204 The next day the Newsweek with Goldwater: “Goldwater in ’64?,” Newsweek, May 20, 1963. The suggestion of a limitation on the right to demonstrate is in Branch, Parting the Waters, 808.
205 For one-hundredth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 26. For aloofness in filibuster debate, see Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (New York: Free Press, 1991), 348. For judicial nominees and “remarkable job” quote, see Branch, Parting the Waters, 700. For introduction of civil rights legislation in February and civil rights movement reaction, see Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 40; and Reeves, Question of Character, 348-49.
205 One told him that blacks were: Branch, Parting the Waters, 693. For Jackson, Mississippi, and Burke Marshall, see ibid., 745.
205 For Wallace’s KKK speechwriter, see Carter, Politics of Rage, 106-7. For Alabama State Troopers, see ibid., 125. RFK’s visit to Alabama: ibid., 120. Lingo’s deployment in Birmingham is in Branch, Parting the Waters, 795-96.
206 The African neutralists’ message is in Branch, 807. Senator Tower promised: New York Daily News, July 6, 1963. The White House action for a strong civil rights bill is in Branch, Parting the Waters, 808-9.
206 But his supporters on the Los Angeles Republican Central Committee: Waters to White, December 5, 1962, FCW, Box 19/California, and Best to O’Donald [sic], April 23, 1963, WAR, Box 154/7. “Americans for Democratic Action are”: Edward Cain, They’d Rather Be Right: Youth and the Conservative Movement (New York: Macmillan, 1963), 170. Colonel Laurence E. Bunker, General MacArthur’s old aide-de-camp: “Far Right and Far Left,” NYP, April 4, 1964. The editor of The Worker: ibid., April 3, 1964.
207 RFK’s meeting is in Branch, Pillar of Fire, 89. For tear gas, see Branch, Parting the Waters, 817; for Cleveland, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 88. For JFK’s birthday party, see Carter, Politics of Rage, 133.
207 Sunday morning the snarlingest: Carter, Politics of Rage, 135-38.
208 Declared the Winona (Kansas) Leader: Stephan Lesher, George Wallace: American Populist (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1994), 211.
208 The White House debate is in Branch, Pillar of Fire, 107. JFK’s American University address and the civil rights address are in PPP: JFK.
208 For Medgar Evers’s assassination, see Branch, Parting the Waters, 825, For disturbances in its wake, see Reeves, Question of Character, 357.
209 For social criticism, see Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Penguin, 1981); Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1984); Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962); Tom Hayden, “Port Huron Statement,” in James Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 329-74; and James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Dial Press, 1963).
209 In his annual one-hour interview: transcript of May 1, 1963, interview with Walter Lippmann on CBS Reports, RAC, Box 10/755.
209 The Malcolm X profile is in M. S. Handler, “Assertive Spirit Stirs Negroes, Puts Vigor in Civil Rights Drive,” NYT, April 23, 1963; the Life photographs are cited in Branch, Pillar of Fire, 97. The Missouri parochial school protests are in Newsweek, May 20, 1963.
210 For Diem slaughter, see Francis X. Winters, The Year of the Hare: America in Vietnam, January 25, 1963-February 15, 1964 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 29. Kuchel’s “fright mail” speech: Senator Thomas Kuchel, “The Plot to Destroy America,” NYTM, July 21, 1963.
210 For the UN takeover rumor, see Kuchel and “The Rampant Right Invades the GOP,” Look, July 16, 1963.
211 My sources for the Boston school controversy are J. Anthony Lucas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Knopf, 1985); and Ronald Formisano, Boston against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
212 The June 11, 1963, meeting is described in Lucas, Common Ground, 124.
212 The ensuing negotiations are in Lucas, 125. “Our schools and our public officials”: ibid., 127.
212 The Carl Sanders quote is in “While Most Believe in God,” Newsweek, July 9, 1962. The Orange County electronics executive is in Time, December 8, 1961. Clark Kerr is quoted in Milton Viorst, Fire in the Streets: America in the 1960s (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 277.
213 For press coverage of the self-immolation in Vietnam, see Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Viking, 1983), 281. The scene in Sunflower County is Charles Marsh, God’s Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 18-24. For the construction protests in Harlem and Philadelphia, see Reeves, Question of Character, 357.
213 For the Berkeley ordinance, see Max Heirich, The Spiral of Conflict: Berkeley, 1964 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 85. For Ted Humes, see F. Clifton White with William Gill, Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 236; and “CONFIDENTIAL” Humes survey, August 25, 1963, FCW, Box 8/Polish-American Population poll. U.S. News editor David Lawrence reported: David Lawrence column, SLPD, June 12, 1963. Stewart Alsop traveled the North: Stewart Alsop column, SEP, July 11, 1964. White’s campaign plan is in FCW, Box 8.
214 The June 25, 1963, Clayton memo is in DK, Box 4/Draft Goldwater Endeavor.
214 Goldwater was receiving so much mail: Kitchel to BMG, July 1, 1963, AHF, Box 21/11. Texas rallies are described in White with Gill, Suite 3505, 157; Ralph de Toledano, The Winning Side: The Case for Goldwater Republicanism (New York: iMacFadden-Bartel, 1963), 107; and William Rusher, The Rise of the Right (New York: Morrow, 1984), 156. The Montgomery County, Maryland, rally is noted in Shafto to White, May 27, 1963, FCW, Box 19/Rally. Move to Washington suggested in O’Donnell to White, May 24, 1963, FCW, Box 18/Congressional Contacts. South Carolina county chairmen meeting is reported in press release, May 25, 1963, DK, Box 4/Draft Goldwater Endeavor. For the change in rally venue, see Chappel to White, May 20, 1963, FCW, Box 19/California. “A surprising number”: White with Gill, Suite 3505, 162. The Time cover is June 14, 1963.
215 “Fine,” White responded: White with Gill, Suite 3505, 163.
215 Ringing, Joe Alsop wrote: undated clip in WAR, Box 154/7. Which strategy, the Herald Tribune said, amounted to: “Keep the Party Republican,” NYHT July 2, 1963. For general description of Denver meeting, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 163-65 (for Evans and Novak quote); and Robert Novak, The Agony of the GOP 1964 (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 179 (for “South Africa” quote).
215 Len Nadasdy had spent 1962: Young Republican National Federation: A Record of Accomplishment, pamphlet, LN. Hutar and Harff, meanwhile: See correspondence in FCW, Box 18/Young Republicans, especially Rehmann to Failor, January 29, 1963. Yet when Bruce Chapman: NYHTEN, July 17, 1963. For Nadasdy, see memos marked “CONFIDENTIAL,” April 17, 1961, to October 19, 1963, LN.
216 My reconstruction of the 1963 Young Republicans’ convention is based on Morton C. Blackwell, “The 1963 Young Republican and College Republican National Conventions in San Francisco,” paper draft, AC; White with Gill, Suite 3505, 166-73; Novak, Agony of the GOP, 196-201; Time, July 8, 1963; Look, July 16, 1963; NYHTEN in WAR, Box 154/7; reports to chairman from Massachusetts, Connecticut, North Dakota, Delaware, and Maryland delegations in LN; clips in LN, including NYT, June 28, 1963, Minneapolis Tribune, July 7, 1963, Political Intelligence, July 1963, WS, June 30, 1963, SFC, June 28, 1963, Drew Pearson in WP, July 19, 1963, and “Old Friends” pamphlet; exchange of letters between BMG and Nadasdy in LN; Nadasdy to author, August 23, 1998, and October 4, 1998; and author interviews with Leonard Nadasdy, John Savage, and Robert Gaston.
219 BMG speech is in Congressional Record, July 29, 1963, 12732-34.
221 “Why not do it now”: Na
dasdy to BMG, August 8, 1963, LN.
222 For O’Donnell’s doubts, see handwritten notes, FCW, Box 18/July 4, 1963 Rally. For Billy Graham, Eisenhower, and JFK at D.C. Armory, see William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), 30; and Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 180. Shortly before curtain time: handwritten notes, FCW, Box 18/July 4, 1963 Rally.
222 For chartered buses, see Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 117. Fifty-six buses came from New York and Connecticut alone. For the event I rely on USN, July 15, 1963; Mary McGrory and David Broder in WS, July 5, 1963; Baltimore Sun, July 5, 1963; schedule in FCW, Box 18/July 4, 1963 Rally; and author interview with Lee Edwards. For Charles Percy, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 187. For Krock, see NYT, July 6, 1963.
222 For California poll, see LAT, July 29, 1963. For Pennsylvania, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 178.
222 On Independence Day in Chicago: WP, July 5, 1963, A1; and Mike Royko, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago (New York: Signet, 1971), 134. For the attempt to integrate Mayor Daley’s neighborhood, see Royko, 139. “The Polish-American community”: “CONFIDENTIAL” Humes survey, August 25, 1963, FCW, Box 8/Polish-American Population Poll.
223 For Barnett and Wallace at Commerce Committee hearings and administration response, see H. W. Brand, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 111; Carter, Politics of Rage, 157; and Branch, Parting the Waters, 853.
223 The Bastille Day declaration: Novak, Agony of the GOP, 207.
223 The Look article ran in the July 16, 1963, issue.
224 For Bastille Day statement transcript, see NYT, July 15, 1963.
225 “Our party is in no position”: Novak, Agony of the GOP, 213. Keating’s statement is in transcript of July 15, 1963, WCBS radio and TV interview, RAC, Box 10/757. The Newsweek quote is July 29, 1963.
225 “My God, we’d be the apartheid parry”: Stewart Alsop, “Can Goldwater Win in ’64?,” SEP, August 24, 1963. For Robinson, see Jackie Robinson, “The GOP: For White Men Only?,” SEP, August 10, 1963. “Barry doesn’t know any more”: Richard Reston, “A Top Republican Attacks Goldwater,” SFC, n.d. clip in WAR, Box 154/7.
225 The Harris poll had reported: WP, August 26, 1963.
225 “People fail to realize”: “Goldwater the Arizonan Rides Easy,” Life, November 1, 1963. Newsweek soon ran a lead story: “The Block-Goldwater Movement in the GOP,” July 22, 1963.
226 “You know, I think we ought to sell the TVA ”: SEP, August 24, 1963. For the Fulton exchange, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 225; and Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 218. O’Donnell’s memo is in White with Gill, Suite 3505, 226. The telegrams are in Novak, Agony of the GOP, 240.
226 White’s 200,000 one-dollar petition signatures are noted in “Many in GOP See Goldwater in ’64,” NYT, August 26, 1963. Other fund-raising efforts: Congressional Quarterly, The Public Records of Barry M. Goldwater and William E. Miller: The Lives, Votes and Stands of the 1964 Republican Candidates (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1964). “A few race riots in the North”: SEP, August 24, 1963.
227 For the 20 percent figure, see GP, 1836. “I’d kill,” a white South Dakota housewife: Newsweek, October 21, 1963.
227 Quotes and poll numbers from Newsweek, October 21, 1963. “It is an oft-repeated statement”: Blanche Saunders, Training You to Train Your Dog (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965). Harper’s John Fischer congratulated himself: John Fischer, “What the Negro Needs Most,” Francis M. Carney and Frank H. Way, Politics 1964 (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1964), 245-53.
227 For fears about the march as the event approached, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 131-32; and Reeves, Question of Character, 358.
228 The 50 percent figure on civil rights is from GP, 1832. “Only when Christ comes again”: LAT, August 10, 1963.
228 For the order to overthrow the Diem government, see Winters, Year of the Hare, 65-73. For half-hour Cronkite debut, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 133.
228 For Gallup figures, see Edwards, Goldwater, 191. SEE THE JAPS ALMOST GET KENNEDY!: Peter O’Donnell, “Progress Report #2,” September 25, 1963, WAR, Box 155/7. “He’s stirred up all the colored people”: Newsweek, October 21, 1963. KAYO THE KENNEDYS!: Carter, Politics of Rage, 210. “KENNEDY FOR KING—GOLDWATER FOR PRESIDENT”: Summer 1982 special issue of The Keynoter, “A Choice, Not an Echo: The 1964 Campaign of Barry Goldwater.”
229 Polls suggested as much as 5 percent: Jerome Himmelstein, To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 67. The report to the President is noted in John A. Andrew III, The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 168; for the IRS audits, see ibid., 162-63.
229 The September 12, 1963, press conference is described by Robert J. Donovan, “North Racial Tensions Rise,” LAT, February 16, 1964.
229 For Wallace and the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, see Carter, Politics of Rage, 174-82. For the decision against the perpetrators, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 143.
229 For Cronkite’s half hour with BMG, see transcript in RAC, Box 10/763. On the Mark Hopkins Hotel, see “Goldwater Reserves 51 Rooms in Hotel for GOP Convention,” NYT, September 6, 1963. For Dr. Schwarz, see Fred J. Cook, “The Ultras: Aims, Affiliations, and Finances of the Radical Right,” special issue, The Nation, June 30, 1962. For Kleindienst’s conclusions, see Gilbert A. Harrison, “Way Out West: An Interim Report on Barry Goldwater,” TNR, November 23, 1963. For Saltonstall, see Boston Traveler clip in scrapbook in WAR, Box 154/7.
230 For BMG tour, see Jack Bell AP report, Dallas Times Herald, September 2, 1963, and September 16, 1963; NBC documentary “The Loyal Opposition,” transcript in RAC, Box 10/765. “You leave me alone”: White with Gill, Suite 3505, 223; George H. Mayer, The Republican Party 1854-1966 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 531.
230 For the Ogle County Fair, see Novak, Agony of the GOP, 224; NBC, “The Loyal Opposition”; and White with Gill, Suite 3505, 209. For NFRW convention, see ibid., 211; and Carol Felsenthal, Sweetheart of the Silent Majority: The Biography of Phyllis Schlafly (New York: Doubleday, 1981), 168.
230 For fund-raising, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 191-92. For Youth for Goldwater: ibid., 209; and author interview with Carol Dawson.
231 For Dodger Stadium rally: Time, September 27, 1963; Edwards, Goldwater, 151; and author interview with Robert Gaston. For sabotage attempt, see Royal to Kitchel, May 21, 1963, AHF, Box 13/29.
231 “Almost everybody in Washington”: James Reston, NYT, September 26, 1963. Mary McGrory followed Goldwater back to Washington: Time, September 27, 1963.
231 On the American friendship with the atom, see Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 27-28. For airborne test broadcast, see ibid., 91. For Project Plowshare, see Dan O’Neill, The Firecracker Boys (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994). 231 For public awareness of nuclear fallout, see Winkler, Life Under a Cloud, 84-108; Ralph E. Lapp, “Civil Defense Faces New Perils” (1954), and W.K. Wynant Jr., “50,000 Baby Teeth” (1959), both in Robert C. Williams and Philip L. Cantelon, eds., The American Atom: A Documentary History of Nuclear Policies from the Discovery of Fission to the Present, 1939-1984 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991). Conservatives tended to dismiss the fallout problem as Communist propaganda. See Barry Goldwater, Conscience of a Conservative (Shepherdsville, Ky.: Victor Publishing, 1960), 113.
232 For test-ban negotiations and signing, see Reeves, Question of Character, 396. BMG’s speech is reprinted in White with Gill, Suite 3505, 425-28.
232 For BMG’s California advisory committee,
see LAT, September 20, 1963, and September 21, 1963. White’s visit with Goldwater: White with Gill, Suite 3505, 214-15.
232 For Lippmann, see Eric Alterman, Sound and Fury: The Washington Punditocracy and the Collapse of American Politics (New York: HarperPerennial, 1992), 21-44; and, for Scopes “monkey trial,” see Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 216-19.
233 For Eichmann, see Anthony Grafton, “Arendt and Eichmann at the Dinner Table,” American Scholar (Winter 1999); and Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Viking, 1963). “The most essential criterion”: Dennis H. Wrong, The Modern Condition: Essays at Century’s End (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), 35.
233 For this interpretation of Warren’s All the King’s Men, see Alan Brinkley, “Robert Penn Warren, T. Harry Williams, and Huey Long,” in Brinkley, Liberalism and Its Discontents (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998). The quote on the Stevenson demonstration is in Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1960 (New York: Atheneum, 1961), 182.
233 “Each party is like some huge bazaar”: Daniel Bell, “Interpretations of American Politics,” in Daniel Bell, ed., The New American Right (New York: Criterion Books, 1955). Goldwater’s candidacy “strikes at the heart”: Newsweek, August 5, 1963.
234 “It is interesting to watch him”: Time, September 27, 1963. “A fascinating political biological process”: “TRB from Washington: The New Goldwater,” TNR, September 23, 1963. Other lemmings: “Goldwater’s Trend to the Center,” SFC, September 21, 1963; Robert S. Boyd, “Barry Softens His Conservatism,” Detroit Free Press, September 17, 1963; “I, too, am a middle-of-the-roader,” editorial cartoon, Detroit Free Press, October 6, 1963; and James MacGregor Burns on David Susskind’s Open End, October 20, 1963, WPIX-TV, transcript in RAC, Box 10/770.
234 For correction, see Congressional Record, October 1, 1963. “Profits are the surest sign of responsible behavior”: ibid., September 20, 1963. “Barry Goldwater could give Kennedy”: Time, October 4, 1963. Look ran the banner JFK COULD LOSE: Look, December 18, 1963. For reaction to Lasky book, see “Man or Myth?,” Newsweek, September 23, 1963. At a party celebrating the opening: O’Donnell to Hinman, November 11, 1963, RAC, Box 12/948.
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