Shadow Warrior
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NOTES
CHAPTER 1
1. Tad Szulc, “The Missing CIA Man,” New York Times Magazine, Jan. 7, 1989.
2. Zalin Grant, “Who Murdered the CIA Chief? William E. Colby: A Highly Sus
picious Death,” 2011, Zalin Grant’s War Tales, www.pythiapress.com/wartales/colby.htm.
3. Some in the Agency, however, would view Colby as simply a man ahead of his time. See Douglas F. Garthoff, Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community, 1946–2005, rev. ed. (Washington, DC: 2007).
CHAPTER 2
1. “Obituaries,” Science 45, no. 147 (1897): 628.
2. Author interviews with Paul Colby, Jan. 8 and June 10, 2007; author interview with Barbara Colby, Jan. 5, 2007; author interview with John Colby, Jan. 8, 2007.
3. The best biography of Baden-Powell is Tim Jael, Baden-Powell: Founder of the Boy Scouts (London: 1989).
4. “Minnesota Territorial and State Censuses, 1849–1905,” Ancestry.com, http://search.ancestry.com/Places/US/Minnesota/Default.aspx; author interview with Christine Colby Giraudo, June 5, 2010; author interview with Barbara Colby, Jan. 5, 2007; “1900 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, http://search.ancestry.com/search/grouplist.aspx?group=usfedcen; Lieutenant James J. Egan, Battle of Birch Cooley, Oct. 2, 1889, Colby Family Papers; author interviews with John Colby, Jan. 12 and June 8, 2007.
5. Author interview with Paul Colby, Jan. 8, 2007; Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer T. Colby to Charles A. Colby, April 10, 1863, Colby Family Papers; author interview with John Colby, Jan. 12, 2007.
6. John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 19.
7. Elbridge Colby and Margaret Egan, Marriage Certificate, Colby Family Papers.
8. William E. Colby, Birth Certificate, Colby Family Papers; William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 27; author interview with Paul Colby, Jan. 8, 2007.
9. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 28; Prados, Lost Crusader, 20.
10. Alfred Emile Cornbise, The United States 15th Infantry Regiment in China, 1912–1938 (Jefferson, NC: 2004), 1–2.
11. Ibid., 7–9.
12. Ibid., 13.
13. Ibid., 15.
14. Prados, Lost Crusader, 21; Cornbise, 15th Infantry, 17.
15. Brian Power, The Ford of Heaven (New York: 1984), 10–11.
16. Ibid., 14–15.
17. Author interview with Sally Shelton Colby, June 12, 2007.
18. Ibid., 107.
19. W. E. Colby, Personnel File, CIA Records Search Tool (CREST hereafter), National Archives, Washington, DC; Prados, Lost Crusader, 22; William Colby, Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America’s Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam (Chicago: 1989), 19.
20. Author interview with John Colby, June 4, 2010; Prados, Lost Crusader, 22.
21. Prados, Lost Crusader, 23–24.
22. Author interview with Paul Colby, Jan.8, 2007; author interview with John Colby, June 8, 2007.
23. Author interview with John Colby, Jan. 12, 2007; author interview with Christine Colby Giraudo, June 5, 2010; author interview with Paul Colby, Jan. 8, 2007.
24. Author interview with John Colby, Jan. 12, 2007; author interview with Carl Colby, Jan. 9, 2007.
25. Author interview with Paul Colby, Jan. 8, 2007; Kenneth Roberts, Northwest Passage (Garden City, NY: 1937), 83, 98.
26. Roberts, Northwest Passage, 12.
27. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 29; Prados, Lost Crusader, 24–25.
28. Author interview with Carl Colby, Jan. 9, 2007; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 29; author interview with Christine Colby Giraudo, June 5, 2010.
29. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 30.
30. Author interview with John Colby, Jan. 12, 2007; “What Attitude Toward Spain?” Jan. 21, 1938, Colby Family Papers.
31. Author interview with John Colby, Jan. 12, 2007.
32. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 32; Zalin Grant, Facing the Phoenix: The CIA and the Political Defeat of the United States in Vietnam (New York: 1991), 282.
33. Prados, Lost Crusader, 27.
34. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 31.
35. Author interview with Stan Temko, Jan. 6, 2007; author interview with Barbara Colby, Jan. 5, 2007; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 32.
36. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 32.
37. “Interview: William Colby, Former Director, Central Intelligence Agency,” Special Forces Magazine, April 1994, 2; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 32; Prados, Lost Crusader, 28.
38. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 32; William E. Colby, Personnel File, CREST.
CHAPTER 3
1. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 33.
2. For Donovan’s background and his early relationship with Roosevelt, see Douglas Waller, Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage (New York: 2011), 9–87.
3. Will Irwin, The Jedburghs: The Secret History of the Allied Special Forces, France 1944 (New York: 2005), 32, 34; Richard Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley, CA: 1972), 2; Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: 1984); Waller, Wild Bill Donovan, 93.
4. Quoted in Smith, OSS, 1; Waller, Wild Bill Donovan, 6, 11, 16, 93.
5. Waller, Wild Bill Donovan, 29–31.
6. Arthur Lyton Funk, Hidden Ally: The French Resistance, Special Operations, and the Landings in Southern France, 1944 (New York: 1992), 74.
7. John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 9; Irwin, Jedburghs, 38.
8. Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies (New York: 1975), 576.
9. Smith, OSS, 175; Irwin, Jedburghs, 40; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 35.
10. Irwin, Jedburghs, 43–44.
11. Ibid., 44–45.
12. Quoted in ibid.; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 35–36.
13. Irwin, Jedburghs, 46–53; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 36.
14. Irwin, Jedburghs, 47–48, 62.
15. Ibid., 62–64, 77.
16. Irwin, Jedburghs, 65, 139; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 38.
17. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 37, 70–71.
18. T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (Garden City, NY: 1938), 29.
19. Cave Brown, Bodyguard, 575; Funk, Hidden Ally, 74; Jeffrey Richelson, A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (New York: 1997), 154.
20. Prados, Lost Crusader, 11; Irwin, Jedburghs, 135.
21. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 38–39.
22. Quoted in Cave Brown, Bodyguard, 575; quoted in Smith, OSS, 180.
23. Irwin, Jedburghs, 136–138.
24. Ibid., 138; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 39.
25. Quoted in Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 26.
26. Irwin, Jedburghs, xiv.
27. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 23; Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London.
28. Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 24.
29. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 25, 39–40; Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0945, UK National Archives, Kew, London.
30. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 40.
31. Ibid., 41.
32. Irwin, Jedburghs, 142–143; Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London.
33. Marcus Binney, The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Agents of the Special Operations Executive (New York: 2002), 247; Irwin, Jedburghs, 60–61.
34. Binney, Women Who Lived, 249–250, 255–266; Irwin, Jedburghs, 137–138.
35. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 42; Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-
0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London.
36. Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London.
37. Quoted in Irwin, Jedburghs, 147, 149.
38. Author interview with John Colby, June 8, 2007; Irwin, Jedburghs, 147; Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London.
39. Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 43.
40. “Colby After Action Report,” August 14/15, 1944, Files of the Special Operations Executive, File HS 7/17, UK National Archives, Kew, London; Binney, Women Who Lived, 262.
41. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 43; Irwin, Jedburghs, 152.
42. Prados, Lost Crusader, 18; Operations, Team Bruce, OSS Microfilm, Roll 80, Frames 0925-0944, UK National Archives, Kew, London.
43. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 44; Prados, Lost Crusader, 18.
44. Colby Military Personnel File, CREST.
CHAPTER 4
1. John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 28–29.
2. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 44.
3. Prados, Lost Crusader, 29–30; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 45.
4. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 45.
5. Prados, Lost Crusader, 31; William E. Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” CIA Historical Center, Washington, DC, 4.
6. “Recommendation for Silver Star, William E. Colby,” June 29, 1945, CREST; Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 3; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 46.
7. Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 6.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 7–8.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Quoted in T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (Garden City, NY: 1938), 30.
13. Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 9; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 48. See also Patrick K. O’Donnell, Operatives, Spies, and Saboteurs: The Unknown Story of the Men and Women of World War II’s OSS (New York: 2004), 275–276.
14. “Recommendation for Silver Star, William E. Colby,” June 29, 1945, CREST; Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 9.
15. Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 10.
16. “Recommendation for Silver Star, William E. Colby,” June 29, 1945, CREST; Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 11; Prados, Lost Crusader, 33.
17. Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 9–10.
18. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 49; Prados, Lost Crusader, 33.
19. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 50.
20. Ibid., 51.
21. “Recommendation for Silver Star, William E. Colby,” June 29, 1945, CREST.
22. Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian; or The Evening Redness in the West (New York: 2001), 249.
23. Colby, “Skis and Daggers,” 9–10.
24. McCarthy, Blood Meridian, 249.
25. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 51.
26. Ibid., 52.
27. “OSS Personnel Evaluation, William E. Colby,” Aug. 6, 1946, CREST; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 52.
28. Prados, Lost Crusader, 37.
29. Quoted in ibid.
CHAPTER 5
1. Quoted in Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: 1984).
2. Quoted in ibid.
3. Tom Braden, “The Birth of the CIA: When and How It Got the Green Light to Conduct ‘Subversive Operations Abroad,’” American Heritage 28, no. 2 (1977); William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 60.
4. Braden, “Birth of the CIA”; Richard Helms, with William Hood, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: 2003), 66.
5. Quoted in Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America (Cambridge, MA: 2009), 23; Braden, “Birth of the CIA”; Helms, A Look over My Shoulder, 73.
6. Quoted in Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 22.
7. Braden, “Birth of the CIA.”
8. Quoted in Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 23–25.
9. Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 23–27; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 71–72. For an excellent scholarly history of the CIA, see Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy, 3rd ed. (New Haven, CT: 2003).
10. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 62, 64.
11. Ibid., 64–65.
12. Quoted in Kati Marton, The Polk Conspiracy: Murder and Cover-up in the Case of CBS News Correspondent George Polk (New York: 1990), 14; see also 3–13.
13. Quoted in John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 41.
14. Ibid., 40–41.
15. Marton, Polk Conspiracy, 162, 289–290.
16. Ibid., 310.
17. Quoted in Prados, Lost Crusader, 41.
18. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 76, 77; Prados, Lost Crusader, 43.
19. Author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 16, 2010.
CHAPTER 6
1. Author interview with Christine Colby and Jack Giraudo, June 5, 2010.
2. Author interview with Carl Colby, Jan. 9, 2007. Graham Greene, author of The Third Man, was engaging in a bit of literary license. The cuckoo clock was a German and not a Swiss invention.
3. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 77.
4. Ibid., 65, 73; author interview with John Colby, Jan. 12, 2007; Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian; or The Evening Redness in the West (New York: 2001).
5. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 77.
6. Author interview with Stan Temko, Jan. 6, 2007; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 78.
7. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 79, 87.
8. Ibid., 61, 104.
9. John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 44.
10. Richard Helms, with William Hood, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: 2003), 115; “Moscow Rules: Spy Tradecraft,” Feb. 15, 2009, http://militaryhistorymatters.blogspot.com/2009/02/moscow-rules-spy-tradecraft.html.
11. Victor Marchetti, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: 1974), 263.
12. Ibid., 260–264; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 107; Norman Mailer, Harlot’s Ghost (New York: 1991), 413.
13. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 88–89.
14. See Helge Pharo, “Scandinavia,” in David Reynolds, ed., The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (New Haven, CT: 1994), 194–223; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 83.
15. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 91–92; Prados, Lost Crusader, 46.
16. Quoted in Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America (Cambridge, MA: 2009), 45–46.
17. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 98.
18. Ibid., 100; author interview with John Colby, June 4, 2010.
19. Prados, Lost Crusader, 48–49.
20. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 90.
21. Author interview with Edward Ryan, Jan. 11, 2007.
22. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 104.
23. Richard H. Shultz, The Secret War Against Hanoi: Kennedy’s and Johnson’s Use of Spies, Saboteurs, and Covert Warriors (New York: 1999), 11.
24. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 8, 91.
25. Quoted in Prados, Lost Crusader, 51.
CHAPTER 7
1. James E. Miller, “Roughhouse Diplomacy: The United States Confronts Italian Communism, 1945–1958,” Storia Delle Relazioni Internazionali 5 (1989–1992): 287–288; “Italian and French Struggle Against Communism: Summary for Secretary Marshall, May 26, 1947,” National Archives and Records Administration (NARA hereafter), Secretary of State’s Weekly Summary, 1947–1949, National Security Archive (NSA hereafter), Washington, DC.
2. “Summary for Secretary Marshall”; Miller, “Roughhouse Diplomacy,”
290–291; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: 1999), 276–277.
3. Miller, “Roughhouse Diplomacy,” 300.
4. Mario Del Pero, “American Pressures and Their Containment in Italy During the Ambassadorship of Clare Boothe Luce, 1953–1956,” Diplomatic History 18, no. 3 (2004): 412–413; Leopoldo Nuti, “The United States, Italy, and the Opening to the Left, 1953–1963,” Journal of Cold War Studies 4, no. 3 (2002): 39–40.
5. Del Pero, “American Pressures,” 417–418.
6. Author interview with Carl Colby, Jan. 9, 2007.
7. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 109.
8. Ibid., 111.
9. John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 55.
10. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 108; Martina A. Lee, “Colby of the CIA,” Mother Jones, July 1983, 21–24.
11. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 113.
12. Author interview with Tom McCoy, Jan. 11, 2007.
13. Author interview with John Colby, Jan. 12, 2007; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 109.
14. Daniele Ganser, NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe (New York: 2005); Amos Elon, “A Shrine to Mussolini,” New York Review of Books, Feb. 23, 2006. See also Prados, Lost Crusader, 56.
15. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 115; quoted in Del Pero, “American Pressures,” 417.
16. Quoted in David Corn, Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA’s Crusades (New York: 1994), 46. Sally Shelton-Colby, Bill’s second wife, is convinced there was a physical relationship. Following their marriage, she recalled, she and Bill attended a reception where the incomparable Clare was also in attendance. She looked Sally up and down, clearly a sexual appraisal of a rival. Author interview with Sally Shelton-Colby, June 12, 2007.