120
Kahneman, Daniel 140
Kant, Immanuel 90
Kauffman, Stuart 21, 22, 266
Kayne, Richard 55, 84, 241
Keller, Helen 45
Kissinger, Henry 101, 107, 113, 287
Klein, Ralph 111
knowledge 70, 193See also information
Kripke, Saul 126
Kropotkin, Peter 103, 111
languageand agency 124–128
as an animal instinct 178
and arithmetical capacities 16
and biology 21–30, 80, 235, 284
biophysical explanations of 208
and brain morphology 46
capacity for 70, 164
characteristic uses of 11–12
cognitive benefits of 2
competence and use 63
and complex thought 1
complexity of 52, 146
compositional character of 37
computational theory of 174, 272
and concepts 71, 198
conceptual resources of 212
displacement property 16
distinctive features 22
domination 232–238
expectations for 54
externalization of 52, 78, 79, 153, 222, 278
flexibility 95, 162, 197, 210, 224, 227
formal languages 16, 17, 289
formal theory of 21–30
functions of 11–20, 164, 165
generative capacity 49
head-first 240
hierarchical structure 232–238
I-language 153–156, 164, 239, 258, 266
interface conditions 25
internal 37
internal, individual and intensional 37, 154, 167
internal use of 52, 69, 124, 153, 160, 197, 262–263, 272–274
a ‘knowledge' system 187, 193
localization of 46, 59, 69–74
and mathematics 181
modularity of 59
movement property 16, 85, 108, 264–265
as a natural object 2, 7
nominalizing languages 155
open texture of 273
and other cognitive systems 271
phonetic features 42
phonological features 42, 57
precursors of 43, 77
properties of 22, 37, 60, 62
public language 153, 288
purposes of 224
and reason 181
result of historical events 84
rules of 165, 221, 223, 224, 225, 283, 284
and science 124–128
sounds available in 282
structural features of 42