Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine

by Anne Applebaum

  ——. Stalinism, Collectivization and the Great Famine, in Holodomor Series. Cambridge, MA: Ukrainian Studies Fund, 2009.

  ——. ‘The Great Famine of 1932–1933: Consequences and Implications’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies 25, nos. 3/4 (Fall 2001), 157–65.

  ——. ‘The Soviet 1931–1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences Be?’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies 27, nos. 1/4 (2004–5), 97–115.

  ——. L’Unione Sovietica 1914–1991. Bologna: Il mulino, 2011.

  ——. L’Urss di Lenin e Stalin: storia dell’Unione Sovietica, 1914–1945. Bologna: Il mulino, 2007.

  Grossman, Vasilii. Everything Flows, trans. Robert and Elizabeth Chandler. New York: New York Review Classic Books, 2009.

  Heifetz, Elias. The Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine in 1919. New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1921.

  Hindus, Maurice. Red Bread: Collectivization in a Russian Village. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988.

  Hosking, Geoffrey A. Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

  Hryn, Halyna, and Lubomyr Hajda, eds. After the Holodomor: The Enduring Impact of the Great Famine of Ukraine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2013.

  Hrynevych, Lyudmyla. Holod 1928–1929 rr. u radians’kii Ukraïni. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2013.

  ——. ‘The Price of Stalin’s “Revolution from Above”: Anticipation of War among the Ukrainian Peasantry’, trans. Marta Olynyk. Key Articles on the Holodomor Translated from Ukrainian into English, Holodomor Research and Education Consortium. http://holodomor.ca/translated-articles-on-the-holodomor.

  ——. ‘Vid zaperechuvannia do vymushenoho vyznannia: pro mekhanizmy vkhodzhennia temy holodu 1932–1933 rr. v ofitsiinyi publichnyi prostir u SRSR ta URSR naprykintsi 1980-kh rr’, Problemy istoriï Ukraïny: fakty sudzhennia, poshuky: Mizhvidomchyi zbirnyk naukovykh prats’ 18 (spetsial’nyi vypusk: Holod 1932–1933 rokiv–henotsyd ukraïns’koho narodu) (2008), 232–44.

  Hunczak, Taras, ed. The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1977.

  Iakubova, L. D. Etnichni menshyny v suspil’no-politychnomu ta kul’turnomu zhytti USRR, 20-i – persha polovyna 30-kh rr. XX st. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2006.

  Iefimenko, H. ‘Lykhovisni 30-ti roky na Markivshchyni’, in Holod-henotsyd 1933 roku v Ukraïni: istoryko-politolohichnyi analiz sotsial’-no-demohrafichnykh ta moral’no-psykholohichnykh naslidkiv: mizhnarodna naukovo-teoretychna konferentsiia, Kyiv, 28 lystopada 1998 r.: materialy: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny (Natsional’na Akademiia Nauk Ukraïny): Asotsiatsiia doslidnykiv holodomoriv v Ukraïni., ed. Stanislav Vladyslavovych Kul’chyts’kyi and O. M. Veselova. Kyiv: Vyd-vo M.P. Kots’, 2000.

  ——. ‘Pereselennia ta deportatsii v postholodomorni roky (1933–1936): poraionnyi zriz’, Problemy istorii Ukraïny: fakty, sudzhennia, poshuky: Mizhvidomchyi zbirnyk naukovykh prats’ 22 (2013), 136–66.

  ——, and L. Iakubova. ‘Natsional’ni vidnosyny v radians’kii Ukraïni (1923–1938)’, in Natsional’ne pytannia v Ukraïni XX-pochatku XXI st.: istorychni narysy, eds. V. M. Lytvyn et al. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr, 2012.

  Ivnitskii, N. A. Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie, nachalo 30-kh gg. Moscow: Interpraks, 1994.

  Jones, Gareth. ‘Famine Grips Russia, Millions Dying, Idle on Rise, Says Briton’, Chicago Daily News and Evening Post Foreign Service, 29 March 1933.

  ——. ‘Fate of Thrifty in USSR: Gareth Jones Tells How Communists Seized All Land and Let Peasants Starve’, Los Angeles Examiner, 14 January 1935.

  ——. ‘Press Release. Quoted in “Famine Grips Russia, Millions Dying, Idle on Rise, Says Briton’, Evening Post Foreign Service, 29 March 1933.

  ——. ‘Soviet Confiscate Part of Workers’ Wages’, Daily Express, 5 April 1933.

  Kasianov, Georgiy. ‘Holodomor and the Politics of Memory in Ukraine after Independence’, in Holodomor and Gorta Mor: Histories, Memories and Representations of Famine in Ukraine and Ireland, eds. Vincent Comeford, Lindsay Jansen, and Christian Noack, 167–88. London: Anthem Press, 2014.

  ——. ‘Revisiting the Great Famine of 1932–1933: Politics of Memory and Public Consciousness (Ukraine after 1991)’, in Past in the Making: Historical Revisionism in Central Europe after 1989, ed. Michal Kopecek, 197–220. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007.

  Khlevniuk, Oleg V. Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator, trans. Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.

  Klid, Bohdan. ‘Daily Life Under Soviet Rule and the Holodomor in Memoirs and Testimonies of the Late 1940s: Some Preliminary Assessments’, presented at the Canadian Association of Slavists 2015 Annual Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, 26 May 2015.

  ——. ‘The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: Sixty Years Later’, Genocide Studies International 8 (2014), 224–35.

  Kondrashin, Viktor, Golod 1932–1933 godov. Tragediia rossiyskoi derevni, Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2008

  ——, and S. V. Kul’chyts’kyi. ‘O Samom Glavnom: professor Stanislav Kul’chitskii i ego rossiiskii kollega Viktor Kondrashin: chem byl Golodomor 1932–1933 godov?’ Den’, Kyiv, 3 June 2008.

  Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, vol. 1. New York: Penguin Press, 2014.

  Kubanin, M. Makhnovshchina: Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v stepnoi Ukraine v gody grazhdanskoi voiny. Leningrad: Priboi, 1927.

  Kul’chyts’kyi, Stanislav V. ‘Comments at UNAS (National Academy of Sciences) Institute of History of Ukraine Seminar’, presented at the Institute of History of Ukraine Seminar, Kyiv, 19 April 2016.

  ——. Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. iak henotsyd: trudnoshchi usvidomlennia. Kyiv: Nash chas, 2008.

  ——. Chervony vyklyk. Istoriia komunizmu v Ukraini vid joho narodzhennia do zahybel, vols. 1–3. Kyiv: Tempora, 2013–17.

  ——. ‘Holodomor in the Ukrainian Countryside’, in After the Holodomor: The Enduring Impact of the Great Famine on Ukraine, eds. Andrea Graziosi, Lubomyr Hajda, and Halyna Hryn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2013.

  ——. ‘Holodomor u pratsiakh ukraïns’kykh radians’kykh istorykiv 1956–1987 rr’, Istoriia v suchasnii shkoli: naukovo-metodychnyi zhurnal, no. 10 (146) (2013), 29–31.

  ——. Narysy povsiakdennoho zhyttia radians’koï Ukraïny v dobu NEPu (1921–1928 rr.) Kolektyvna monohrafiia v 2-kh chastynakh. 2 vols. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2010.

  ——, and O. M. Movchan. Nevidomi storinky holodu 1921–1923 rr. v Ukraïni. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 1993.

  Kuromiya, Hiroaki. Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s–1990s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

  Kyrydon, Alla. ‘Ruinuvannia kul’tovykh sporud (1920–1930-ti rr.): porushennia tradytsiinoï rytmolohiï prostoru’, Ukraïns’kyi Istorichnyi Zhurnal 22, no. 6 (2013), 91–102.

  Kyrylenko, Vitalii Petrovych. ‘Holod 1921–1923 rokiv u pivdennii Ukraïni’, dissertation, Mykolaïvs’kyi Natsional’nyi Universytet imeni V. O. Sukhomlyns’koho, 2015.

  Lemkin, Raphael. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944.

  ——. Lemkin on Genocide, ed. Steven Leonard Jacobs, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012.

  ——. ‘Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine’, unpublished talk, 1953, Raphael Lemkin Papers, New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, Raphael Lemkin ZL-273. Reel 3. Available at https://www.uccla.ca/SOVIET_GENOCIDE_IN_THE_UKRAINE.pdf.

  Lytvyn, V. M. et al., eds. Ukraïna: Politychna Istoriia XX pochatok-XXI stolittia. Kyiv: Parlaments’ke vydavnytstvo, 2007.

  Mace, James. Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–19
33. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1983.

  Magocsi, Paul Robert. A History of Ukraine: The Land and its Peoples, 2nd edn. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.

  Marochko, Vasyl’, and Olha Movchan. Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: khronika. Kyiv: Kyievo-Mohylians’ka Akademiia, 2008.

  Marples, David. Holodomor: Causes of the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Heritage Press, 2011.

  Martin, Terry. ‘Famine Initiators and Directors: Personal Papers: The 1932–33 Ukrainian Terror: New Documentation on Surveillance and the Thought Process of Stalin’, in Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, 1932–33, ed. Isajiw W. Wsevolod. Toronto: Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre, 2003.

  ——. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.

  Maskudov, Sergei. ‘Victory over the Peasantry’, in Hunger by Design: The Great Ukrainian Famine and its Soviet Context, ed. Halyna Hryn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2008.

  Mattingly, D. ‘Idle, Drunk and Good-for-Nothing: Cultural Memory of the Holodomor Rank-and-File Perpetrators’, in The Burden of Memory: History, Memory and Identity in Contemporary Ukraine, eds. Anna Wylegała and Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2017.

  Medvedev, Roy Aleksandrovich. Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism, first published 1969, rev. and expanded edn, ed. and trans. George Shriver. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

  Merridale, Catherine. Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia. New York: Viking, 2001.

  ——. ‘The 1937 Census and the Limits of Stalinist Rule’, The Historical Journal 39, no. 1 (1 March 1996).

  Montefiore, Simon Sebag. Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Knopf, 2004.

  ——. The Romanovs. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2016.

  Motyl, Alexander. The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919–1929. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.

  Naimark, Norman M. Stalin’s Genocides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.

  Noll, Vil’iam. Transformatsiia hromadians’koho suspil’stva: Usna istoriia ukraïns’koï selians’koï kul’tury, 1920–30 rokiv. Kyiv: Rodovid, 1999.

  Osokina, Elena Aleksandrovna. Zoloto dlia industrializatsii: Torgsin. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2009.

  ——. Our Daily Bread: Socialist Distribution and the Art of Survival in Stalin’s Russia, 1927–1941, trans. Kate Transchel and Greta Bucher. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.

  Palij, Michael. The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918–1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1976.

  Papakin, Heorhii V. ‘Chorna doshka’: antyselians’ki represiï, 1932–1933. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2013.

  ——. ‘Blacklists as an Instrument of the Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine’, trans. Marta Olynyk. Key Articles on the Holodomor Translated from Ukrainian into English, Holodomor Research and Education Consortium. http://holodomor.ca/translated-articles-on-the-holodomor.

  ——. Donbas na ‘chornii doshtsi’, 1932–1933: Naukovo-populiarnyi narys. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2014.

  Pasternak, Boris. Doctor Zhivago, trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Pantheon Books, 2010.

  Patenaude, Bertrand. The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002.

  Pauly, Matthew D. Breaking the Tongue: Language, Education, and Power in Soviet Ukraine, 1923–1924. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014.

  Pidhainy, S. O., ed. The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book, 2 vols. Toronto: Basilian Press, 1953.

  Pipes, Richard. Russia under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.

  ——, ed. The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.

  Platonov, Andrei Platonovich. Fourteen Little Red Huts and Other Plays, trans. Robert Chandler, Jesse Irwin, and Susan Larsen. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.

  Plokhy, Serhii. ‘Mapping the Great Famine’, MAPA: Digital Atlas of Ukraine, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, accessed 23 April 2017. http://gis.huri.harvard.edu/images/pdf/MappingGreatUkrainianFamine.pdf.

  ——. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. New York: Basic Books, 2015.

  ——. Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. http://www.deslibris.ca/ID/418634.

  Pohl, Otto J., Eric J. Schmaltz, and Ronald J. Vossler. ‘ “In Our Hearts We Felt the Sentence of Death”: Ethnic German Recollections of Mass Violence in the USSR, 1928–48’, Journal of Genocide Research 11, no. 2 (2009), 325–7.

  Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell. New York: Basic Books, 2002.

  Prymak, Thomas M. Mykhailo Hrushevsky: The Politics of National Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.

  Rigoulot, Pierre. Les Paupières Lourdes: Les Français face au Goulag: Aveuglements et Indignations. Paris: Éditions universitaires, 1991.

  Riznykiv, Oleksa. Ïdlo 33-ho: slovnyk holodomoru. Odesa: Iurydychna literatura, 2003.

  Romanets’, N. R. ‘Borot’ba z samosudamy v Ukraïns’komu seli, 1933–1935 rr’, Naukovi pratsi istorychnoho fakul’tetu Zaporiz’koho Natsional’noho Universytetu, XXIX (2010), 186–91.

  Rubl’ov, Oleksandr Serhiiovych, and Oleksandr Petrovych Reient. Ukraïns’ki vyzvol’ni zmahannia 1917–1921 rr. Kyiv: Al’ternatyvy, 1999.

  Sands, Philippe. East West Street: On the Origins of ‘Genocide’ and ‘Crimes Against Humanity’. New York: Knopf, 2016.

  Serhiichuk, Volodymyr et al. Ukraïns’kyi khlib na eksport, 1932–1933. Kyiv: PP Serhiichuk M.I., 2006.

  ——. Pohromy v Ukraïni 1914–1920: vid shtuchnykh stereotypiv do hirkoï pravdy, prykhovuvanoï v radians’kykh arkhivakh. Kyiv: Vyd-vo im. O. Telihy, 1998.

  Service, Robert W. Lenin: A Biography. London: Papermac, 2001.

  Shapoval, Iurii (Yuri). ‘Fatal’na Ambivalentnist’, Krytyka: mizhnarodnyi ohliad knyzhok ta idei (May 2015). https://krytyka.com/ua/articles/fatalna-ambivalentnist.

  ——. ‘Petro Shelest: 100th Anniversary of the Birth of One of Ukraine’s Most Spectacular Political Figures’, Den (4 March 2008).

  ——. ‘Stoletnii Shelest: 14 fevralia ispolniaetsia 100 let odnomu iz samykh koloritnykh rukovoditelei USSR’, Den (8 February 2008).

  ——. ‘The Case of the “Union for the Liberation of Ukraine”: A Prelude to the Holodomor’, Holodomor Studies 2, no. 2 (Summer–Autumn 2010).

  ——. ‘The Mechanisms of the Informational Activity of the GPU-NKVD’, Cahiers du monde russe 22 (2001), 207–30.

  ——. ‘The Symon Petliura Whom We Still Do Not Understand’, Den 18, last modified 6 June 2006, accessed 20 April 2017. http://www.ukemonde.com/petlyura/petlyura_notunder.html.

  ——. Ukraïna 20–50 rr.: Storinky nenapysanoï istoriï. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1993.

  ——. ‘Vsevolod Balickij, bourreau et victime’, Cahiers du monde russe 44, nos. 2/3 (2003), 369–99.

  ——. ‘Zhyttia ta smert’ Mikoly Khvyl’ovoho: u svitli rozsekrechenykh dokumentiv HPU’, Z arkhiviv VUChK, HPU, NKVD, KHB 2, nos. 30/31 (2008), 316–17.

  Shevelov, George Y. The Ukrainian Language in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, 1900–1941: Its State and Status. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1989.

  Shkandrij, Myroslav, and Olga Bertelsen. ‘The Soviet Regime’s National Operations in Ukraine, 1929–1934’, Canadian Slavonic Papers 55, nos. 3/4 (September–December 2013), 160–83.

  Shlikhter, Aleksandr. ‘Bor’ba za khleb na Ukraine v 1919 godu’, Litopys revoliutsiï: Zhurnal istoriï KP(b)U ta Zhovtnevoï revoliutsiï na Ukraïni 2, no. 29 (1928).

/>   Sholokhov, Mikhail. Virgin Soil Upturned, trans. Stephen Garry. London: W. & J. Mackay, 1977.

  Sipko, S. ‘A Report for the Holodomor Research and Education Consortium’, n.p., 2013.

  Smolii, V. A. et al. ‘Ukraïnizatsiia’ 1920–1930-kh rokiv: peredumovy, zdobutky, uroky. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2003.

  Smolii, Valerii et al. Istoriia ukraïns’koho selianstva: Narysy v 2-kh tomakh. 2 vols. Kyiv: Instytut Istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, 2006.

  Snyder, Timothy. Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning. New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2015.

  ——. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010.

  ——. Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist’s Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.

  ——, and Ray Brandon. Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

  Sosnovyi, S. ‘Pravda pro velykyi holod na Ukraïni v 1932–1933 rokakh’, Ukraïns’ki visti (7 February 1948).

  Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988.

  Sysyn, Frank. ‘The Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33: The Role of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Research and Public Discussion’, Studies in Comparative Genocide, eds. Levon Chorbajian and George Shirinian. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

  ——. ‘Thirty Years of Research on the Holodomor: A Balance Sheet’, Contextualizing the Holodomor: The Impact of Thirty Years of Ukrainian Famine Studies, eds. Frank Sysyn and Andrij Makuch. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 2015.

  Taylor, Sally J. Stalin’s Apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times’s Man in Moscow. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

  Thevenin, Etienne. ‘France, Germany and Austria Facing the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine’, presented at the James Mace Memorial Panel, IAUS Congress, Donetsk, Ukraine, 6 June 2005.

  Tottle, Douglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard. Toronto: Progress Books, 1987.

  Tucker, Robert C. Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.