Powers of Darkness

by Hans De Roos

  LÁRA KRISTÍN PEDERSEN (19) spent a year in New York, where she studied psychology at St. John’s University. By now, she has returned to Reykjavík to continue her psychology studies there. Moreover, she is celebrated as a soccer player in the Icelandic Women’s Premier League.

  MARÍA SKÚLADÓTTIR (21) also is from Reykjavík and studied at the Reykjavík Conservatory. Currently, she and her boyfriend live in New York, where she happens to study Psychology as well; previously, she studied at Parsons School of Design in New York.

  SIGRÚN BIRTA KRISTINSDÓTTIR (18) is the youngest participant in this project; she attends the Commercial College in Reykjavík. Like Lára Kristin, she is an enthusiastic soccer player, occupying the center back position in her team, which recently won the cup in its league.

  SIGRÚN ÓSK STEFÁNSDÓTTIR (22) also attended Iwanson International School of Contemporary Dance in Munich, and like her good friend Arna she also has a strong interest in languages. Before coming to Munich, she studied dance at Listdansskóli Íslands in Reykjavík.

  SÆDÍS ALDA KARLSDÓTTIR (25) studied at the University of Iceland and then moved to Dresden, to study business administration and corporate management—and to enjoy the splendid historical city, together with her friend Chaman from Syria.

  TINNA MARÍA ÓLAFSDÓTTIR (22) from Hafnarfjörður lives in Paris and works as a flight attendant for Icelandair, at the same time preparing herself to be admitted to medical school in Iceland. In the meantime, she also studies French.

  VILBORG HALLDÓRSDÓTTIR (35) from Mosfellsbær near Reykjavík holds an M.Sc. degree in pharmacy from the University of Iceland and is a licensed pharmacist both in Iceland and Germany; during the time of this translation project, she lived and worked in Mörfelden-Walldorf, Hessen, with her husband and their baby daughter.

  VILDÍS HALLSDÓTTIR (69) is a friend of Dacre Stoker and through this connection, we became acquainted as well. Already at age 18, she read Dracula—one of her many ongoing interests, beside her family life with two daughters and six grandchildren. She was born in northern Sweden, with a Danish mother and an Icelandic father, and in 1945 came to Iceland with the first ship after WWII. She graduated from college in 1964; after that, she lived in Denmark, then Scotland, before moving to Denmark again, at age 22. She worked in office administration and correspondence, but has retired now.

  The age given for the participants is the age they had upon joining the project.

  REFERENCES

  WRITINGS & INTERVIEWS BY BRAM STOKER QUOTED IN THIS BOOK

  Eighteen-Bisang/Miller, 2008 Eighteen-Bisang, Robert and Miller, Elizabeth, eds. Bram Stoker’s Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile edition. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2008.

  Stoddard, 1897 Stoddard, Jane. Mr. Bram Stoker: A Chat with the Author of Dracula, in British Weekly, 1 July 1897, p. 185.

  Stoker, 1897 Stoker, Bram. Dracula. London, Westminster: Archibald Constable, 1897.

  Stoker, 1907 Stoker, Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving. London: Heinemann, 1907, one-volume-edition.

  Stoker, 1908 Stoker, Bram. The Censorship of Fiction, in The Nineteenth Century and After: A Monthly Review, Sept. 1908, New York: Leonard Scott, p. 158.

  RECENTLY REDISCOVERED WRITINGS BY BRAM STOKER

  Browning, 2012 Browning, John Edgar, ed. The Forgotten Writings of Bram Stoker, with a foreword by Elizabeth Miller and an afterword by Dacre Stoker. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

  Stoker & Miller, 2013 Stoker, Dacre & Miller, Elizabeth, eds. The Lost Journal of Bram Stoker: The Dublin Years. London: Biteback Publishers, 2013.

  THE OFFICIAL SEQUEL TO DRACULA

  Stoker & Holt, 2009 Stoker, Dacre and Holt, Ian. Dracula: The Un-Dead. New York: Harper Collins, 2009.

  BIOGRAPHIES OF BRAM STOKER

  Belford, 1996 Belford, Barbara. Bram Stoker—a Biography of the Author of Dracula. New York: Knopf, 1996.

  Farson, 1975 Farson, Daniel, The Man Who Wrote Dracula—A Biography of Bram Stoker. London: Michael Joseph, 1975.

  Murray, 2004 Murray, Paul. From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker. London: Jonathan Cape, 2004.

  ANNOTATED EDITIONS OF DRACULA

  Byron, 1998 Byron, Glennis. Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 1998.

  Klinger, 2008 Klinger, Leslie. The New Annotated Dracula. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.

  Leatherdale, 1998 a Leatherdale, Clive. Dracula Unearthed. Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 1998.

  McNally & Florescu, 1979 McNally, Raymond, and Florescu, Radu, ed. The Essential “Dracula”: A Completely Illustrated and Annotated Edition of Bram Stoker’s Classic Novel. New York: Mayflower, 1979.

  Roos, 2012 Roos, Hans C. de. The Ultimate Dracula. München: Moonlake Editions, 2012.

  Wolf, 1975/1993 Wolf, Leonard. ed. The Essential Dracula. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1975, followed by The Essential Dracula: The Definitive Annotated Edition. Penguin, 1993.

  SOURCES RELATING TO TRANSYLVANIA, MOLDAVIA & WALLACHIA USED BY BRAM STOKER

  Boner, 1865 Boner, Charles. Transylvania—Its Products and Its People. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1865.

  Crosse, 1878 Crosse, Andrew F. Round about the Carpathians. London: Blackwood, 1878.

  Gerard, 1885 Gerard, Emily. Transylvanian Superstitions, in The Nineteenth Century, July 1885, pp. 130-150.

  Johnson, 1885 Johnson, E. C., On the Track of The Crescent, Erratic notes from the Piræus to Pesth. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1885.

  Mazuchelli, 1881 Mazuchelli, Nina Elizabeth. Magyar land, London: Sampson Low, 1881.

  Wilkinson, 1820 Wilkinson, William. An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. London: Longman, Hurst, Reese, Orme and Brown, 1820.

  DRACULA SCHOLARSHIP

  Browning & Picart, 2011 Browning, John Edgar, and Picart, Caroline Joan. Dracula in Visual Media. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. Pub., 2011

  Crişan, 2013 Crişan, Marius-Mircea. The Birth of the Dracula Myth: Bram Stoker’s Transylvania. Bucharest: Pro Universitaria, 2013.

  Dalby, 1986 Dalby, Richard, ed. A Bram Stoker Omnibus. London: Foulsham 1986.

  Dalby, 1993 Dalby, Richard. Makt Myrkranna—Powers of Darkness, in Bram Stoker Journal #5, 1993, pp. 2-8.

  Davies, 1997 Davies, Bernard. Inspirations, Imitations and In-Jokes in Stoker’s Dracula, in Miller, 1998, pp. 131-137.

  Haining, 1987 Haining, Peter. The Dracula Scrapbook, Stanford: Longmeadow, 1987.

  Hughes, 1997 Hughes, William. Bram Stoker (AbrahamStoker), 1847-1912, A Bibliography. Victorian Research Guide 25, University of Queensland, Australia, 1997.

  Leatherdale, 1998 b Leatherdale, Clive. Stoker’s Banana Skins, in Dracula: The Shade and the Shadow, Ed. Elizabeth Miller, 1998, pp. 128-153.

  McNally & Florescu, 1994 McNally, Raymond, and Florescu, Radu, eds. In Search of Dracula: The History of Dracula and Vampires. New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,1994.

  Miller, 1998 Miller, Elizabeth, ed. The Shade and the Shadow, proceedings of the Dracula Conference at Los Angeles in August 1997. Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, UK: Desert Island Books, 1998.

  Miller, 2006 Miller, Elizabeth. Dracula—Sense & Nonsense (2nd edition). Westcliffon-Sea, Essex, UK: Desert Island Books, 2006.

  Miller, 2009 Miller, Elizabeth, ed. Bram Stoker’s Dracula—A Documentary Journey into Vampire Country and the Dracula Phenomenon. New York: Pegasus Books, 2009.

  Skal, 2004 Skal, David J. Hollywood Gothic: The Tangled Web of Dracula from Novel to Stage to Screen. Revised edition. New York: Faber and Faber, 2004.

  Storey, 2012 Storey, Neil. The Dracula Secrets: Jack the Ripper and the Darkest Sources of Bram Stoker. Stroud, Gloucestershire, History Press, 2012.

  SOURCES RELATING TO ICELANDIC, NORSE AND GERMANIC CULTURE, HISTORY & LITERATURE

  Ásmundsson, 1899 Ásmundarsson (Ásmundsson), Valdimar. Saga Gísla Súrssonar, Vol. I & II. Reykjavik: Kristjansson, 1899.

  Bellows, 1936 Lokasenna (Loki’s Wrangling), from the Poetic Edda, transl. He
nry Adam Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936.

  Bjarnason, 2004 Bjarnason, Bjarni. Systkinabaekurnur—Kristnihaldi undir Jökli & Drakúla, in Lesbók Morgunblaðsins of 17 January 2004, pp. 4-5.

  Booss, 1984 Booss, Claire, ed. Scandinavian Folk & Fairy Tales. New York: Gramercy, 1984.

  Boyer, 1994 Boyer, Régis. La mort chez les anciens Scandinaves. Paris: Les belles lettres, 1994.

  Cutrer, 2012 Cutrer, Robert E. TheWilderness of Dragons. The Reception of Dragons in Thirteenth Century Iceland. MA thesis, Háskóli Íslands, Medieval Icelandic Studies, Sept. 2012.

  Dagsdóttir, 2001 Dagsdóttir, Úlfhildur. Blóðþyrstir Berserkir, in Lesbók Morgunblaðsins of 21 April 2001, pp. 10-11.

  Driscoll, 2008 Driscoll, Matthew James. A New Edition of the Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda: Some Basic Questions. Copenhagen, 2008, online at driscoll.dk/docs/driscoll-new_edition.pdf.

  Erlendsson, 1852 Erlendsson, H. Fjórar riddarasögur. Reykjavik, E. Þórðarsyni, 1852.

  Fiske, 1983 Fiske, Willard. Bréf Willards Fiskes til Islendinga, in: Arbók Landsbókasafn Islands, Nýrflokkur 8, year 1982 (publ. 1983), pp. 28-68. Editor: Nanna Ólafsdóttir. Translations: Finnbogi Guðmundsson.

  Gering, 1897 Gering, Hugo. Eyrbyggja Saga. Halle a.d. Saale: Max Niemeyer, 1897.

  Grimm, 1828 Grimm, Jacob. Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer. Göttingen: In der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, 1828.

  Grimm, 1854 Grimm, Jacob. Deutsche Mythologie. Zweiter Band. Göttingen: In der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, 1854 (Third edition).

  Grimm, 1883 Grimm, Jacob. Teutonic Mythology. Volume III. Transl. from the fourth edition by James Stallybrass. London: Bell & Sons, 1883.

  Gudmundsdóttir, 2007 Gudmundsdóttir, Adalheidur. The Werewolf in Medieval Icelandic Literature, in: Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol.106:3, 2007.

  Haugen, 1992 Haugen, Einar. Review of: Íslensk málhreinsun: Sögulegt yfirlit [Icelandic Language Purification: Historical Survey] by Kjartan G. Ottosson, in: Language in Society Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1992), pp. 336-345, Cambridge University Press.

  Jakobsson, 2011 Jakobsson, Ármann. Vampires and Watchmen: Categorizing the Mediaeval Icelandic Undead, in Journal of English and Germanic Philology— July 2011.

  Jakobsson & Halfdanarson, 2016 Jakobsson, Sverrir and Halfdanarson, Gudmundur. Historical Dictionary of Iceland. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littfield, 2016 (third edition).

  Jónsson, 2011 Jónsson, Ásgeir ed. Makt Myrkranna—saga af Drakúla greifa. Reykjavik: Bókafélagið, 2011.

  Karlsson, 2000 Karlsson, Gunnar. Iceland’s 1100 Years: The History of a Marginal Society. London: Hurst & Co., 2000.

  Keyser, 1854 Keyser, Rudolph. The Religion of the Northmen. New York: Norton, 1854.

  Larsen, 2006 Larsen, Svanfríður. Af erlendri rót: þýðingar í blöðum og tímaritum á íslensku 1874-1910. Studia Islandica, Issue 59, 2006.

  Laxness, 1919 Laxness, Halldór. Barn náttúrunnar, 1919, quoted from snara.is.

  Laxness, 1975 Laxness, Halldór. Í túninu heima, part I. Reykjavik: Helgafell, 1975.

  Laxness, 2005 Laxness, Halldór. Kristnihaldi undir Jökli, 1968/Under the Glacier, transl. Magnús Magnússon. New York: Vintage International Ed./Random House, 2005.

  Magnússon, 2010 Magnússon, Sigurður Gylfi. Wasteland with Words: A Social History of Iceland. London: Reaktion Books, 2010.

  Matthíasdóttir, 2013 Matthíasdóttir, Magnea J. Eldhúsreyfarar og stofustáss—Könnunarferð um fjölkerfi íslenskra þýðinga. Reykjavik: Háskóli Íslands, January 2013.

  Milroy, 1966-69 Milroy, James. The Story of Ætternisstapi in Gautrek’s Saga, in Saga-Book of the Viking Society, London University College, Vol. XVII, 1966-69.

  N. N., 1911 N. N. Sagan af Starkaði Stórvirkssyni. Winnipeg: Ottenson, 1911.

  Ólafsson, 2002 Ólafsson. Davíð. Sagas in Handwritten and Printed Books in 19th century Iceland. Contribution to the conference publication on Sagas and Societies—Conference at Borgarnes, Iceland, 2002.

  Pálsson & Edwards, 1976 Attributed to: Snorri Sturluson. Egil’s Saga, around 1240. Transl. by Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976. Icelandic text on sagadb.org/egils_saga.

  Rafn, 1829 Rafn, C. C. Fornaldar Sögur Nordrlanda (eftir gomlum handritum). Copenhagen: Popp, 1829.

  Rask & Afzelius, 1812 Rask, Rasmus Kristian and Afzelius, Arvid August. Edda Saemundar hinns froda: Collectio carminum veterum Scaldorum Saemundiana, Holmiæ (Stockholm), 1812.

  Stephany, 2006 Stephany, Timothy J. Lady of the Elves: The Great Germanic Goddess. Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology, 2006.

  Sæmundsson, 2004 Sæmundsson, Matthías. Viðar. Héðinn, Bríet, Valdimar og Laufey. Reykjavík: JPV-útgáfa, 2004.

  Thorkelsdóttir, 2012 Thorkelsdóttir, Eva Dögg Diego. Makt myrkranna: Sagan af Drakúla greifa - Rýnt í þýðingu Valdimars Ásmundssonar á Dracula eftir Bram Stoker. Paper written for Háskoli Íslands, Nr. ÞÝÐ003M—Þýðingasaga.

  Thorsteinsson, 1857 Thorsteinsson, Steingrímur. Þúsund og ein nótt (Icelandic translation of the Arabian Nights). Copenhagen: Sveinsson, 4 Vol., 1857-1864

  Further translations mentioned in this footnote:

  •Aldine Edition, based on the 1811 translation by Jonathan Scott. London: Pickering & Chatto, 1890.

  •Burton, Richard. The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. First edition of 1885-8 in ten volumes. Supplemental edition in six volumes bound in seven parts. Printed by the Burton Club For Private Subscribers Only.

  •Lane, Edward William. The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1853

  •Arabische Erzählungen zum ersten Male aus dem arabischen Urtext treu übersetzt von Dr. Gustav Weil. First German translation from the Arabic by Dr. Gustav Weil. Stuttgart/Pforzheim: Verlag der Classiker, 1839-1841.

  Wilda, 1842 Wilda, Wilhelm E. Strafrecht der Germanen. Halle: Schwetschke & Sohn, 1842.

  Wisén, 1872 Wisén, Theodor. Homiliu-bok. Isländska homilier efter en handskrift från tolfte århundradet. Lund: Gleerup, 1872.

  DICTIONARIES EXPLAINING PRE-MODERN MEANINGS OF ICELANDIC VOCABULARY

  Cleasby/Vigfússon, 1874 Vigfússon, Guðbrandur. An Icelandic-English Dictionary, based on the MS. Collections of the Late Richard Cleasby. Oxford: O.U.P./ Clarendon Press, 1874.

  Jonsson, 1863 Jonsson, Erik. Oldnordisk Ordbog. Copen hagen: J. D. Qvist, 1863.

  Köbler, 2003 Köbler, Gerhard. Altnordisches Wörterbuch. Gießen, 2014, 4th edition—online edition, at www.koeblergerhard.de/anwbhinw.html

  Zoëga, 1910 Zoëga, Geir T. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. Oxford: O.U.P./Clarendon Press, 1910.

  Zoëga, 1922 Zoëga, Geir T. Icelandic-English Dictionary. Reykjavik: Kristjánsson, 1922 (2nd edition)

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&n
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