by Close, Frank
request for high-energy particle accelerator, 225
Kuznetsov, Fyodor, 136
LaBine, Gilbert, 83–84, 101
Laboratory Number Three, 218
Lambdas, 236–237
Langevin, Hélène Joliot-Curie, 45, 289
Langevin, Paul, 29–30
Large Magellanic Cloud, 271
Lawrence, Ernest, 26
Lazard, André, 42
Lederman, Leon, 264, 288
Lee, T. D., 263–264
Lees, David, 164, 186–187
Leibowitz, René, 64
Leptons, 272
Liddell, Guy, xii-xiii, 163, 190, 192, 195, 207–208, 210, 308
Lipkin, Harry, 83
Longo, Luigi, 32
Los Alamos, New Mexico, xvi, 87, 139
Luria, Salvador, 55, 57–59, 64, 149
MacLean, Donald, 201–202, 204, 210, 239
Macmillan, Harold, xiii
Mafai, Miriam, interviews with Bruno by, 123, 216, 240, 247, 248, 252, 278, 285, 290, 310
Makins, Roger, 193–194
Malraux, André, 31
Manhattan Project, xiii, xv, 80, 87–88, 102, 202, 244
Mann, Wilfrid Basil, 206
Markov, Moisy, 260–261
Maroni, Arrigo, 6
Mars, W. S., 153
Marten, Tim, 204
May, Alan Nunn (see Nunn May, Alan)
McCarthy, Joseph, xiv, 121, 148, 203, 244
McDonald, Art, 274
McMillan, Edwin, 67, 225
Medvedev, I. I., 248
Meitner, Lisa, 41
Metamorphosis drawings (Escher), 269
MI5
cover-up of loss of FBI letters, 192–195, 192, 195 (photos)
emergence of “lost” letters, 200
failure to identify communists at Chalk River, 134
interest in Bruno, 200–201, 204–209, 205 (photo)
investigation of Bruno’s communist connections, 152–159, 156 (photo)
investigation of Bruno’s disappearance, 165, 170–178, 177 (photo), 185–186, 189, 190, 192–194, 196
letters from FBI concerning Bruno, 190–192
placement of Barker at Roysse’s School, 162–164
receipt of information from FBI about possible communists, 149–150
strained relations with FBI, 108, 207–208
surveillance of Bruno, 115
surveillance of Fuchs by, 203
surveillance of Nunn May, 138
suspicions about Bruno’s visits to Amersham, 165
MI6 (Secret Intelligence Service), 186, 201, 204
Migdal, Arkady, 277
Minkowski, Peter, 288
Montreal, Canada, 90–91
Motinov, Pavel, 135–136
Muon-neutrinos, 259–260, 264, 294
Muons, 111–112, 256, 258, 264, 266
Mussolini, Benito, 4, 6, 29
Nagasaki, Japan, bombing of, 116
Nature, on detection of beta particles, 114
Némirovsky, Irène, 56, 64
Neptunium, 67, 132
Neufeld, Jakov “Jake or Jack,” 71
Neutrino astronomy, xvii, 271, 294, 300
Neutrinos
atmospheric, 260
behavior of, 105–106
Bruno’s contributions to knowledge of, 253–254
capture of, 106–107
defined, 13
detection of, 249
electron-neutrinos, 259–260, 264
flavored, 257–265
muon-neutrinos, 259–260, 264
oscillating, 255, 268–270, 293–294
production of, 263
reactor-produced, 254–255
role of in astrophysics and cosmology, 256–257
solar, 266–268, 293
stellar, 256–257
Neutron-neutron log, 73
Neutrons
discovery of, 9
importance of in nuclear research, 83
in reactors, 94, 98–100
slow-neutron phenomenon, 20–22
patent on slow-neutron phenomenon, 22–23
use of in locating oil, 72–75
News Chronicle, on Bruno’s share of patent money, 199
Newton, Isaac, 112–113
Nobel Prize in Physics, award of
to Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1935), 14, 27
to Jack Steinberger (1988), 253, 264
to Julian Schwinger (1965), 258
to Leon Lederman (1988), 264
to Melvin Schwartz (1988), 264
to Ray Davis (2002), xvii, 109, 293
Novel particles, 110
NRX reactor, 102, 104, 142
Nuclear phosphorescence, 43
Nuclear physics, as tool of war, 67–69
Nuclear physics, prehistory of, 8–11
Nuclear power, development of, 93
Nuclear proliferation, scientists’ concerns about, 244–245
Nuclear reactors, xii, 67, 87–89, 98–100, 104, 106, 109, 142, 218–220, 230–231
Nucleus, Bohr’s explanation of, 9, 24–25, 37
Nunn May, Alan
in Anglo-Canadian project, 88, 94–95
arrest of, 103, 129
fear of execution, 221
mentioned, 140, 163, 219, 307, 309, 311
MI5’s failure to identify as communist, 134, 135
passage of uranium samples to Moscow, xiii, 101, 132, 136
Philby’s alert of MI5’s interest in, 202
post-prison life, 304
reason for passing information to Soviets, 241
sharing of data, 97
as Soviet spy, 97, 99, 135, 136
success in hiding spying activities, 314
visits to Fermi in Chicago, 99, 100–101
ZEEP, construction of, 102–103
Oil and Gas Journal, on Bruno’s oil-bearing rock detector, 74
Okun, Lev, 292
Oneda, Sado, 259
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 129
Oscillating neutrinos, 268–270, 293–294
Pais, Abraham, 237
Palm Beach Post, on Bruno’s disappearance, 188
Particle accelerator, 226
Pati, Jogesh, 259
Patterson, Geoffrey, 204–206, 302, 311
Pattuglia (journal), 64
Pauli, Wolfgang, 13, 105
Pavlov, Vitaly, 135
Peierls, Genia, 314
Peierls, Rudolf, xv-xvi, 66, 87, 244, 314
Penney, William, xiii-xiv
Perrin, Michael, 80, 158–159, 193
Peshkov, V. P., 248–249
Pétain, Philippe, 60–61
Petrzhak, Konstantin, 68
Philby, Kim, 137–139, 192, 201–206, 209–210, 240, 311
Photons, 37, 110, 226, 258
Physical Review
on detection of beta particles, 114
on enrichment of uranium, 51
on neptunium and plutonium, 67
on spontaneous fission, 68
Pincher, Chapman, 193, 200, 240
Pions, 110, 111, 226, 235, 255, 259
Pisa, University of, 7
Placzek, George, 82, 84, 88, 94
Plutonium, xii, 67, 89, 94, 127, 131, 132
Plutonium-239, 100
Podolsky, Boris, 207
Pokrovskaya, Irina, 227, 292
Pomeranchuk, Isaak, 131, 219, 228–231
Pontecorvo, Anna (sister), 4, 6, 166–168, 170, 172–175, 290–291, 311
Pontecorvo, Antonio (son), 123, 168, 239, 283
Pontecorvo, Bruno, early years
childhood and adolescence, 5–6, 5 (photo)
family history, 3–4
radioactivity, observations of variations of degree of, 18–19
slow neutron phenomenon, patent on, 22
slow neutrons, experiments with, 23
spectra of gases, published paper on, 17
at University of Pisa, 7
at University of Rome, 7–8
&nbs
p; Pontecorvo, Bruno, Paris years
accommodations, 30–31
application to visit Sweden, 47, 48 (photo), 49
Bohr, introduction to at dinner party, 41
communism and, xi, 29–32, 47, 49
correlation of angular momentum with stability, experiments with, 42
escape from Paris to Toulouse, 57–59
Gil, birth of, 39–41
Joliot-Curies, association with, 29, 35
Kowarski and Halban, friendship with, 38–39
leaving Europe, 61–63
Marianne, early relationship with, 33–35, 34 (photo), 38, 39–40, 49
Marianne, marriage to, 50
nuclear energy levels, experiments with, 42
nuclear isomerism, work with, 36–38, 42–43
nuclear phosphorescence, discovery of, 43
quantum mechanics and atomic nuclei, experiments with, 37
Pontecorvo, Bruno, in United States
as enemy alien, 85
neutron-neutron log, development of, 73
offer of employment in US, 54
as oil prospector in Oklahoma, 72–75
radiation detector, invention of, 72–73
secret project, awareness of, 82–83
Tulsa, Oklahoma, life in, 75, 76 (photo)
visit with Fermis in New Jersey, 70
Pontecorvo, Bruno, with Anglo-Canadian project
appointment to, 83, 85
birth of Antonio, 123
at Chalk River, 98–104, 133 (photos)
heavy water and fission, study of, 94
impression of non-interest in communism, 115, 121
interaction with mathematicians in, 92
in Montreal, Canada, 90–96
muon decay, test of, 111–112
NRX reactor, work on, 104
offers of employment, 117–118, 119
personality, 121–123
as possible Soviet spy, 129–131, 132, 134
proportional counter, development of, 114
security clearance for, 88–89, 90 (photo)
Pontecorvo, Bruno, at Harwell
in Abingdon, England, 160–162, 164–165
allegations of communist affiliation, 149–150
Arnold, interviews with, 151–152
British citizenship of, 120
denial of communist membership, 154
duplicity, evidence of, 168–176
Harwell, reasons for choice of, 120
Helsinki, Finland, arrival in, 178–179
at Joliot-Curie’s birthday celebration in Paris, 156
MI5, investigation by, 152–159
personality, 165, 183
as security risk, xiv, 155, 156 (photo)
on summer holiday, 166–168
third party involvement in flight, clues to, 176–179
University of Liverpool, planned transfer to, xiv, 152, 156, 156 (photo), 166
Pontecorvo, Bruno, disappearance of airline manifest for flight to Stockholm, 176–177, 177 photo
cover-up by MI5 and FBI, 190–195, 195 (photo)
effect of on family members, 195–197
failure to return to Abingdon, 182–185
family’s perspective on, 188–189
inquiries by MI5 and MI6, 185–186
MI5 interest in, 200–201, 204–209, 205 (photo)
news media, reaction of, 186–188
parental anxiety about, 180–182
right-wing extremism, fear of, 203
Pontecorvo, Bruno, in the Soviet Union
British citizenship, revocation of, 246, 247 (photo)
CERN, visit to, 289–290
classified logbooks of, 231–235, 232 (photo)
Communist Party of Soviet Union, membership in, 241–242
cross-examination by KGB, 209, 220–221
death of, 293
defection, political implications of, 300–301
defection, reasons for, 243, 280–281
denial of work on nuclear bombs, 286
detection of H4 particles and, 233
detection of pions and, 233
disillusionment with USSR, 280, 290, 299
in Dubna, USSR, 223–224, 237–238, 239, 252, and 277 (photos)
final days, 291–293
flavored neutrinos, theory of, 257–265
flight to USSR, 213–214
high energy physics, contributions to, 253–254
as inspiration for other physicists, 295
at International Conference on High Energy Physics in Kiev (1959), 251–252, 262
inverse beta process, experiments with, 265–266
isolation of, 215–216, 218
legacy of, 293–295, 300
loyalty to USSR, 240–241, 248, 279, 310
measurement of energies of neutrons, 232
memorial stone in Rome, 295 (photo)
in Moscow, 214–218, 222–223
as “Mr. Neutrino,” 254
neutrinos, interest in, xvii, 230
Nobel Prize, reasons for lack of, xvii, 254
and Parkinson’s disease, 274, 274 (photo), 288, 289–290
Pomeranchuk, conversations with, 230–231, 235
press conference, 245–246
reappearance of, 243
reevaluation of life, 290
in Rome for Amaldi’s birthday celebration, 285–287
rumors about, 227–228
secrecy about identity of, 238–239
solar neutrino mystery, proposed solution to, 268–269
Soviet Academy of Sciences, election to, 251
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, reaction to, 279
spy, possible role as, xvii-xviii, 301–303, 307–314
Stalin Prize, award of, 246
Standard Model of particles and forces, conception of, 265–266
testing for identity of muon-and electron-neutrinos, 262–263
travel, restrictions on, xix, 118–119, 247, 278, 284, 288–289
Tito Nils, birth of, 98
travel, restrictions on, 118–119
University of Glasgow, visit to, 114
uranium, detection of, 101–102
USSR, significance to, xi
visits to Fermi in Chicago, 98–100
weak force, experiments regarding, 113
Pontecorvo, Gil (son)
in Abingdon, England, 164
birth of, 39–40
in Dubna, USSR, 223–224
escape from Paris to Toulouse, 54
exit visa, grant of to attend conference in Italy, 247, 287
flight to USSR, 178, 213
friends’ reaction to disappearance of, 187–188
on Giuliana’s involvement in Bruno’s disappearance, 189
in Moscow, 215–217, 222
name change, 239
in Paris nursery, 40–41, 47
as physicist and communist, 282
at Roysse’s School, Abingdon, England, 161, 166–167, 184–185
Stalin’s death, reaction to, 241
on suddenness of defection, 209
in Tulsa, Oklahoma, 75, 76 (photo)
on vacation in 1950, 170, 172
Pontecorvo, Gillo (brother)
birth of, 4
on Bruno’s political sympathies, 98, 115–116
communism, introduction to by Bruno, 32, 42, 47
Communist Party, resignation from, 248, 279, 280
Communist Party of Italy, work for, 64
escape from Paris, 55–58, 62
reunion with Bruno in Italy, 286
in Saint-Tropez, 64
visit with Bruno at Circeo, 168, 171
Pontecorvo, Giovanni (brother), 4, 6, 165, 166, 182, 197
Pontecorvo, Giuliana (sister), 4, 32, 54, 62–63, 150, 168, 171, 172, 174, 189, 286
Pontecorvo, Guido (brother), xv, 4, 6–8, 113, 115, 166, 168, 182, 189, 195–196, 243
Pontecorvo, Henrietta (Gillo’s girlfriend, later wife), 55, 57–58, 62, 64, 168, 171
Po
ntecorvo, Laura (sister), 4, 6, 32, 173, 181
Pontecorvo, Ludovico “Ludo” (nephew), 47, 188, 270–271, 292
Pontecorvo, Maria (mother), 5–6, 168, 170, 180–182, 196
Pontecorvo, Marianne Nordblom (wife)
allegation of communist sympathies of, 152, 155
Antonio, birth of, 123
defection, role of in, 312–313
in Dubna, USSR, 224, 239 (photo), 240, 247, 275–277, 277 (photo)
early relationship with Bruno, 33–35, 34 (photo), 38, 40
FBI, interview with, 86
Gil, birth of, 39–40
health of, 41–42
marriage to Bruno, 50
mental health of, 123–124, 275–277
miscarriage, 63
in Moscow, 216, 222–223
parents, inability to visit during or after defection, 175, 178
personality, 122, 164, 172
safe-conduct from Paris to Toulouse, 54, 55 (photo)
Tito Nils, birth of, 98
Tulsa, Oklahoma, life in, 75, 76 (photo)
Pontecorvo, Massimo (father), 3–6, 196
Pontecorvo, Paolo (brother), 4, 6, 63, 70, 83, 196–197
Pontecorvo, Pellegrino (grandfather), 3–4
Pontecorvo, Tito Nils (son), 98, 172, 239, 283–284
Positrons, 110
Pravda, on invasion of Czechoslovakia, 279
Pregel, Boris, 84
Price, D. P., 180–181, 185
Proportional counter, 114
Proton, defined, 9
Proton Synchrotron, 250–251
Pryce, Maurice, 108, 300
Quadium or H4, 11, 233
Quantum electrodynamics (QED), 229
Quantum mechanics, application of to atomic nuclei, 37–38
Quarks, 237, 272
Rabi, Isadore, 111
Radimska, Anna, 174–175
Radioactivity
fission, 43–46, 50–51
induced, investigations of, 13–14, 17–23
isomerism, 36–38, 42–43
measurement of, 114
slow-neutron phenomenon, patent on, 22–23
types of, 12
uranium and, 43–46
Radium, 83–84
Radium-226, 102
Radium Institute, 35, 38
Rasetti, Franco, 8, 15, 18, 22 (photo)
Reed, Ronnie, xviii, 172, 174, 186, 189, 299, 311
Reines, Frederick, 107, 250, 254, 261
La ricerca scientifica, Fermi’s contributions to, 17, 23
Richards, Charles, 313
Robertson, J., 153
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 75, 95
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, xiv, 203
Rossi-Doria, Manlio, 6
Rotblat, Joseph, award of Nobel Peace Prize to, 244–245
Roysse’s School, 160–164, 184–185
Rutherford, Ernest, 9, 12, 14, 26
Sakharov, Andrei, 279
Scherbatskoy, Serge Alexandrovich (aka Serge Alexander), 71, 101
Schwartz, Laura, 276
Schwartz, Melvin, 263, 295
Schwinger, Julian, 188, 258, 288
Seaborg, Glenn, 132