397 For meeting: Bell (“What a confrontation” quote); Valenti OH, LBJL; and Edwards, Goldwater, 242.
398 “Things are going to hell in a hack”: H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 97-98.
398 Reconnaissance planes, Bundy, Rusk, Mansfield: Branch, Pillar of Fire, 333-34. The 63 percent figure is from “Vietnam and the 1964 Election,” Public Opinion Quarterly (Fall 1995). When GOP congressmen began chorusing: Dallek, Flawed Giant, 146; and NYT, July 15, 1964. “We seek no wider war”: June 23, 1964, press conference, PPP: LBJ, 804.
398 “Defuse a Goldwater bomb”: Moyers to LBJ, July 3, 1964, LBJWH, Box 116.
398 For Gulf of Tonkin affair I rely on McMaster, Dereliction of Duty, 121-36; Robert S. McNamara with Brian VanDeMark, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Vintage, 1995), 127-43. LBJ and George Smathers: LBJT, 6408.01/4.
399 LBJ and Robert Anderson: LBJT, 6408.03/8. For the National Enquirer contribution and evidence of quid pro quo, see May 11, 1964, LBJWH Appointment File: Diary Backup; Watson to Dormann and attached dinner invitation with handwritten note, May 4, 1965, Jenkins to Dormann, July 6, 1964, Dormann to Richard Maguire, May 15, 1964, and Watson to Dormann, August 27, 1965, Watson to Cal, May 20, 1965, and Dormann to Watson, telegram, May 20, 1965, all in LBJWHN: Pope; Jenkins to LBJ, August 1, 1964, and Valenti, “Requests for Presidential Appointments,” May 4, 1964, both in LBJWHN, Box 258/Pope, F.
400 Johnson rang Bob McNamara: LBJT, 6408.03/10.
400 “Some of our boys are floating”: Branch, Pillar of Fire, 435.
400 “There are people in the Pentagon”: Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 292.
400 LBJ’s call to BMG: LBJT, 6408.06/16.
400 “We don’t have to make it, do we?”: LBJT, 6408.06/7. Gulf of Tonkin speech: PPP: LBJ.
401 For origins of MFDP, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 296-97, 412-15, 438-69. For the Mississippi regular Democrats, see “Mississippi Democrats Avoid Goldwater Stand,” NYT, July 29, 1964.
401 “Put a stop to this hell-raising”: Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 286. Conversation with Reuther: August 14, 1964, LBJT, 6408.02
401 For TV staging of convention and civil rights threat, see Reinsch, Getting Elected, 194-96. Congressman Halleck story: author interview with Ryan Hayes.
402 For FBI deployment, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 461; and (for “Bishop”) Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 329.
402 For Atlantic City BMG billboard: author interview with Lee Edwards; and Alan Brinkley, Liberalism and Its Discontents (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1998), 255. Newton Minow sabotage: Brinkley, David Brinkley, 163. BMG on Today show: RAC, Box 10/797. Der Spiegel interview transcript: LBJWHAM, Box 30/Clippings and Document and Departmental Refutations Book, 1 of 3.
403 Panglossian press releases: LBJWH, Press Office, Box 38. For governors at White House and Fannie Lou Hamer, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 458; Brinkley, Liberalism and Its Discontents, 256; and Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 301.
403 He paced the White House lawn: Branch, Pillar of Fire, 473.
403 “If you give ’em jobs”: LBJT, 6408.03/1,2. “The times require”: Jeff Shesol, Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade (New York: Norton, 1997), 217.
404 For MFDP compromise, see Branch, Pillar of Fire, 458-7
404 For A Thousand Days, see Shesol, Mutual Contempt, 218-21.
19. DON’T MENTION THE GREAT PUMPKIN
409 For Morris Goldwater and his legend, see Prescott Courier, January 27, 1964, SHBGS, upon the occassion of being named “Prescott Man of the Century”; and Time, September 11, 1964.
409 Actually Bucky was a victim: Time, September 11, 1964. “Men with revolvers”: “Atlantic Report on the World Today,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1964. For Prescott self-image, see Peter Iverson, Barry Goldwater: Native Arizonan (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 162-67; Sharlot M. Hall, Arizona’s First Capital (Prescott, Ariz.: Prescott Printing Company, 1973); Phoenix Gazette, August 29, 1964; and Rob Wood, “From the Desk,” AP column, September 26, 1964. For world’s first rodeo, see timeline in front of Yavapai County Courthouse, Prescott, Arizona.
409 For opening day plans and frustrations, see Prescott Courier articles in SHBGS; AHFCP, vol. 2, pictures 28-46; Victor Gold, I Don’t Need You When I’m Right: The Confessions of a Washington PR Man (New York: Morrow, 1975), 36; and SEP, October 24, 1964.
410 BMG’s speech is in Prescott Courier, September 3, 1964, in SHBGS.
410 James Reston mocked the message: Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 206. The 2.5 million figure is in BMG speech in Grand Rapids, January 6, 1964, RAC, Box 10/781. The seventeen-year-old average age is in Jon Margolis, The Last Innocent Year: America in 1964: The Beginning of the “Sixties” (New York: Morrow, 1999), 157. For Pepsi Generation campaign, see Rita Lang Kleinfelder, When We Were Young: A Baby-BoomerYearbook (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1993), 370. “The buyingest age group”: Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-1965 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 229. For Mustang, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 157. For Shindig, see Kleinfelder, When We Were Young, 192-93. Arthur Schlesinger’s prediction is in “The New Mood in Politics,” Esquire, January 1960.
410 For Peter, Paul and Mary, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 208. The UN march is in Margolis, 194. For SDS, see James Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994). The draft card burning is in Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 211 YAF membership figure: Matthew Dallek, “Young Americans for Freedom, 1960-1964” (master’s thesis, Columbia University, 1995), 55. Birch leader’s quote is in Gerald Schomp, Birchism Was My Business (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 20.
411 For Goldwater and the draft, see Shadegg, What Happened, 203. “We’re back to the days of Indian fighting”: BMG press conference, January 18, 1964, in Fayetteville, North Carolina, RAC, Box 10/790. “We will place power back to the people”: Theodore H. White, Making of the President 1964 (New York: Atheneum, 1965),388.
411 For coining of “Great Society,” see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 215-18. Cook County speech is in Jack Bell, The Johnson Treatment: How Lyndon B. Johnson Took Over the Presidency and Made It His Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 234.
411 LBJ’s May 22, 1964, “Great Society” speech is in PPP: LBJ, 704. 412 2 “Men worry about heart attacks ”: Frank Cormier, LBJ the Way He Was: A Personal Memoir (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), 105.
412 For LBJ’s campaign strategy, see “Campaign issue strategy” (undated [June 1964], unsigned) in LBJWHAM53; Valenti to LBJ, September 7, 1964, LBJWHAM53; advance memos and speeches in LBJWHA23 for September 8, 10, 15, 16, and 25, 1964; and, for economic pronouncements, LBJHW, Press Office, Box 38, Releases 496, 497, and 517.
412 For Tony Schwartz, see Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984), 116-20; also National Public Radio profile, February 26, 1999, www.npr.org/ramfiles/atc/ 19990226.atc.05.ram.
413 Origins of daisy spot: NPR profile; also Diamond and Bates, The Spot, 127-31 (for script).
413 Bill Moyers, working late in his office: Branch, Pillar of Fire, 490; Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 200; Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 175.
414 “This horror-type commercial”: J. Leonard Reinsch, Getting Elected: From Radio and Roosevelt to Television and Reagan (New York: Hippocrene, 1988), 204. “That’s exactly what we wanted to imply”: Moyers to LBJ, September 13, 1964, LBJWHM6-3. Local campaign leaders: O‘Brien to LBJ, Octob
er 2, 1964, LBJWHA: Wilson, Box 3/“O’Brien trips”; Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power: A Political Biography (New York: New American Library, 1966), 471. For similar complaint, see Hayes to Moyers, September 18, 1964, LBJWHAM53.
414 On the FCC’s regulatory retreat and NAB, see Kleinfelder, When We Were Young, 382; Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 105; “Director of Television Code Considers It Voice of Public,” WP, January 11, 1964, D4; and Erik Barnouw, Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 250. “In light of this commercial”: Dirksen to Washileski, LBJWHAM53, and Washileski response.
414 “Kenneth Kassel, a lean”: NYT quoted in Shadegg, What Happened, 211. For Tony Schwartz theory, see Diamond and Bates, The Spot, 146-47.
415 For decision to run campaign out of RNC, see WP, July 16, 1964; Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995); and John Kessel, The Goldwater Coalition: Republican Strategies in 1964 (Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill, 1968), 131. “Neither to reward nor to purge”: Time, July 26, 1964.
415 Purge detailed in Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 33 (for computer quote); SLPD, December 8, 1964; and Shadegg, What Happened, 167, 274. For form letters to political science chairs at universities, see Thompson to “Director, Political Science Department,” August 25, 1964, AHF, Box W3/2. Leak quote from author interview with Lee Edwards.
415 For Moley advice, see Karl Hess, In a Cause That Will Triumph: The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of Conservatism (New York: Doubleday, 1967), 31; and Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 132.
415 For physicial reconstruction, see Shadegg, What Happened, 175, 179; and White, Making of the President 1964, 378. For frustrated regional offices, and law against selling material, see Shadegg, What Happened, 187. For kitsch, see Roger A. Fischer, Tippecanoe and Trinkets Too: The Material Culture of Americana Presidential Campaigns, 1828-1984 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988); Summer 1982 special issue of The Keynoter, “A Choice, Not an Echo: The 1964 Campaign of Barry Goldwater”; and, for multilingual bumper stickers, F. Clifton White with William Gill, Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 192. Dashboard doll and comic book in AC; “Cures for What Ails America” in LBJWH6-3.
416 Completed second floor described in Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 132-53 (for vote quota and communications systems); Edwards, Goldwater, 238; White, Making of the President 1964, 378-80; Shadegg, What Happened, 170, 190; and author interview with Carol Dawson. For campaign plane communications, see Shadegg, 194. For strategy sessions, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 147; and Shadegg, What Happened, 270.
417 For preliminary poll, see Shadegg, 222.
417 For third floor, see Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 134, 218; Shadegg, What Happened, 206-13; White with Gill, Suite 3505, 210; “The Men Around Goldwater,” SEP, October 24, 1964; undated NYT article in Richard Dudman Papers, Library of Congress, AEI Folder; Hess, In a Cause, 29; Grenier to BMG, February 8, 1965, DK, Box 2/Grenier, John; and author interviews with Charles Lichenstein and Thomas Pauken.
418 For campaign plane, see Prescott Courier, September 3, 1964, in SHBGS; AHFCP, vol. 2, picture 26; and Kitchel to Grenier, March 11, 1965, DK, Box 2/Grenier, John. For snubbing of donors, see Shadegg, What Happened, 268.
418 Peanuts cartoon is in Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 218.
418 For possible New York riots, see “The Gilligan Verdict—How Harlem Feels,” NYHT, September 8, 1964. For New York busing boycott, see NYT, September 3, 8, and 15, 1964. “Bussing” spelling is in September 2, 1964, press release, New Yorkers for Goldwater-Miller, ML, Box 92/Goldwater Campaign, and undated BMG speech text, pages 17-54, AHF, Box ⅛. Platform language is in Proceedings of the 28th Republican National Convention (Washington, D.C.: Republican National Committee, 1964), 276. “Father-son” decision is in NYT, August 25, 1964. “He exploded”: Martin to Moyers, September 22, 1964, LBJWHAM53. The AFL-CIO budgeted $12 million: Joel Seldin, “The AFL-CIO’s $12 million Backlash Cost,” NYHT, September 8, 1964. For 53 to 47 poll, see Pam Rymer state-by-state summary, AHF, Box W¾. For Cornell affirmative action experiment, see Donald Alexander Downs, Cornell ’69: Liberalism and the Crisis of the American University (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999), 49. For Salinger: Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 390.
419 For “frontlash” hear, for example, LBJT, 6408.39/5. “In pre-campaign figuring”: Time, September 11, 1964. Sixteenth Congressional District: author interview with Angela Dillard. Endicott Peabody is in Branch, Pillar of Fire, 502. For Thomas Poindexter, see Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 209-10, 227-28.
420 Flight to Detroit: Jack Bell, The Johnson Treatment, 267.
420 For Cadillac Square speech, see PPP: LBJ, 1049; and Shadegg, What Happened , 210.
420 Was open to charges of deception: Bundy to LBJ, September 23, 1964, cited in “LBJ’s Nuke Strike Rules Revealed,” Associated Press, May 7, 1998; see also W. W. Rostow to Bundy, September 9, 1964, LBJWHM6-3.
420 “Every individual endeavors”: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776). For Friedman biography, see Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). For refusing to speak to compulsory chapel, see ibid., 342.
421 For Friedman’s popular lectures and debates, see “The Economists,” Fortune, December 1950; Edith Kermit Roosevelt, Newark Sunday News, February 22, 1959; Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 14, 1952; WP, November 18, 1963; and Business Week, November 20, 1963 (all in Milton Friedman Papers, Box 1/Articles 1950-1963, HI).
421 For Joe Clark debate, see WP, June 4, 1961; and Philadelphia Daily News, June 4, 1961.
421 Friedman first wrote Goldwater: Friedman to BMG, December 6, 1960, Friedman Papers, Box 27/Goldwater, Barry; BMG response is January 17, 1961. Letter after Clark debate is BMG to Friedman, July 16, 1961. For Baroody salon, I rely on author interview with Milton Friedman.
421 For Dodger Stadium scene, see Kurt Schuparra, Triumph of the Right: The Rise of the California Conservative Movement, 1945-1966 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 99; Julius Duscha, WP, September 9, 1964; Edwards, Goldwater, 294-95; Stewart Alsop, “Campaigner Goldwater,” SEP, September 26, 1964 (for “second-class citizen” quote); and AHFCP, vol. 3, pictures 24-33. Charton Heston quote is in Edwards, Goldwater, 356. For San Diego, see AHFCP, vol. 3, pictures 17-18. Dodger Stadium speech is in FSA, Box 4.
423 For Friedman insight on steady fiscal policy, I rely on Business Week, September 26, 1964; and Friedman interview.
423 For figures on Johnson tax cut, see Margolis, Last Innocent Year, 186-87. “No one with the slightest understanding”: Harold Faber, ed., The Road to the White House: The Story of the 1964 Election by the Staff of the New York Times (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), 163.
423 For Seattle scene, see AHFCP, vol. 3, pictures 42-44 (for balloon); Edwards, Goldwater, 294; Shadegg, What Happened, 297; and SEP, October 24, 1964.
423 Seattle speech in FSA, Box 4.
424 For Harris poll, see NYT, September 14, 1964. For University of Michigan researchers, see Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 204. LBJ’s bombing decision is in H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 150-51; and Robert S. McNamara with Brian VanDeMark, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Vintage, 1995), 151.
424 For second-floor agricultural memo, see Shadegg, What Happened, 212, 231-35. Goldwater had a strong potential in the Plains states. In 1963 wheat farmers voted in a nonbinding nationwide referendum about maintaining the wheat acreage allotment program. The farmers voted against the program; their will was unheeded by the Agriculture Department. LBJ felt vulnerable on the issue, which was never exploited by BMG. Hear L
BJ and Agriculture Secretary Orval Freeman, January 13, 1964, LBJT, 6401.13/4. For Minneapolis speech, see FSA, Box 4. “Like a man looking at the world”: WP editorial, September 12, 1964.
424 APSA scene is in SEP, October 24, 1964; AHFCP, vol. 3, pictures 9-15; Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 194; Edwards, Goldwater, 312; and Shadegg, What Happened,214-15.
425 For Harlan statement, see Shadegg, 214.
425 “The most exciting thing we’ve done”: Kessel, Goldwater Coalition, 195.
426 Harper’s and The Progressive quoted in precinct organization manual, Illinois Goldwater for President Committee, AC. For endorsement statistics, see the magazine Extra!, July-August 1998. “For the good of the Republican Party”: SEP, September 19, 1964. For Bill Miller’s hometown newspaper, see Valenti to Moyers, October 18, 1964, LBJWHAM, Box 30. For 1822, Luce, and Hearst, see White, Making of the President 1964, 398. “Raw Deal” quote is in David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 276. For Pulliam on Goldwater, see Russell Pulliam, Publisher: Gene Pulliam: Last of the Newspaper Titans (Ottawa, III.: Jameson Books, 1984), 250-58; and author interview with M. Stanton Evans. Johnson quote can be heard on LBJT, 6408.42/13.
426 “Readers of The Churchman”: DNC press release, September 8, 1964, LBJWH6-3. Episcopalian triennial convention in Branch, Pillar of Fire, 515. American Jewish Congress quoted in NR, June 22, 1998. For Cardinal Francis Spellman, hear LBJ and Robert Wagner, LBJT, 6408.19/3. “This journal was founded”: Hess, In a Cause, 131. Tillich quote is in attachment to Rowe to Juanita, October 21, 1964, and Valenti memo, October 22, 1964, LBJWHAM, Box 30. King quoted in “Dr. King Foresees ‘Social Disruption’ If Goldwater Wins,” NYT, September 13, 1964.
427 “We have an opportunity”: Moyers to LBJ, July 17, 1964, LBJWHAM53. The Churchman’s editorial was distributed in a DNC press release, September 8, 1964, LBJWH6-3 (for “America’s Leaders Speak” letterhead). See also “The Goldwater Candidacy and the Christian Conscience,” in LBJWHNG. For Leonard Marks, see Dallek, Flawed Giant, 173.
Before the Storm Page 89