57. DCI to All CIA Employees, May 9, 1973, Colby Papers, Box 7, F1, Texas Tech University.
58. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 339.
59. See William Broe to William E. Colby, May 21, 1973, Colby Papers, Box 7, F1, Texas Tech University. The full text of the “Family Jewels” document was only released in 2007. See “The CIA’s Family Jewels,” June 26, 2007, National Security Archive, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/index.htm.
CHAPTER 16
1. Quoted in William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 343.
2. Ibid.
3. Richard M. Nixon to William E. Colby, Feb. 20, 1973, Box 7, Colby Papers, Texas Tech University; author interview with Brent Scowcroft, June 3, 2010; author interview with Robert Myers, April 11, 2007.
4. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 344; author interview with Barbara Colby, Jan. 5, 2007.
5. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 346.
6. Ibid., 347.
7. Ibid., 348.
8. “Exchange of Remarks Between President Nixon and WEC,” Sept. 4, 1973, Box 1, F–Mail Intercepts, Srodes Papers, Marshall Library, Virginia Military Institute.
9. David Wise, “Colby of the CIA,” July 1, 1973, CREST, National Archives II; “Sheehan Notes of Interview with WEC,” March 15, 1975, Box 62, F Colby, W. E., Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.
10. Quoted in Harold Ford, William E. Colby as Director of Central Intelligence, 1973–1976 (Washington, DC: 1993), 204, released under Freedom of Information Act, Aug. 11, 2011.
11. Ibid., 7, 205.
12. William E. Colby to Henry A. Kissinger, Sept. 13, 1973, Box 1, and “William E. Colby Memo,” n.d., Srodes Papers, Marshall Library, Virginia Military Institute.
13. Hinchey Report, “CIA Activities in Chile,” US Department of State, Sept. 18, 2000.
14. James Pringle, “The Year of the Generals,” Newsweek, Sept. 16, 1974, and “Gentlemen of Torture,” Newsweek, March 31, 1975.
15. Quoted in Ford, Colby as Director, 71, 204.
16. William E. Colby Oral History Project, July 27, 1976, CREST, Archives II.
17. William E. Colby, “American Intelligence Today and Tomorrow,” Sept. 6, 1973, CREST, Archives II.
18. Ronald Radosh, “The CIA in the Job Market,” Nation, Feb. 8, 1975; “Nixon, Brezhnev, Colby Conversation,” June 22, 1973, CREST, Archives II.
19. Daniel Gilmore, “WEC Interview,” n.d., CREST, Archives II; John Blake to William E. Colby, Dec. 5, 1974, CREST, Archives II.
20. Harold L. Brownman to William E. Colby, May 9, 1974, CREST, Archives II.
21. William E. Colby, “American Intelligence Today and Tomorrow,” Sept. 6, 1973, CREST, Archives II; William E. Colby Oral History, July 27, 1976, CREST, Archives II.
22. William E. Colby Oral History, July 27, 1976, CREST, Archives II; author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 16, 2010.
23. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 353; Ford, Colby as Director, 45.
24. John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 353.
25. Author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 16, 2010; “Advanced Management Students Discussion with DCI,” Sept. 26, 1973, CREST, Archives II.
26. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 354.
27. Prados, Lost Crusader, 265.
28. “Memo of Conversation Between HAK, Schlesinger and Joint Chiefs,” March 11, 1974, National Security Adviser Memcons, Box 3, Ford Library.
29. Henry A. Kissinger to President Gerald Ford, Oct. 24, 1975, National Security Adviser, Outside the System, Box 1, Ford Library. See also Robert M. Hathaway and Jack Russell Smith, Helms as Director of the CIA (Washington, DC: 2006), 11. In September 1975, Kissinger observed to reporters that Ford was not “tough enough” on foreign policy. “Memo of Conversation Between President Ford and HAK,” Sept. 26, 1975, National Security Adviser, Memos of Conversations, Box 23, Ford Library.
30. William E. Colby, “Memo for the Record,” June 15, 1973, CREST, Archives II.
31. Author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 16, 2010.
32. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 356.
33. Author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 16, 2010.
34. Quoted in Ford, Colby as Director, 22.
35. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 375.
36. See Douglas Brinkley, Gerald R. Ford (New York: 2007), 82–84.
37. “Memo of Conversations Between Ford and Kissinger,” Oct. 21, 1974, and Nov. 10, 1974, National Security Adviser, Memos of Conversations, Box 7, Ford Library; Lodl/Richard Ober to Henry A. Kissinger, Sept. 5, 1975, Box 1, F-CIA, Srodes Papers, Marshall Library, Virginia Military Institute; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 375.
38. Quoted in Ford, Colby as Director, 79.
39. See Burton Hersh, “Dragons Have to Be Killed,” Washingtonian, September 1985; author interview with Paul Colby, Jan. 6, 2007.
40. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 365.
41. George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (New York: 2008), 804–805.
42. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 366.
43. Quoted in Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: 2007), 329; Deputy Director for Administration to William E. Colby, Sept. 24, 1975, CREST, Archives II; Ford, Colby as Director, 26, 30, 34.
44. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 366.
45. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 805–806.
46. “Project Azorian: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer,” Studies in Intelligence, Fall 1985, 36.
47. Ibid., 9.
48. Ibid., 23–24.
49. Quoted in “The CIA’s Mission Impossible, Newsweek, March 31, 1975.
50. Author interview with Brent Scowcroft, June 3, 2010.
51. “Project Azorian,” 48.
52. Quoted in ibid., 39.
53. Prados, Lost Crusader, 266.
54. Author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 16, 2010; “Project Azorian,” 44–46.
55. Author interview with Laurence Silberman, June 3, 2010; “Memo of Conversation Between Kissinger, Colby, Schlesinger, and Moorer,” Jan. 22, 1974, National Security Adviser, Memos of Conversations, Box 3, Ford Papers.
56. “DCI Colby Meeting Regarding News Media Knowledge of the Glomar Story,” Jan. 9, 1974, CREST, National Archives II; “Memo of Conversation Between DCI Colby and Fred Buzhardt,” Feb. 2, 1974, CREST, National Archives II; “Memo of Conversation Between Colby and Sulzberger,” Jan. 30, 1974, CREST, National Archives II.
57. Quoted in Donald L. Bartlett and James B. Steele, Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness (New York: 1979), 531–532.
58. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 414, 415.
59. Ibid., 415.
60. Bartlett and Steele, Howard Hughes, 536, 541; “Memo of Conversation Between WEC and Brent Scowcroft,” March 18, 1975, CREST, National Archives II; Seymour Hersh, “Hughes Built Ship,” New York Times, March 19, 1975.
61. “Memo of Conversation Between Ford, Schlesinger, Colby et. al.,” March 19, 1975, National Security Adviser Memos, Box 5, Ford Library.
62. “CIA as White-Collar Mafia,” Village Voice, June 16, 1975.
63. “The CIA Partner,” Time, April 19, 1976.
CHAPTER 17
1. See William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 371–373.
2. Quoted in Richard Helms, with William Hood, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: 2003), 399.
3. Ibid.
4. Quoted in “CIA Chief Tells House of $8 Million Campaign Against Allende in ‘70–73,” New York Times, Sept. 8, 1974.
5. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 380.
6. “CIA Chief Tells House.”
7. Lawrence Eagleburger and Pete McClosky to Henry A. Kissinger, Sept. 24, 1974, Srodes Papers, Box 2, Marshall Library, Virginia Military Institute; “Director Colby on the Record,” Time, Sept. 30, 1974.
<
br /> 8. John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 73.
9. “CIA and Covert Operations Conference,” Sept. 13, 1974, CREST, National Archives; “Colby and CIA Conference,” Sept. 13, 1974, Box 62, F Colby, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.
10. “CIA and Covert Operations Conference,” Sept. 13, 1974, CREST, National Archives; “Colby and CIA Conference,” Sept. 13, 1974, Box 62, F Colby, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.
11. “Colby and CIA Conference,” Sept. 13, 1974, Box 62, F Colby, Sheehan Papers, Library of Congress.
12. “CIA and Chile,” Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 11, 1974; Tom Wicker, “Secret War on Chile,” New York Times, Sept. 13, 1974; Daniel Schorr, “My 17 Months on the CIA Watch,” Rolling Stone, April 8, 1976; Prados, Lost Crusader, 291–292.
13. Laurence Stern, “Perjury Inquiry Urged on Chile Data,” Washington Post, Sept. 17, 1974; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 383.
14. Quoted in Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 385.
15. Quoted in Harold Ford, William E. Colby as Director of Central Intelligence, 1973–1976 (Washington, DC: 1993), 116, released under Freedom of Information Act, Aug. 11, 2011.
16. Quoted in ibid., 142.
17. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 386.
18. Ford, Colby as Director, 88–89.
19. Burton Hersh, “Dragons Have to Be Killed,” Washingtonian, September 1985.
20. Ford, Colby as Director, 100.
21. Quoted in ibid., 101.
22. Quoted in ibid., 101–102.
23. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 390–391.
24. Quoted in Prados, Lost Crusader, 298; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 396.
25. Schorr, “My 17 Months.”
26. Quoted in Ford, Colby as Director, 119; author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 6, 2010.
27. Author interview with Paul Colby, Jan. 8, 2007.
28. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 392; see also Walter Pincus, “Covering Intelligence,” The New Republic, Feb. 1, 1975.
29. “Seducing the Source,” Washington Monthly, April 1975; Ford, Colby as Director, 97; quoted in Kathryn S. Olmsted, Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI (Chapel Hill, NC: 1996), 33.
30. Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York: 1999), 320; quoted in Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 393.
31. Ford, Colby as Director, 104.
32. William E. Colby to Gerald Ford, Dec. 24, 1974, Box 6, Files of Richard Cheney, Ford Library.
33. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 395; “Oral History: Reflections of DCI Colby and Helms on the CIA’s ‘Time of Troubles,’” Feb. 2, 1988, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Box 2, F-Colby, Srodes Papers, Marshall Library, Virginia Military Institute.
34. Henry A. Kissinger to Gerald Ford, Dec. 25, 1974, Box 6, Files of Richard Cheney, Ford Library.
35. “CIA: The Colby Report,” Dec. 27, 1974, Box 6, Files of Richard Cheney, Ford Library.
36. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 398; see also “Oral History: Reflections of DCI Colby and Helms on the CIA’s ‘Time of Troubles,’” March 15, 1988, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Box 2, F-Colby, Srodes Papers, Marshall Library, Virginia Military Institute.
CHAPTER 18
1. Author interview with John Colby, June 4, 2010.
2. William E. Colby to Alain Chevalerias, Aug. 21, 1992, Box 6, F21, Colby Papers, Texas Tech University.
3. William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: 1978), 395–396.
4. Author interview with Laurence Silberman, June 3, 2010; James Wilderotter, “Memo for the File,” Jan. 3, 1975, Box 7, Files of Richard Cheney, Ford Library.
5. Laurence Silberman to Gerald Ford, Jan. 3, 1975, Box 7, Files of Richard Cheney, Ford Library.
6. “Memo of Conversation Between Ford, Buchen, Scowcroft, and Schlesinger,” Jan. 3, 1975, Box 7, Memos of Conversations, 1973–1977, National Security Adviser, Ford Papers; “Conversation Between Ford, Colby, Buchen, and Scowcroft,” Jan. 3, 1975, Box 8, Memos of Conversations, 1973–1977, National Security Adviser, Ford Library.
7. “Conversation Between Ford, Kissinger, and Scowcroft,” Jan. 4, 1975, Box 8, Memos of Conversations, National Security Adviser, Ford Library.
8. “Conversation Between Ford, Helms, Buchen, and Scowcroft,” Jan. 4, 1975, Box 8, Memos of Conversations, National Security Adviser, Ford Library; “Conversation Between Ford, Rockefeller, Kissinger, Rumsfeld, Buchen, and Scowcroft,” Jan. 4, 1975, Box 8,Memos of Conversations, National Security Adviser, Ford Library.
9. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 399, 401.
10. Nick Thimmesch, “Rockefeller Wrong Man to Investigate CIA,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 11/12, 1975; Kathryn S. Olmsted, Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI (Chapel Hill, NC: 1996), 50; Colby and For-bath, Honorable Men, 309.
11. Quoted in Olmsted, Challenging the Secret Government, 48.
12. Olmsted, Challenging the Secret Government, 35; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 402.
13. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 52–57.
14. Ibid., 404; quoted in Harold Ford, Colby as Director of Central Intelligence, 1973–1976 (Washington, DC: 1993), 10, released under Freedom of Information Act, Aug. 11, 2011.
15. “Memo of Conversation Between Kissinger, Schlesinger, Colby, Silberman, and Scowcroft,” Feb. 20, 1975, Box 9, Memos of Conversations, National Security Adviser, Ford Library; Ford, Colby as Director, 147.
16. “Conversation Between Ford, Rumsfeld, Marsh, and Kissinger,” Feb. 21, 1975, Box 9,Memos of Conversations, National Security Adviser, Ford Library.
17. Author interview with Laurence Silberman, June 3, 2010.
18. “Conversation Between Ford, Kissinger, and Scowcroft,” Feb. 28, 1975, Box 9, Memos of Conversations, National Security Adviser, Ford Library.
19. Brent Scowcroft to Jack Marsh, July 24, 1975, CREST, National Archives II.
20. Quoted in Ford, Colby as Director, 11.
21. Ford, Colby as Director, 129; author interview with Jenonne Walker, June 16, 2010.
22. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 407; John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 311; “Conversation Between Kissinger, Schlesinger, Colby, Silberman, and Scowcroft,” Feb. 20, 1975, Box 9, Memos of Conversations, National Security Adviser, Ford Library; William Nelson to William E. Colby, April 16, 1975, CREST, Archives II.
23. Prados, Lost Crusader, 310–311; quoted in Ford, Colby as Director, 99.
24. Author interview with Brent Scowcroft, June 3, 2010.
25. Prados, Lost Crusader, 300–301; Daniel Schorr, “My 17 Months on the CIA Watch,” Rolling Stone, April 8, 1976.
26. Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 419–420.
27. Schorr, “My 17 Months.”
28. Quoted in Olmsted, Challenging the Secret Government, 59–60; Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 410; A. J. Langguth, “Abolish the CIA!” Newsweek, April 7, 1975; “Jim Garrison and His War with the CIA,” Washington Star, April 18, 1975.
CHAPTER 19
1. Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, KS: 1998), 240; author interview with James Nach, Sept. 9, 2008; author interview with Frank Snepp, May 21, 2008.
2. Quoted in George C. Herring, America’s Longest War (New York: 1979), 315.
3. Ibid., 149–150; quoted in Herring, Longest War, 332; William Smyser to Henry A. Kissinger, March 31, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 720.
4. See Thomas L. Ahern Jr., CIA and the Generals: Covert Support to Military Government in South Vietnam, Center for the Study of Intelligence, October 1998, available at National Security Archive, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm, 157–159; Herring, Longest War, 333; Brent Scowcroft to Gerald Ford, March 18, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 682.
5. Quoted in “A New Dunkirk in Indochina,”
Newsweek, April 7, 1975; “Special National Intelligence Estimate,” March 27, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 702–704.
6. “Minutes of National Security Council Meeting,” March 28, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 707–708.
7. Ibid.
8. Ahern, CIA and the Generals, 168–169.
9. Quoted in ibid., 144.
10. “Minutes of the Secretary of State’s Regional Staff Meeting,” April 2, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 725–726.
11. “Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting,” April 2, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 732–737.
12. Quoted in John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (New York: 2003), 287.
13. Quoted in Ahern, CIA and the Generals, 175, 177.
14. Quoted in ibid., 178; Graham Martin to Henry A. Kissinger, April 15, 1975, Box 8, National Security Adviser, Papers of Graham Martin, Ford Library.
15. “Minutes of National Security Council Meeting,” April 9, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 764; “Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting,” April 19, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 850.
16. “Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting,” April 17, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 833–838.
17. Ahern, CIA and the Generals, 185.
18. “Minutes of WSAG Meeting,” April 21, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 872; “Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting,” April 19, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 855.
19. Ahern, CIA and the Generals, 191.
20. “Minutes of WSAG,” April 22, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 884; “Minutes of WSAG,” April 23, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 891; Ahern, CIA and the Generals, 196; Henry A. Kissinger to Graham Martin, April 23, 1975, Box 8, National Security Adviser, Papers of Graham Martin, Ford Library.
21. “Minutes of WSAG Meeting,” April 28, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 915–917; William Colby, Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America’s Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam (Chicago: 1989), 353; “Memorandum of Conversation,” April 28, 1975, FRUS, 1969–1976, Vietnam, vol. 10, 921.
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