No More Champagne

by David Lough

  Kitchener, Horatio (1850–1916), joined the army 1871; governor general, eastern Sudan 1868–8; adjutant general, Egyptian army 1888–91, inspector general of police, Egypt 1889–91; commander, Sudan campaign 1896–8; governor general Sudan 1899; chief of staff, southern Africa (Boer war) 1900–2; commander-in-chief, India 1902–9; British agent and consul general, Egypt 1911; secretary of state for war 1914–16; drowned 1916; knighted 1894, baron (and prize of £30,000) 1898; viscount (and prize of £50,000) 1902.

  Leathers, Frederick (1883–1965), joined Steamship Owners’ Coal Association (later William Cory & Son) 1898; joint managing director 1917, deputy chairman 1928; minister of war transport 1941 (with special responsibility for shipping); secretary of state for the co-ordination of transport, fuel and power 1951–3; baron 1941,viscount 1954.

  Lloyd George, David (1863–1945), solicitor 1884; MP 1890–1945; president of the Board of Trade 1906–8; chancellor of the exchequer 1908–15; minister of munitions 1915–16; secretary of state for war June–December 1916; prime minister 1916–22; leader of the Liberal Party 1926; Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor 1945.

  Lytton, 2nd Earl of (1876–1947), born Victor Bulwer-Lytton (in India while his father was viceroy); Admiralty 1916–20; under-secretary of state for India 1920–2; governor of Bengal 1922–7.

  MacDonald, Ramsay (1866–1937), a founder of the Labour Party; MP 1906-8, 1922-35, 1936-7; chairman of Labour MPs 1911-4, leader of the Labour Party 1922-31; prime minister 1924, 1929-35; Lord President of the Council 1935-7.

  Macmillan, Frederick (1851–1936), New York branch of Macmillan publishers 1871–6, London partner 1876–1936; knighted 1909.

  Macmillan, Harold (1894–1986), wounded at the Somme 1916; joined family publishing business, Macmillan & Co. 1919; MP 1924–9, 1931–July 1945, November 1945–64; minister of housing 1951–4; defence minister 1954–5; foreign secretary 1955; chancellor of the exchequer 1955–7; prime minister 1957–63; chairman, Macmillan & Co. 1964–74; earl of Stockton 1984.

  Margesson, David (1890–1965), served on the Western Front (awarded Military Cross) 1914–18; MP 1922–3, 1924–42; chief whip 1931–40; secretary of state for war 1940–2; viscount 1942.

  Maze, Paul (1887–1979) son of an art collector; artist; interpreter, military draughtsman with British army (meeting Churchill) 1914–8; naturalized British subject 1920; Home Guard 1939–45; official painter, Elizabeth II’s Coronation 1953.

  Monckton, Walter (1891–1965), Oxford University contemporary of Edward, prince of Wales, later Edward VIII; Military Cross, 1919; barrister 1919, KC 1930; attorney general to prince of Wales 1932–6, to duchy of Cornwall 1936–46, 1949–51; director general, ministry of information 1939–41; solicitor general 1945; MP 1951–7; minister of labour 1951–5, minister of defence 1955–6, paymaster general 1956–7; knighted 1937, viscount 1957.

  Pakenham-Walsh, Ridley (1888–1966) joined the army 1908, serving in the Dardanelles, France 1914–18 (awarded Military Cross); School of Military Engineering 1923–6; major general, engineer-in-chief, British Expeditionary Force 1939–40; lieutenant general 1941; controller general, Army Provision 1943–6.

  Rawlinson, Henry (1864–1925), joined the army 1884; Kitchener’s staff, Omdurman 1898; commander Fourth Division, France 1914, Fourth Army 1916; general, commanding Second Army, 1917–18; commander-in-chief, India 1920–5; knighted 1918, baron 1919.

  Roosevelt, Franklin (1882-1945), senator, New York State 1911–13; assistant secretary of the navy 1913-20; suffered from polio 1921; governor of New York State 1929-32; president of the United States 1933-45; in his first 100 days in office, introduced measures known as the New Deal to combat the Great Depression of the 1930s; died in his record fourth term of office.

  Rothschild, Nathaniel (‘Natty’) (1840–1915), merchant banker; MP 1865–85; partner, N. M. Rothschild & Sons 1879; founder, The Exploration Company 1886; baron 1885.

  Salisbury, Marquess of (1830-1903), born Robert Cecil; fellow of The College of All Souls, Oxford 1853; MP 1853-68; journalist Saturday Review, Quarterly Review 1856–68; chairman, Great Eastern Railway Company 1868-72; fellow of the Royal Society 1869; secretary of state for India 1874-8; leader of the Conservative Party 1881-1902; prime minister, foreign secretary 1885-January 1886, July 1886-92, 1895-1902; Viscount Cranborne 1865, marquess 1868.

  Sassoon, Philip (1888–1939), cousin of Siegfried Sassoon; related by marriage to the Rothschild family; MP 1912–39; private secretary, Field Marshal Haig 1915–18; under-secretary of state for air 1924–9, 1931–7; first commissioner of works 1937–9; prominent social host and art collector at Port Lympne in Kent, Trent Park in Hertfordshire; succeeded to baronetcy 1912.

  Smith, Frederick (F. E.) (1872–1930), barrister, KC 1908; MP 1906–18; solicitor general 1915; attorney general 1915–18; lord chancellor 1919–22; secretary of state for India 1924–28; knighted 1915, baron (as Lord Birkenhead) 1919, viscount 1921, earl 1922; co-founder with Churchill of The Other Club.

  Spears (né Spiers), Edward (1886–1974), born in Paris; liaison officer with French army (meeting Churchill, Military Cross 1915) 1914–8; MP 1922–4, 1931–45; Churchill’s representative to French government, May 1940, to Free French 1940–2; British minister, Syria and Lebanon 1942–4; chairman, Institute of Directors 1948–66; knighted 1942, baronet 1953.

  Truman, Harry (1884-1972), farmer; served on the Western Front, 1917-18; senator from Missouri, US Senate 1935-45; vice-president January-April 1945; president of the United States April 1945-53.

  Westminster, Duke of (1879–1953), born Hugh Grosvenor; landowner; succeeded to dukedom 1899; Royal Horse Guards (Boer war) 1899–1900; Cheshire Yeomanry 1914–18 (developed Rolls-Royce armoured car as a prototype of the tank); partner, Coco Chanel 1925–35.

  Wood, Edward (1881–1959), viceroy of India 1926–31; secretary of state for war 1935; Lord Privy Seal 1935–8; foreign secretary 1938–40; ambassador to the United States 1940–6; baron (as Lord Irwin) 1925, Viscount Halifax 1934, earl 1944.

  Reference Notes

  Abbreviations

  References to the eight-volume official biography Winston S. Churchill, written by Randolph Churchill (vols 1 and 2) and Martin Gilbert (vols 3–8) (Heinemann, 1966–88), are shown by volume and page number, e.g., 5:101.

  The volumes of companion documents (Heinemann, 1967–2000) are referenced by the volume number, followed by C (for Companion), part number and page number: e.g., 4C2:1123; or, in the case of the The Churchill War Papers volumes, by CW, part number and page number: e.g., CWP1:123.

  References to letters written between Churchill and his wife sourced from the late Lady Soames’ collection Speaking for Themselves (Doubleday, 1988) are shown as SFT followed by the page number: e.g., SFT:123.

  References to Churchill’s papers in the Churchill Archives Centre at Churchill College, Cambridge, are shown as either CHAR (for the Chartwell Papers, dated up to July 1945) or CHUR (for the Churchill Papers from July 1945 onwards), followed by their series, file and folio numbers: e.g., CHUR 1/25/123.

  CHAR 28 includes the papers of Churchill’s father, mother and brother; and also of W. H. Bernau, whose family donated his personal papers to Churchill. Bernau was his bank manager between 1918 and the early 1930s, first at Cox & Co. and then at Lloyds Bank.

  Other libraries and collections of papers are abbreviated as follows:

  BL British Library

  CAC Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge University

  CURBMSL Columbia University, Rare Books and Manuscripts Library

  HLHU Houghton Library, Harvard University

  HMCO Houghton Mifflin Company

  LBGA Lloyds Banking Group Archives, London

  LoCW Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

  NA National Archives, Kew, London

  NYPL New York Public Library, New York

  PUFL Princeton University, Rare Books and Manuscripts Division, Firestone Library

  PUMM Princeton University, Rar
e Books and Manuscripts Division, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library

  RAL Rothschild Archives, London

  RULSC Reading University Library, Special Collections

  TNL Archive Times Newspapers Ltd Archive, News UK and Ireland Ltd.

  WSCDL Winston Churchill Collection, Daniel Longwell Papers

  Members of the Churchill family and other individuals or organizations frequently cited are abbreviated in the Notes as follows:

  ACB Albert Curtis Brown

  AFM Anthony Moir

  AMB Anthony Montague Browne

  BL British Library

  BMB Bernard Baruch

  BRB Brendan Bracken

  CB Curtis Brown Ltd

  CS Charles Scribner III

  CSC Clementine Churchill, née Hozier, Lady Churchill from 1953

  DoM Duke (or Duchess) of Marlborough

  DoW Duke of Westminster

  EHM Edward Marsh

  ER Imre Revesz, Emery Reves from 1940

  JSC John Spencer Churchill, known as Jack

  KFR Knight Frank & Rutley

  LlBk Lloyds Bank

  LRC Lord Randolph Spencer Churchill

  LyRC Lady Randolph Spencer Churchill, née Jennie Jerome, also Mrs George Cornwallis-West

  MWB Lord (Max) Beaverbrook, né Maxwell Aitken

  NCBNY National City Bank of New York

  NM Nicholl, Manisty & Co.

  TB Thornton Butterworth

  VdaC Vickers da Costa

  WHB W. H. Bernau

  WSC Winston Spencer Churchill

  1. The Churchills and Jeromes

  1. 20 Aug 1873 LRC letter to DoM, cited P. Churchill and J. Mitchell, Jennie, pp. 23–5.

  2. 30 Apr 1937 WSC ltr to E. Marsh, Marsh papers, EMAR/2, CAC.

  3. 5 Mar 1891 The New York Times, cited A. Sebba, Jennie Churchill, pp. 9–10.

  4. E. Kehoe, Fortune’s Daughters, p. 12.

  5. M. Lovell, The Churchills, p. 25. Mrs Astor was born Caroline Schermerhorn before marrying William Astor.

  6. A. Hays Sulzberger memorandum citing 1950s New York Times research, ‘Meetings with WSC’, box 1, WSCDL, CURBMSL.

  7. A. Leslie, The Fabulous Leonard Jerome, pp. 90, 92.

  8. A. Sebba, Jennie Churchill, pp. 18, 22.

  9. S. Fiske, Eminent New Yorkers (1887), cited A. Leslie, Fabulous Leonard Jerome, p. 167.

  10. WSC, Marlborough, p. 32.

  11. C. Hibbert, The Marlboroughs, p. 91.

  12. D. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, pp. 710–11. Data given is dated c.1880.

  13. C. Hibbert, The Marlboroughs, pp. 336, 348.

  14. M. Soames, The Profligate Duke, p. 115.

  15. Feb 1820 Blenheim Papers, Add MS 61678 f.182–3, 184, BL.

  16. Journal of Mrs Arbuthnot I, p. 304, cited A. Rowse, The Later Churchills, p. 201.

  17. M. Lovell, The Churchills, p. 17.

  18. Ibid.

  19. R. Blake, Disraeli, p. 692.

  20. A. Rowse, The Later Churchills, p. 232.

  21. J. Bateman, The Great Landowners of Britain and Ireland, pp. 472–3, cited E. Kehoe, Fortune’s Daughters, p. xi; 1873 Return of Owners of Land, cited A. Rowse, The Later Churchills, pp. 229–31; D. Cannadine, The Aristocratic Adventurer, p. 6.

  22. 31 Aug 1873 DoM ltr to LRC, 1C1:12–13.

  23. U/d Feb 1874 DoM ltr to LRC, 1C1:18.

  24. 23 Jan 1874 Shipmond, Barlow, Sarocque, Macfarland ltr, 1C1:18–19.

  25. 7 Oct 1873 L. Jerome ltr to J. Jerome, 1C1:17–18. Louisa Catherine, duchess of Leeds (1789–1874), was the third daughter of Richard Caton, a Baltimore merchant. She first married an English baronet and, after his death, the marquess of Clanricarde, later the duke of Leeds.

  26. 25 Feb 1875 F. Capon ltr to RSC, 1C1:18–19.

  27. 9 Apr 1874 L. Jerome ltr to DoM, 1C1:20.

  28. M. Lovell, The Churchills, p. 41.

  29. R. Martin, Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill, I, p. 91.

  2. Spendthrift Parents, 1875–94

  1. WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill Vol 1, p. 72.

  2. 14, 18 Jan 1876 LRC ltrs to LyRC, CHAR 28/5/13, 15.

  3. C. Higham, Dark Lady, p. 61.

  4. 29 Jan 1879 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 28/6/65.

  5. 12 Jul 1880 LyRC ltr to C. Jerome, cited A. Leslie, Fabulous Leonard Jerome, pp. 216–17.

  6. Summary of the duke of Marlborough’s will, CHAR 1/82/2.

  7. D. Green, The Churchills of Blenheim, p. 116.

  8. M. Lovell, The Churchills, p. 78.

  9. S. Buczacki, Churchill & Chartwell, p. 11.

  10. Wins in 1889 included the Prince of Wales Handicap (£1,000); Portland Plate (£775); Oaks (£2,600, at odds of 20 to 1). In 1890 Abbesse won the Manchester Cup (£2,200).

  11. 5, 14 Aug 1890 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 28/39/10, 28/9/17.

  12. D. Kynaston, The City of London 2:13.

  13. N. Ferguson, Rothschild: The World’s Banker, p. 877.

  14. D. Kynaston, The City of London 2:82.

  15. 22 Mar 1891 Transcript, LRC ltr to N. Rothschild 101/22 T 15, RAL.

  16. Rothschild 1891 ledger, I/8/13 account 178 LRC Syndicate Account, RAL. Contributions included £1,000 each from Lord Randolph’s mother and sister, Lady Sarah Spencer-Churchill; £2,000 from Lord and Lady Wimborne (another sister, Cornelia); and £1,500 between them from two European friends of the Jeromes, the Marquis de Breteuil and Baron de Hirsch.

  17. B. Roberts, Churchills in Africa, p. 14.

  18. 30 May 1891 LRC ltr to LyC, CHAR 28/11/13.

  19. Ibid.

  20. 17 Jun 1891 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 28/11/17.

  21. 26 June 1891 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 28/11/19.

  22. Cited B. Roberts, Churchills in Africa, p. 38.

  23. 13 Sep 1891 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 28/11/36.

  24. 29 Sep 1891 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 28/11/39; B. Roberts, Churchills in Africa, p. 79.

  25. U/d Jul 1891 LyRC ltr to C. Frewen, Moreton Frewen Papers, LoCW.

  26. 23 Sep 1891 LyRC ltr to LRC, CHAR 1/2/9.

  27. 13 Dec 1891 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 28/11/49.

  28. 1893 Rothschild ledger I/8/15 a/c 198 a/c no.4, RAL.

  29. 28 Oct 1891 LyRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/8/27.

  30. 4 Nov 1891 Mrs Everest ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/4/19.

  31. 1 Jul 1890 LyRC letter to WSC, CHAR 1/8/4.

  32. 29 Mar 1892 LRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/2/62.

  33. U/d May 1892 LyRC ltr to WSC, 1C1:333.

  34. U/d Sep 1892 LRC ltr to Frances, DoM, 1C1:338.

  35. 9 Aug 1893 LRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/1/66.

  36. 30 Aug 1893 WSC ltr to LRC, 1C1:402–3.

  37. 3 Sep 1893 LRC ltr to Frances, DoM 1C1:404.

  38. 17 Sep 1893 WSC ltr to LyRC 1C1:413–4.

  39. 17 Jan 1894 N. M. Rothschild 1894 ledger, I/8/16 a/c 178, a/c no.4, RAL. Lord Randolph sold 500 Deep Levels shares at over £4 each in October 1893 to raise more than £2,000; and 200 for £5.12s each in February 1894, by which time the company had been renamed Rand Mines.

  40. 24 Oct 1893 LRC ltr to Frances, DoM 1C1:423.

  41. 21 Apr 1894 LRC ltr to LyRC, CHAR 1/2/78.

  42. 22 Apr 1894 LyRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/8/59.

  43. R. Martin, Lady Randolph Churchill 1, p. 297.

  44. 24 Jun 1894 Rothschild 1894 ledger I/8/16 a/c 178 a/c no 4, RAL.

  45. 24 Jun 1894 LRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/2/84.

  46. WSC, My Early Life, p. 49.

  47. 8 November 1894 LyRC ltr to C. Frewen, Tarka King Papers.

  48. WSC, My Early Life, p. 195.

  49. 5 March 1895 The New York Times, p. 5.

  50. Rothschild 1894 ledger, I/8/16 a/c 178, RAL.

  51. Rothschild 1895 ledger, I/8/17 a/c 178, RAL. Lord Randolph’s executors were Lady Randolph Churchill, the duke of Marlborough and a brother-in-law Lord Curzon (later Earl Howe), who was married to Georgina Churchill. The Rothschilds’ second, larger cheque was dispatched to the executors on 11 April 1895.

  52. S. Van Oss, cited
D. Kynaston, The City of London 2:110.

  53. WSC, My Early Life, p. 195.

  54. Epitome, full version of LRC Will, CHAR 1/79/2, 5.

  3. Distant Army Duty, 1895–9

  1. 21 Feb 1895 WSC ltr to JSC, CHAR 28/152/40.

  2. 27 Apr 1895 WSC ltr to LyRC, 1C1: 569–70.

  3. £2,000 a year came in rentals from the Manhattan property contributed by the Jeromes to the Churchill marriage settlement (the ‘American settlement’ in some documents); £2,000 in income from Lord Randolph’s will trust’s investments, worth approximately £50,000; and £700 in income from the Churchill family’s contribution to the marriage settlement (‘The English Settlement’ in some documents).

  4. In 1868, 2,166 people who recorded more than £5,000 of income were charged under schedule D of income tax. Report of the Inland Revenue, ii pp. 580–4, cited M. Daunton, Trusting Leviathan, p. 160.

  5. WSC, My Early Life, p. 75.

  6. 1 May 1896, WSC letter to LyRC, 1C1:671–2.

  7. 4 August 1896 WSC letter to LyRC, 1C1:675–6.

  8. WSC, My Early Life, pp. 101–3.

  9. 19 Nov 1896 LyRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/8/73.

  10. 11 Dec 1896 LyRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/8/77.

  11. 26 Feb 1897 LyRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/8/91.

  12. 5 Mar 1897 LyRC ltr to WSC, CHAR 1/8/94. Jennie’s assessment of her annual income at £2,700 is puzzling since it was at least £5,000, as her sons discovered in 1914.

  13. 17 Mar 1897 WSC ltr to LyRC, 1C2:741–2.

  14. 17 Aug 1897 WSC ltr to LyRC, 1C2:778–9; 4 Nov 1897 CHAR 1/8/117. Lord William Beresford could not cash Churchill’s cheque (repaying a loan made in July) for ten weeks.

  15. 22 Aug 1897 B. Blood ltr to WSC, 1C2: 780.

  16. 5 Sep 1897 WSC ltr to LyRC, 1C2:784–5.

  17. 7 Oct 1897 LyRC ltr to WSC, 1C2:808–9.

  18. 25 Oct 1897 WSC ltr to LyRC,1:355-7

  19. 12 Sep 1897 WSC ltr to LyRC, 1:358–9.

  20. 30 Sep 1897 LyRC letter to WSC, CHAR 1/8/109.

  21. 25 Oct 1897 WSC ltr to LyRC, 1C2:811–2.

  22. 17 Nov 1897 WSC ltr to LyRC, 1C2:827–8. Messrs A. F. Bernau, tailors; Messrs E. Tautz & Sons, tailors (owed £144.14s. for clothes supplied 1895–7, paid 1902); Sowter, saddler.