Before the Storm

by Rick Perlstein

  319 For Cleveland, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 116; and Lesher, George Wallace, 272. For Bay Area, see Max Heirich, The Spiral of Conflict: Berkeley, 1964 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 86; David Lance Goines, The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1993), 96-97; and Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 157. “Here as elsewhere the Negro”: NYHTEN, April 4, 1964. For Emmanuel Cellers quote, see Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, 24.

  320 For Reynolds increasing votes estimate and labor and religious efforts, see Carter, Politics of Rage, 204-5; and Lesher, George Wallace, 277.

  320 For speeches, hecklers, and responses: ibid., 276-79.

  320 For Milwaukee Serb Hall appearance, see ibid., 282-84; and Carter, Politics of Rage, 206-7.

  321 For LBJ and Gronouski, see Lesher, George Wallace, 284; and LBJT 6404.03/7. For Wallace home stretch in Wisconsin, see Lesher, George Wallace, 284-85 (for 175,000 figure); and Carter, Politics of Rage, 208 (for victory celebration and quote).

  321 “An anachronistic Southern demagogue,” sniffed: ibid., 208.

  321 For the egging of Smith supporters in Illinois, see Tristram Coffin to “George,” July 24, 1964, LBJWHNG; and undated draft of MCS to Joly’s July 9, 1964, letter, MCSL, “Goldwater, Barry” file. For spoiled NAR reception, see Marquis Childs, WP, July 10, 1964. For vandalized currency, see “Goldwater Bills Probed,” LAT, February 2, 1964.

  322 For 1963 Human Events conference, see Democrat, newspaper of the Democratic National Committee, July 22, 1963, in JCJ.

  322 For Wyoming GOP convention: White, Making of the President 1964, 113; and Kleindienst interview.

  322 For screening for Birch membership, see James M. Perry, A Report in Depth on Barry Goldwater: The Story of the 1964 Republican Presidential Nominee (Silver Spring, Md.: National Observer, 1964), 121-22. For the rogue Phoenix organization, Americans for Goldwater, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 158; March 9, 1963, founding minutes in DK, Box 4/Draft Goldwater Endeavor; Kleindienst to Marks, February 29, 1964, Leavitt to Kitchel, February 19, 1964, and Kleindienst to O’Malley , March 2, 1964, all in AHF, Box W2/2; and Shadegg, What Happened, 63. For their computer work, see Chestnut to Manolis, October 8, 1963, FCW, Box 8/Jay O’Malley.

  323 White’s Westchester County battle is limned by the documents, including YAF newsletter and Goldwater telegram, in FCW, Box 8/Supplement, New York Nuts. For arrest and trial of Birchers, see “Foe of Reds Guilty in Retail Boycott,” NYT, January 9, 1964; and Donald Janson and Bernard Eismann, The Far Right (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 41.

  323 The Kansas Republican convention is in White with Gill, Suite 3505, 307-11.

  324 For White’s delegate figuring, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 312-20. For BMG boast, see speech to American Society of Newspaper Editors, AHF, Box W1/13. For Kleindienst, see April 21, 1964, statement in FCW, Box 8/Stephen Shadegg.

  325 For 14 percent popularity figure, see Harold Faber, ed., The Road to the White House: The Story of the 1964 Election by the Staff of the New York Times (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), 35. For Illinois primary, see NYHTEN, May 18, 1964; David Lawrence, WS, April 16, 1964; and White with Gill, Suite 3505, 306-37.

  325 “Harold Stassen’s Ticker Tape Parade” is from author interview with Ryan Hayes. For Stassen in Indiana, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 318; and Goldwater press conference in Indianapolis, April 20, 1964, RAC, Box 11/881. Stassen brochure: AC.

  326 For Cronkite moving to Indianapolis, see Carter, Politics of Rage, 209; for Butler University, see Lesher, George Wallace, 287-88.

  326 My source for Kitty Genovese is A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).

  326 For Wallace crime quotes, see Time, May 15, 1964; and Lesher, George Wallace, 294. 326 Welsh’s threats to patronage employees and the Democratic pledge are in Lesher, 289. Senator Birch Bayh and Vance Hartke letters are in Lesher, 293.

  326 “The noises you hear”: National Broadcasting Company, Somehow It Works: A Candid Portrait of the 1964 Presidential Election (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965).33.

  326 For White’s post-Indiana figuring, see White with Gill, Suite 3505, 319. Not long ago Time: “The Man to Beat,” Time, May 8, 1964.

  327 My source for the World’s Fair is “A Panoramic View: The History of the New York City Building and Its Site,” exhibit at the Queens Museum of Art; “A Billion-Dollar Fair Takes Shape,” USN, December 30, 1963; and Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 198-201. “Glittering mirror of national opulence”: Time, May I, 1964.

  327 “Hell, we’ve barely begun”: David Farber, ed., The Sixties: From Memory to History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 19, 23. For the Hall of Free Enterprise, see GRR, March 16, 1964, and April 13, 1964.

  328 For the board of education’s latest busing plan, see NYT, March 26, 1964. For Thirteen Most Wanted Men story, see Rainer Crone, Andy Warhol (New York: Praeger, 1970), 30.

  328 For CORE and World’s Fair’s opening day, see Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, 15-32. For Farmer’s speech before the ASNE, see “Demonstrations North and South as the Pressure for Desegregation Grows,” NYT, April 19, 1964.

  328 Johnson at the World’s Fair is in Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, 31.

  329 Lippmann column on filibuster is quoted in Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 553.

  329 For Goldwater not campaigning in Oregon, see Shadegg, What Happened, 113; and John Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964 (Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill, 1968), 69. For Lodge boom generally, see William J. Miller, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (New York: Heineman, 1967), 361. World’s Fair booths: Time cover story, May 15, 1964. For Vietnam assassination attempt, see Miller, Henry Cabot Lodge, 357. “Why go out and break your pick”: Perry, A Report in Depth on Barry Goldwater, 99. For evidence of snub of Shadegg, see Marks to Kleindienst, February 24, 1964, FCW, Box 8/Eric Marks; Shadegg to Kleindienst, March 6, 1964, March 20, 1964, and letter begging for cash, March 10, 1964, all in FCW, Box 8/Stephen Shadegg. Meet Barry Goldwater shooting script is in AHF, Box 1/8/64. Shadegg’s disgust at billboard is in Shadegg, What Happened, 188. For Courtney in Oregon, see Portland Reporter, April 22, 1964.

  330 For NAR trailing “Nobody,” see Peter Kohler to Goldwater, May 4, 1964, FCW, Box 8. For delegates running uncommitted, see “State Delegation Bolting Rockefeller,” New York World-Telegram, March 23, 1964. The Taylor-Burton wedding is in Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 97, 165. Source for “Mrs. Murphy’s boarding house” embarrassment is author interview with Congressman Barney Frank. For failed attempt to syndicate The Real Rockefeller, see Fletcher to Gervasi, June 15, 1964, RAC, Box 12/948.

  330 NAR’s seizing the moment in Oregon is described in Shadegg, What Happened, 113; and Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 77. For mailing, see Kessel, 78. For Lindsay, see Portland Reporter, April 25, 1964. His TV biography is described in Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984), 123. For Caveman and Woodpecker, see Time, May 8, 1964. I’ll win, Rockefeller claimed: Peter Lisagor, Chicago Daily News, April 24, 1964.

  331 For Nixon and Lodge meeting in Saigon, see Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, vol. I (New York: Warner Books, 1978), 316. On the deployment of Finch and Folger to Oregon, and “Believe me, Dick” quote, see Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “The Unmaking of a President,” Esquire, November 1964. The film crew bursting in is in National Broadcasting Company, Somehow It Works, 99.

  331 Shadegg’s plan to neutralize Nixon is in Shadegg, What Happened, 113-14. The source for White’s plan to boost Nixon is an author interview with Leonard Nadasdy.

  331 For NAR’s Oregon home stretch schedule, see Faber, ed., Road to the White House, 36. “I’m the only man who cares”: Shadegg, What Happened, 113. For TV

  blitz, see memos in RAC, Box 11/930. NAR’s 22 percent is i
n Portland Oregonian, May 5, 1964. ABC poll is in Time, June 12, 1964.

  332 Oregon Election Day is described in Faber, ed., Road to the White House, 36.

  332 For the failing of polls, see Earl Mazo, “California Republican Primary Trips the Polls,” NYT, June 4, 1964.

  332 For foiling of Lodge commercial, see Shadegg, What Happened, 114-15.

  332 For Grindle’s first thought, see Faber, ed., Road to the White House, 37-38.

  332 Goldwater, “just as nutty”: LBJT, 6402.10/5.

  16. GOLDEN STATE

  333 “Whether Constitutional government is to be restored”: Joseph P. Kamp, Goldwater MUST Be Destroyed: Who’s Promoting and What’s Behind the Conspiracy to Get Goldwater and to Discredit the Conservatives, pamphlet, AC. “Even I have been shocked”: “Far Right and Far Left,” NYP, April 5, 1964.

  333 For scene on plane and tarmac at Georgia GOP convention, see National Broadcasting Company, Somehow It Works: A Candid Portrait of the 1964 Presidential Election (New York: Doubleday, 1965), 32; Time, May 15, 1964; and Peterson to White, May 19, 1964, Box 8/Other Corres. For “Gold Water”: n.d., clipping in SHBGS; Goldwater on Steve Allen show, May 29, 1964, transcript in RAC, Box 11/913; and author interviews with John Savage and Lee Edwards. “This tastes like piss!”: Edwards interview.

  333 For black boycott in Georgia, see Jon Margolis, The Last Innocent Year: America in 1964: The Beginning of the “Sixties” (New York: Morrow, 1999), 204. For Birch trouble, see John Grenier OH, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4007: A-9. Goldwater’s Atlanta speech, May 2, 1964, is in AHF, Box 1/13.

  334 If Washington “can tell you”: Goldwater on Today show, January 24, 1964, RAC, Box 10/799; February 13, 1964, in Reno, LAT, February 14, 1964: February 18, 1964, in Charleston, N.H., FSA, Box 4. “I don’t think it’s my right”: Time, June 23,1964. “I can see a police state”: February 18, 1964, in Charleston, N.H. “It is not understanding America”: April 23, 1964, in Hartford, RAC, Box 11/884, and AHF, Box WI/8; see also January 4, 1964, in Keene, N.H., in Barry Goldwater, Barry Speaks (New York: McFadden Books, 1964), 5. For versions of “more violence in our streets before we see less” passage, see March 4, 1964, in Keene, FSA, Box 4; May 2, 1964, in Bakersfield, Calif., FSA, Box 4; and May 12, 1964, in New York, RAC, Box 11/888, and AHF, Box 1/11. On Mississippi: May 2, 1964, in Bakersfield. For constitutional damage civil rights bill would do to Negroes, see February 18, 1964, in Charleston, N.H.

  335 For choice of Knowland, see Theodore H. White, Making of the President 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 146. For his personality, see Gayle B. Montgomery and James W. Johnson, One Step from the White House: The Rise and Fall of Senator William Knowland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), passim; and for elevator story, 268. For chaos in Wilshire Boulevard office, see Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 118-19; “Neal” to Rusher, n.d. “RLN—PAR,” WAR, Box 155/7; and Walton to White, March 13, 1964, and April 16, 1964, FCW, Box 8/Rus Walton. 335 For March 1963 CRA meeting, see Kurt Schuparra, Triumph of the Right: The Rise of the California Conservative Movement, 1945-1966 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 86; Lisa McGirr, “Suburban Warriors: Grass-Roots Conservatism in the 1960s” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1995), 149; and “The Rampant Right Invades the GOP,” Look, July 16, 1963. “It was like facing a howling mob”: production script, The Extremist, RAC, Box 11/944. For conservative organizing and takeover at March 1964 convention, see McGirr, “Suburban Warriors,” 154-56; “California Republicans: Are the Birchers Taking Over?,” The Reporter, May 7, 1964; and Rockefeller Campaign Express, April 13, 1964, RAC, Box 12/946. “Fanatics of the Birch variety”: Schuparra, Triumph of the Right, 87. 336 For turning back “accusations, charges, and action resolution,” see “Warnings Are Ignored; Young Republicans Spurn Unity Plea,” SFC, September 23, 1963. For “international socialist,” see NYT, May 3, 1964. For “regressive reactionaries” resolution, and 256 to 33 vote, see “Young GOP Endorses Goldwater,” LAT, February 17, 1964. For Reagan and “finks” quote, see “Young GOP Refuses Party Loyalty Pledge,” LAT, February 16, 1964. 336 For formation of UROC, see founding statement and constitution, FCW, Box 19; Walton to Miller, March 26, 1964. FCW, Box 8/Rus Walton; McGirr, “Suburban Warriors,” 149; and Schuparra, Triumph of the Right, 80-81. For attempt to ban UROC fund-raising, see Schuparra, 97; and SFC, September 23, 1963. For Central Committee takeover attempt, see Totton J. Anderson and Eugene C. Lee, “The 1964 Election in California,” Western Political Quarterly (June 1965). 336 “Firebugs” quote is in Theodore White, Making of the President 1964, 148.

  Gaston’s petition drive: ibid., 147-48; Schuparra, “Barry Goldwater and Southern California Conservatism: Ideology, Image, and Myth in the 1964 California Republican Presidential Primary,” Southern California Quarterly (Fall 1992); and author interview with Robert Gaston. 337 For UROC convention, see Anderson and Lee, “1964 Election in California”; and NYT, May 3, 1964. Press release with Goldwater speech excerpts is in FSA, Box 4.

  337 For Rockefeller California polling, see John Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition:

  Republican Strategies in 1964 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968), 81. But Graham T. T. Molitor reminded Rockefeller: author interview with Graham T. T. Molitor. For Wyckoff, see Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984), 124-25. For Spencer: Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995),189. 337 For Goldwater and “small, clean nuclear weapons,” see Barry Goldwater, Conscience of a Conservative (Shepherdsville, Ky.: Victor Publishing, 1960), 112; for Davy Crockett, see Goldwater before VFW in Cleveland, August 25, 1964, in Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 190. For McNamara and nuclear scientists’ opinions: author interview with Herbert York, and transcript of interview with William F. Atwater, #S3344, at http://www.secretsofwar.com. For “just another weapon” and WP story, see White, Making of the President 1964, 353, and WS, October 22, 1964.

  338 For Rockefeller Face the Nation appearance, see NYT, April 9, 1964.

  338 For the Rockefeller brothers report quote, see Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer, 1908-1958 (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 657. For later NAR confirmation, see Chesly Manly, “Anti-Red Federation Urged by Rockefeller,” CT, October 4, 1961. For Teller endorsement, see NYT, January 7, 1964.

  338 “Responsible Republicanism rejects this irresponsible approach”: See, for example, May 20, 1964, speech in Stockton, in NYHT, May 22, 1964. For BOMFOG, see Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, SEP, May 30, 1964.

  339 For Spencer-Roberts drumming up crowds, see Time, June 12, 1964. For appeal to blacks, see NAR to Fresno Elks, March 13, 1964, RAC, Box 11/940. For Berkeley, see San Francisco Examiner, March 13, 1964.

  339 For attempt to break story of Goldwater’s psychological episodes, I rely on Molitor interview. Peggy Goldwater interview is in Alvin Toffler, “The Woman Behind Barry Goldwater,” Good Housekeeping, May 1964. See Time, June 12, 1964, for Drew Pearson.

  339 For Goldwater paraphernalia generally, see Summer 1982 special issue of The Keynoter, “A Choice, Not an Echo: The 1964 Campaign of Barry Goldwater.” For “Arriba con Barry,” see Kitchel to Woodruff, April 13, 1964, AHF, Box 13/42. For trading stamps, see March 19, 1964, Walton to Kitchel, FCW, Box 8/Rus Walton. For “Folk Songs to Bug the Liberals,” see New Guard, March 1964. Goldwater fan is from AC.

  340 For a description of the California rallies, see WSJ, May 27, 1964, 18; and Schuparra, Triumph of the Right, 91. Nearly every California appearance is transcribed from start to finish in RAC, Box 10. For end of scheduled press conferences, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 68; and Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 218.

  340 For finance committee, see Carl Greenberg, LAT, February 11, 1964. For statement of fund-raising rules, an
d how they were finessed, including The Face of Arizona, see Herberger to Kovac, April 9, 1964, FCW, Box 8/G. R. Herberger. For small donations, see Saltz to White, July 6, 1965, Box 18/IX-The Draft Begins; and F. Clifton White with William Gill, Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 16, 192.

  341 For Goldwater speech quotes, see transcripts, RAC, Box 10. For “Swiss cheese” quote, see March 25, 1964, to Detroit Economic Club, AHF, W1/3. For BMG’s use of Shank letters, see May 11, 1964, to Omaha Civic Auditorium, RAC, Box 11/887, and AHF, Box 1/10. For “Yo-Yo” McNamara, see, for example, May 16, 1964, in Catalina Island, AHF, Box 1/8.

  341 For Goldwater’s awareness that LBJ was lying, see Karl Hess, Mostly on the Edge: An Autobiography (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1999), 184; he had Hess compare the number of combat decorations against Administration claims that Americans were only in “noncombatant” roles.

  341 “The essence of freedom”: Time, September 25, 1964. For Prop 14 generally: ibid. and Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 391-92; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: Norton, 1998), 314; Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 117; Californians Should Have Freedom of Choice, pamphlet of Committee for Yes on Proposition #14 to Abolish Rumford Forced Housing Act, Radical Right Collection, Box 4, HI; and author interview with Noel Black. For proposition language, see NR, September 22, 1964. For signature collection, see LAT, February 25, 1964.

  342 For billboards, see Time, September 25, 1964. For LAT endorsement, see February 2, 1964. For role of racial covenants, and ethnic discrimination in FHA underwriting guidelines in postwar suburbia, see George Lipsitz, “The Possessive Investment in Whiteness,” American Quarterly (September 1995). For 58 percent figure, see The Reporter, July 2, 1964. For Goldwater’s public agnosticism on Prop 14, see Time, September 25, 1964.

  342 For Cambridge, Maryland, race riot, see Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 213-14. For Dirksen meeting, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 208-9. “You cannot pass a law”: May 12, 1964, to Madison Square Garden, RAC, Box 11/888, and AHF, Box 1/11. Applause is noted in Newsweek, May 25, 1964.