Sealab
Page 52
Jack Browne (face mask), 31
Jackson, Fred, 126
Jenkins, Wally, 145, 146–47, 150, 154, 169
jet aircraft, escapes, 9, 14
Jimmy Carter, 244–45
Johnson, Lyndon B., 153–54, 157, 226, 229, 253, 255
Johnson, Seward, 229
Johnson-Sea-Link, 229–33, 253
Keller, Hannes, 72–74, 77, 84, 96, 109, 124, 168, 205, 212, 224
Kennedy, John F., 45, 93, 190, 198
Kilbracken, John Godley, 3rd Baron, 61
Koblick, Ian, 258–59
Korean War, 12–13, 31
La Chalupa, Florida, 258–59
La Jolla, California, and Sealab II, 124
Lambertsen, Christian, 36
Lanphear, Roy, 95–96, 105
Lavoie, Ray, 76, 77
Leibold, William, 193
Leonardo da Vinci, 18, 68
Leydenfrost, Alexander, 28
Lindbergh, Charles, 46
Lindbergh, Jon, 97–98, 100–103, 109, 116, 140, 200, 207, 237
Link, Clayton (son), 55, 230–33
Link, Edwin Albert Jr., 46–57
and animal experiments, 83
and Bond, 51–52, 53–54, 59, 64
and CORD, 233
and Cousteau, 48–51, 53, 62, 63, 64
death of, 256
and Deep Diver, 228–29, 254
and flight simulator, 47, 75
and Hydrolab, 234
and inflatable dwelling, 246
inventiveness of, 46, 48
and Johnson-Sea-Link, 229–33, 253
and Man-in-Sea project, 48, 49–50, 51, 53, 63, 64, 66, 76, 207
and media stories, 123, 142
and Ocean Systems Inc., 207, 208, 211, 217, 225, 229
and promotion, 48, 64
and saturation diving, 48, 49–52, 54–57, 74, 169, 200–201
and Sea Diver, 48, 50, 53–57, 58, 60–61, 82–83, 97, 207
and son’s fatal dive, 230–33
and SPID, 97–98, 100–103, 108, 140, 200–201
and test dives, 58–61, 62, 96, 98, 150
and undersea archaeology, 48, 50–51, 53, 99
and U.S. Navy, 48, 51–53, 66, 82–83
Link, Edwin Clayton (son), 55, 230–33
Link, Marion Clayton (wife), 47, 48, 56, 64, 230, 232
liquid breathing, 252
lithium hydroxide, 38
living in the sea:
air pressure, 16, 19
and the bends, 21–22
Bond’s “Proposal for Underwater Research,” 17, 26–27, 28–29, 42, 82, 86, 149, 226–27
and Cousteau, see Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
depths, see depth limits
dwellings, see undersea dwellings
excursion dives, 148–50
food sources, 16
and hardhat diving, 17–19, 20–22, 24
and Link, see Link, Edwin Albert Jr.
private and public partnerships in, 234–37
and recompression, 22
scuba, 24–26
and Sealab, see Sealab
and spying, 237, 238–46
undersea activities, 15, 248
Lonsdale, Mark V., United States Navy Diver, 243, 244
Luibel, Francis, 190–91
lung squeeze, 19, 68, 86
Lusitania, 99
Mae West (life vest), 7
Makapuu Oceanic Center, 234
Man-in-Sea project (Link), 48, 49–50, 51, 53, 63, 64, 66, 76, 207
Man-in-the-Sea program (Navy), 128, 138, 158, 160, 165–66, 167, 169, 196, 199; see also Sealab
Manning, Sanders “Tiger,” 76, 79, 87–89
mishap with, 118–19, 122, 128, 137, 139, 147
and Sealab I, 106–7, 111, 115, 117–19
Mare Island Naval Shipyard, 239
Marine Contractors Inc., 206
Marinelab, 258
Mark IX diving gear, 173, 178–79, 182–83, 186–88, 190–95
Mark V diving gear, 17–19, 23, 231
Mark VI diving gear, 113–14, 118, 136, 138, 139, 141, 158–60, 161, 164, 179
Martech International, 210
Mavrostomos, Theo, 251, 252
Mazzone, Walter, 29–32, 59, 240
and Bond, 31–32, 70
and Genesis, 37–38, 41–42, 67, 69–71, 73, 77, 79, 86–88, 220
and investigation into Cannon’s death, 186, 189, 193, 195
in later years, 256
Navy career of, 29–31
and Sealab I, 92, 104, 105, 109–11, 119, 120, 122
and Sealab II, 125, 128, 129, 134, 141–42, 144, 148–49, 155–56, 160, 162
and Sealab III, 170, 176, 177–79, 181, 182, 184
search and recovery work, 98
and thousand-foot dives, 212
McArdle, Bob, 210
McCann Rescue Chamber, 2, 24, 117, 239
McDermott, J. Ray & Co., 210, 218
Meek, Robert, 230–32
Meeks, Bill, 159–62, 164, 258
Melson, Lewis, 93–94, 95, 104, 105–6, 108, 117, 128, 164, 168
Menzies, Archibald “Jock,” 230–32
Miller, Fred, 221
Mississippi Canyon, 218–19
Momsen, Charles Bowers “Swede,” 23, 24, 29, 33
Monitor, 257
Morse, Robert W., 125, 149
NASA:
and Aquarius, 259
as model, 226, 227, 255
partnerships with, 234
and Project Tektite, 175–76
and Skylab, 234
see also space age
National Geographic, 25, 48, 61, 83, 84, 86
National Geographic Society, 25, 45, 48, 83, 97
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 248
National Security Agency (NSA), 242, 244
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 168
Navy, U.S.:
and Aquarius, 259
and Archerfish, 1–8, 14
and Atlantis project, 248
Bermuda Naval Base, 96
bureaucracy of, 168–70
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 26, 82
chain of command, 105, 128, 168–69
deep-sea diving school, 13, 20, 25, 74–75, 107
Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV), 239–40, 246
Deep Submergence Systems, 81–83, 97, 128, 167, 168–70, 233, 238–40, 243
dive tables of, 22, 55, 60, 72
Diving Manual, 186
Experimental Diving Unit, 74–76, 80–83, 94, 123, 126–27, 208, 212, 234, 258
hardhat divers of, 22, 25, 26, 107, 113, 167, 231
“Ivy Bells” missions, 243–44
and Link, 48, 51–53, 66, 82–83, 231–33
Man-in-the-Sea program, 128, 138, 158, 160, 165–66, 167, 169, 196, 199
Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, 67
Medical Research Laboratory, New London, 26–27, 28, 82, 87
Mine Defense Laboratory, 90–91, 93, 95, 107, 128, 234, 258
and Monitor salvage, 257
New London Submarine Base, 2, 3, 14
and Normandy invasion, 208
Ocean Engineering Branch, 169
Ocean Simulation Facility (OSF), 234–35, 247, 256
Office of Naval Research, 92, 93–94, 164, 168, 175–76, 234
partnerships with private sector, 234–37, 248, 257
rescue and salvage, 23–24, 25, 26, 42, 82, 98–100, 108, 125, 157, 158–59, 167, 169, 233, 244
research and development, 66–67, 94, 168, 244, 247–48, 249
safety as focus of, 96, 127
and saturation diving, 52, 53, 58, 66, 72–73, 74, 76, 89, 94, 96, 167, 214–18, 225, 235, 239–46, 256–57, 259
Saturation Fly-Away Diving System, 259
Scientist in the Sea, 233
and scuba, 26, 107, 113, 167
and Sealab I, 91–96, 123
and Sealab II, 124–26
and Sealab III, 167–72, 186–97, 198–99, 247
/> and Sea-Link, 230–33
SEALs, 5
secret undersea operations, 237, 238–46, 247
Sixth Fleet in Monaco, 53
skeptics in, 76, 94, 105, 166
Special Projects Office, 243
Submarine Development Group One, 239
and Tektite, 175–76, 199, 208, 234
and thousand-foot dives, 212, 247, 249
and Thresher, 80–81, 128, 239
and undersea living, 15, 90, 96, 235
undersea medical training in, 3, 13, 29
Underwater Demolition Team, 5, 99
and useful undersea work, 87, 94, 98, 107–8, 117, 128, 147–48, 158–62, 167, 214–18, 245–46
New York Times, The, 61, 65, 122–23, 142, 165, 187
Nicholson, William, 196–97
nitrogen:
absence of, 69
and animal experiments, 38, 69
and artificial atmospheres, 32
and the bends, 21–22
as inert gas, 69
and saturation diving, 34
and solubility, 35
in trimix, 248
nitrogen narcosis, 23, 24, 33, 62, 86, 130, 212
Nitze, Paul H., 126
Nixon, Richard M., 227
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 233, 234
and Aquarius, 259, 261
and archaeology, 257
and FISSHH, 235–37
formation of, 227
and Oceanlab, 255
North Carolina, University of, 259
North Sea, 217, 250
oil discovered in, 216, 227, 236, 242
Oceaneering International, 210, 217, 225
Oceanlab, 255–56
Oceanographic Museum, Monaco, 44, 48–49, 211
oceanography, 24–25, 167, 226, 228
Ocean Simulation Facility (OSF), 234–35, 247, 256
Ocean Systems Inc., 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 225, 229, 230
offshore drilling, 73, 200–202, 208, 209, 258
and Cognac platform, 218–25, 247
construction jobs, 201, 250
evolution of, 200, 205–6, 235
and fossil fuel supplies, 224
four thousand feet under the sea, 224–25
frontier spirit in, 217
as mission, 219–20
and oil prices, 225, 250
and petroleum research, 83, 151, 228
and portable saturation systems, 235
remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 224–25, 249, 250
and thousand-foot dives, 212–14, 217–18, 220–25
and underwater welding, 215–17, 246, 250
O’Neal, Henry A. “Al,” 94, 104, 105
one-atmosphere diving suits, 257
Ortolan, 235, 257
oxygen:
and human performance, 88
maintaining safe levels of, 220
in trimix, 248
oxygen toxicity, 32–33
Parche, 243–45
Pascal’s law, 139
Pearl Harbor, 11, 24, 30, 158
Pelton, Ronald W., 244
Penguin, 6, 8–9
Pentagon, and undersea salvage, 242
Perry Cubmarine, 232
Perry Submarine Builders, 234
Peterson, Mendel, 51
Piccard, Auguste, 81
Pigeon, 235, 257
Pliny, 18
Powers, Francis Gary, 241
pressure chamber, 37, 75, 87
pressure suit, 19
Primus (TV), 234
Project Tektite, 175–76, 199, 208, 228, 234, 253
Propeck, John, 221
Pryor, Taylor A. “Tap,” 234, 235
Pueblo, 196
Puffer, 30
Raymond, Lawrence, 191
Reagan, Ronald, 255–56
Reaves, John, 173, 177, 182, 183–84, 185, 186, 191, 193–95
recompression, 22, 37, 60
remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 224–25, 232, 249, 255, 256
Richard B. Russell, 244
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 67
Roosevelt, Theodore, 45
Royal George, 18
Royal Navy, 43, 46, 50
Physiological Laboratory, 212, 248
SAGA I, 253–56
Santa Fe International, 210
saturation diving, 34–37
animal experiments, 37–42, 83
bell-and-chamber, 207, 209, 235
Cachalot system, 206, 209
commercial, 200–202, 206–10, 249
cost of diminishing returns in, 249, 256–57
declining use of, 225, 252
and depth barriers, see depth limits
and FISSHH, 235–37
and Genesis, 67–72, 74–79, 86–89
and Link, 48, 49–52, 54–57, 74, 169, 200–201
and Navy, 52, 53, 58, 66, 72–73, 74, 76, 89, 94, 96, 167, 214–18, 225, 235, 239–46, 256–57, 259
physiological data in, 102, 115–16, 120, 248, 252
promotion of, 45–46
rescue systems for, 233
robots in, 249
for science and exploration, 207, 208, 226, 227, 233–37, 247–48, 255–56
and sea floor habitat, 214–15
and Sealab, see Sealab
skeptics of, 76, 94, 166
thousand-foot dives, 72–74, 76, 205, 212–14, 217–18, 220–25, 247, 255
and useful work, 42, 51, 87, 94, 149, 151, 167, 201–7, 214–18, 221, 227, 248–50, 255
see also deep-sea diving
Schleigh, Bill, 192
Schwary, Ronald, 220, 221, 223
science and exploration, 207, 208, 226, 227, 233–37, 247–48, 255–56
Science Illustrated, 44
Scientist in the Sea, 233
Scorpion, 233
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 124, 139, 154, 162
Scripps Submarine Canyon, 129
scuba:
and Aqualung, 24–26
and Navy, 26, 107, 113, 167
and recreational diving, 24–25, 44, 47
SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) developed, 24, 36
in search and rescue, 25
in undersea archaeology, 48
Sea Diver, 48, 50, 53–57, 58, 60–61, 82–83
and Sea-Link, 230, 232
and SPID, 97–98, 100–102
and Union Carbide, 207
Sea Hunt (TV), 234
Sealab:
and Bermuda Triangle, 96–97
Bond as principal investigator, 169, 172, 186
buddy system, 119, 174, 195
and carbon dioxide, 190–91, 195
cut up for scrap, 257
demise of, 199, 225, 227, 237, 238
evolution of, 169–70
excursion dives, 148–50, 162, 165, 171
first men to live in the sea, 121–22
and foam in salvage (FIS), 159–61
funding for, 92, 93, 94, 107, 108, 124, 144, 168, 170, 188–89
gear used in, 113–14, 136–40, 144–45, 169, 178–80, 188, 191, 195, 196, 240
hatch problems of, 176–78, 179, 181–82, 187, 189–90, 191, 195
in hostile environment, 124, 131, 151, 155, 165
and hurricane, 119–20
influence on future projects, 215, 226–28, 233, 238–39, 240, 253, 255
insignia of, 128–29, 154
as Man-in-the-Sea program, 128, 138, 160, 165–66, 167, 169, 196, 199
media stories about, 187–88
moon pool, 168
name of, 90, 91
and Navy, 91–96, 123, 124–26, 167–72, 186–97
personnel rosters, 263–64
Personnel Transfer Capsule (PTC), 131–32, 140, 152, 167, 172–73, 180, 258–60
physiological data collected in, 115–16, 120, 132, 133, 138, 140, 141, 161, 169
promotion of, 121–23, 130–31, 134–35, 154–56
putting it together, 90–93, 107, 109
, 129, 138
reunion of personnel, 256
and Sam the sea lion, 162
and scientific research, 139, 146, 162
and scorpion fish, 140–41, 142–43, 158, 161, 162
Sealab I, 93, 95–96, 98, 104–7, 108–23, 125, 128, 228, 263
Sealab II preparations, 124–31
Sealab II Team 1, 131–35, 136–45, 146, 263
Sealab II Team 2, 143–56, 162, 263
Sealab II Team 3, 157–66, 263
Sealab III, 167–84, 187, 197, 198–99, 212, 237, 238–39, 240, 243, 258, 264
Sealab III investigation, 186–97, 239
search and recovery work, 98–100, 159
shark cage, 109–10, 132, 140
Submersible Decompression Chamber (SDC), 109, 110, 120–21, 131
success of, 165–66, 167, 188, 221
support ship YFNB-12 for, 95, 96, 100, 105, 129
survival as focus of, 125, 136, 155
target depths, 170–71, 244
Tuffy the porpoise, 147–48, 162, 173
and undersea living, 96, 130, 132, 133–35, 142, 165
and useful work, 94, 136–37, 138, 141, 149, 151, 157, 158–63, 208, 227
“Sealab Prayer,” 116–17, 135, 163
Sea-Link (Johnson-Sea-Link), 229–33, 253
Seawolf, 244
Second World Congress of Underwater Activities, 64–65, 72, 73, 82, 98
Seymour, Corey, 260–61
Sheats, Robert C., 157–65, 169, 242
Shell Oil Co., 73, 218, 224
Shepard, Alan, 61
Siebe, Augustus, 18, 24
Skidmore, Jay, 133, 140
Skylab, 234
Small, Peter, 73–74, 75, 77
Smith, Dewey, 260–61
Smithsonian Institution, 47, 50
Sonnenburg, Robert, 132–33, 136, 140, 142–43
Soviet Union:
collapse of, 244
and diving, 46, 228
and space age, 17, 61, 134
undersea communication cables of, 242–46
and U.S. Navy spying mission, 238–46
space age:
Apollo mission, 188, 197, 224, 231, 236
comparisons of undersea activities and, 61, 148, 149, 155, 170, 224, 226, 227, 231, 247, 259
and competition for public attention, 46, 61, 122, 134–35, 148, 153, 251, 256
Gemini 5, 134–35, 143
moon walk, 198, 256
Project Mercury, 92, 219
Skylab, 234
space shuttle, 256
Sputnik, 17
and weightlessness, 252
SPAR (Submersible Pipe Alignment Rig), 217
SPID (Submersible Portable Inflatable Dwelling), 97–98, 100–103, 108, 109, 116, 140, 200, 207
Spirit of St. Louis, 46
Sputnik, 17
Squalus, 3, 23–24, 26, 33–34, 205
Star I, 117, 228, 230
Sténuit, Robert, 57, 254
and Sea Diver experiments, 83, 97–98, 207
and SPID, 97–98, 100–103, 109, 116, 140, 200
and test dive, 58–61, 63, 64, 70, 75, 77
Stephan, E. C., 82, 207, 217