14. O. N. Podvoiskaia, interview with author, February 27, 1998; I. B. Zbarskii, interview with author, April 22, 1998; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997; Samuil Moroz, “Chlen kollegii VChK,” l. 12, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; A. Shitov, Iurii Trifonov: Khronika zhizni i tvorchestva (Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo universiteta, 1997), 104. On Soviet dachas, see Stephen Lovell, Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710–2000 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 136–62.
15. Rosa quoted in Lev Roshal’, “Vzlety i posadki: Shest’ novell iz zhizni rasstreliannogo generala; Stsenarii polnometrazhnogo dokumental’nogo fil’ma” (manuscript in author’s possession), 16–17.
16. M. A. Lozovskaia, interview with author, March 4, 1998.
17. S. V. Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml.
18. Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Deti vragov naroda: Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti 1925–1953 (Moscow: Vozvrashchenie, 2012), 25–27.
19. N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; M. A. Usievich, interview with author, January 30, 1998; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1941), 66; GARF, f. 9542, op. 7, d. 18, ll. 18, 44–70.
20. RGASPI, f. 124, op. 1, d. 80, ll. 34–42; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (see entries under 15 June, 1934, 21 September, 1934, 132 and 13 October, 1934, 23–28 May, 1935; 26 May, 1936; 12 July, 1936).
21. Ol’ga Aroseva, Bez grima (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 1999), 32–33.
22. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, July 12, 1936, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html.
17. THE NEXT OF KIN
1. RGASPI, f. 124, op.1, d. 1105, ll. 3, 18.
2. N. A. Iur’eva, interview with author, August 21, 1998.
3. S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998. On the place of kinship in Stalinist ideology, see Golfo Alexopoulos, “Stalin and the Politics of Kinship: Practices of Collective Punishment, 1920s–1940s,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 1 (January 2008): 91–117.
4. O. A. Aroseva, interview with author, January 15, 1998; N. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999), 98–99, 107–8; A. G. Tepliakov, Mashina terrora: OGPU-NKVD Sibiri v 1929–41 gg. (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2008), 498–500.
5. ARAN, razriad 5, op. 1-0, d. 11; letter to Shaternikova, January 31, 1937 (copy of the original kept in S. V. Obolenskaia’s personal archive); S. V. Obolenskaia, interview with author, October 20, 2009.
6. RGASPI, f. 135, op. 2, d. 10, ll. 56, 4, 33, 33ob., 22.
7. Ibid., l. 23.
8. Ibid., l. 62.
9. Ibid., l. 58.
10. Ibid., l. 24.
11. A. S. Serafimovich, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: GIKhL, 1960), 7:569.
12. Ibid., 7:561, 563.
13. Ibid., 7:568.
14. Ibid., 7:564.
15. Ibid., 7:556.
16. Samuil Moroz, “V Dome tom,” 4, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file.
17. Lev Roshal’, “Vzlety i posadki: Shest’ novell iz zhizni rasstreliannogo generala; Stsenarii polnometrazhnogo dokumental’nogo fil’ma” (manuscript in author’s possession), 32–33.
18. Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 55, 179, 244, 614–25; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; V. V. Kuibyshev, interview with author, February 18, 1998; GARF, f. 9542, op. 1, d. 75, ll. 2–3; Nikolai Zen’kovich, Elita: Samye sekretnye rodstvenniki (Moscow: Ol’ma-Press, 2005), 205–12; Z. M. Tuchina, interview with author, September 8, 1998.
19. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (in “Zaveshchanie moim detiam,” in the afterword [Posleslovie]); L. Podvoiskii, “Krasnoe solnyshko sem’i—mama,” Sem’ia i shkola 3 (1965): 10.
20. Nataliia Sats, Zhizn’—iavlenie polosatoe (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), 272.
21. RGALI, f. 457, d. 390, l. 110; d. 391, ll. 203–4; RGVA, f. 37461, op. 1., d. 128, ll. 15, 29; N. S. Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ (vospominaniia) (Moscow: Moskovskie novosti, 1999), 140.
22. S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998.
23. Agnessa Mironova-Korol’, Agnessa: From Paradise to Purgatory: A Voice from Stalin’s Russia, trans. Rose Glickman (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2012), 41 (translation modified); M. M. Iakovenko, Agnessa: Ustnye rasskazy Agnessy Ivanovny Mironovoi-Korol’, Memorial: Istoricheskie programmy, “Nasha zhizn’ s Miroshei,” http://www.memo.ru/history/agnessa.
24. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Moskva, 1933, delo No. 1244”; Reabilitatsiia: Kak eto bylo, ser. 1980kh—1991, razdel 4, doc. 13, Alexander Yakolev.org, http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/67974.
25. A. M. Garaseva, Ia zhila v samoi beschelovechnoi strane (Moscow: Intergraf-Servis, 1997), 123, http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=7753.
26. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-8 (May 18, 1933), VU-10 (May 18, 1933).
27. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-1–VU-2 (May 2, 1933); VU-8 (May 18, 1933); VU-18 (July 12, 1933), VU-29-9 (August 30, 1933), VU-55 (December 31, 1933).
28. Ibid., VU-15 (June 12, 1933), VU-41 (November 12, 1933), VU-49 (December 12, 1933) and passim.
29. Ibid., n.p. (January 12, 1934).
30. Ibid., VU-30 (September 18, 1933); VU-34 (October 17, 1933); n.p. (October 12, 1934; November 18, 1934; November 29, 1934; December 24, 1934; May 30, 1935) and passim; A. Voronskii, Za zhivoi i mertvoi vodoi (Moscow: Antikva, 2005), 2:269–71.
31. A. Voronskii, Zheliabov (Moscow: Zhurnal’no-gazetnoe ib“edinenie, 1934), 207, 384, 391–92.
32. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-1 (May 2, 1933), VU-6 (May 12, 1933), VU-10 (May 18, 1933), VU-15 (June 12, 1933).
33. Ibid., VU-12 (June 12, 1933), VU-22 (July 30, 1933), VU-33–VU-34 (October 17, 1933), VU-35 (October 23, 1933), VU-43 (November 30, 1933), VU-51 (December 30, 1933), VU-47 (December 12, 1933).
34. Ibid., VU-32 (October 17, 1933); R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
35. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-36–VU-37 (October 23, 1933).
36. Ibid., VU-34 (October 17, 1933), VU-39 (October 23, 1933), VU-42 (November 12, 1933), VU-50 (December 30, 1933).
37. Ibid., VU-45 (November 13, 1933), VU-50–VU-51 (December 30, 1933).
38. Ibid., VU-46 (November 30, 1933), VU-51 (December 30, 1933).
39. Ibid., VU-54 (December 31, 1933).
40. Ibid., n.p. (January 12, 1934).
41. Ibid., n.p. (January 24, 1934).
42. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Raport Nachal’niku SPO OGPU tov. Molchanovu.”
43. R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
44. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” n.p. (January 30, 1934).
45. Ibid., n.p. (February 18, 1934; June 4, 1934); R. M. Poloz, interview with author, June 28, 1998.
46. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” n.p. (March 29, 1934; April 17, 1934; May 11, 1934).
47. Ibid., n.p., June 24, 1934.
48. Ibid., n.p., June 28, 1934.
49. Ibid., n.p., March 1, 1934. See Jochen Hellbeck, Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
50. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” n.p. (July 27, 1934).
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., n.p., (August 30, 1934; August 6, 1934; August 12, 1934).
54. Ibid., n.p., (August 12, 1934).
55. Ibid., n.p., (August 17, 1934).
56. Ibid., n.p., (August 30, 1934).
57. Ibid., n.p., (September 12, 1934).
58. Ibid., n.p., (November 7, 1934).
59. Ibid., n.p., (November 18, 1934).
60. Ibid., n.p., (November 29, 1934).
61. Ibid., n.p., n.d., last letter of 1934.
62. Ibid., VU-35, l. 1 (May 30, 1935).
18. THE CENTER OF THE WORLD
1. General’nyi plan rekonstruktsii goroda Moskvy (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1935), 1–8 and passim; A. V. Ikonnikov, Arkhitektura XX veka: Utopii i real’nost’ (Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 2001), 83–89; N. Atarov, Dvorets sovetov (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1940), 18 (the “parks” quotation).
2. Rev. 21:9–16; Thomas More, Utopia, International World History Project, http://history-world.org/Utopia_T.pdf; S. Lang, “The Ideal City from Plato to Howard,” Architectural Review 112, no. 668 (August 1952): 98, 100; Georg Münter, “Die Geschichte der Idealstadt,” Städtebau 12 (1929): 326–27; Ikonnikov, Arkhitektura XX veka, 193.
3. “Plato’s Atlantis,” Ascending Passage, http://ascendingpassage.com/plato-atlantis-timaeus.htm; Spiro Kostof, The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings through History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991), 185–86, 163, 194, 202; “Campanella’s City of the Sun,” The Alchemy, http://www.levity.com/alchemy/citysun.html; Lang, “Ideal City,” 98–100.
4. Lang, “Ideal City,” 95–97; Kostof, City Shaped, 186–87.
5. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich), 32–58; Norbert Schoenauer, 6,000 Years of Housing (New York: Norton, 2000), 14–93; Joseph Rykwert, The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 179.
6. Rykwert, Idea of a Town, 28–9, 34–35, 68, 98, 163–95, and passim; Kostof, City Shaped, 47–52; 164–65.
7. Kostof, City Shaped, 209–77.
8. Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 189, 198–206; Wolfgang Sonne, Representing the State: Capital City Planning in the Twentieth Century (Munich: Prestel, 2003), 194–99, 201–40 (quotations on 230 and 240).
9. Sonne, Representing the State, 199–201, 153–88; 94–100 (quotations on 152 and 95); Peter Proudfoot, The Secret Plan of Canberra (Kensington: University of New South Wales, 1994); John Galbraith, In the New Capital, or, The City of Ottawa in 1999 (Toronto: Toronto News Co., 1897), 139–40.
10. Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, 210–15 (quotation from Mussolini on 211); Ikonnikov, Arkhitektura XX veka, 367–96; Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 69, 74–79, 133–35, 139, 147, 155–60.
11. Sonne, Representing the State, 140–48, 50 (the “proportional” quotation); Hall, Cities of Tomorrow, 189–97; The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893: A Photographic Record, with text by Stanley Appelbaum (New York: Dover, 1980).
12. Sonne, Representing the State, 50–88 (the National Geographic quotations are on 60, 59, and 57).
13. Ibid., 65.
14. Brunner quoted in ibid., 69; B. M. Iofan, “Materialy o sovremennoi arkhitekture SShA i Italii,” Akademiia arkhitektury 4 (1936): 27. I am grateful to Katherine Zubovich for bringing this article to my attention. Cf. Mark Gelernter, A History of American Architecture: Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1999), 247–48.
15. A. V. Bunin and M. G. Kruglova, Arkhitekturnaia kompozitsiia gorodov (Moscow: Akademiia arkhitektury SSSR, Kabinet gradostroitel’stva, 1940), 48–50; General’nyi plan, 6; RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 184, l. 124.
16. For Moscow in time and space, see Karl Schlögel, Moscow, 1937 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012).
17. Olga Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (Moscow: AST, 2012), RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under April 13, 1934); R. Amundsen, Sobranie sochinenii (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Glavsevmorputi).
18. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei 1934: Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1934), 677.
19. M. Gor’kii and M. Kol’tsov, eds., Den’ mira (Moscow: Zhurgaz, 1937), introductory material (no pagination).
20. Mikhail Kol’tsov, kakim on byl: Sbornik vospominanii (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1989), 283–84, 391–92 (the quotation is from 283).
21. Gor’kii and Kol’tsov, eds., Den’ mira, 506, 508, 510, 511, 517, 540, 584.
22. André Gide, Return from the USSR (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937), 30, 5–7.
23. Lion Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937: My Visit Described for My Friends (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), 54–55; Michael David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 207–311; Boris Frezinskii, Pisateli i sovetskie vozhdi: Izbrannye siuzhety 1919–1960 gg. (Moscow: Ellis Lak, 2008), 421–34; Schlögel, Moscow, 1937, 81–94.
24. A. S. Serafimovich, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow: GIKhL, 1960), 7:586.
25. A. M. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: APN, 1989), 248–50.
26. Ibid., 256–57.
27. Iu. G. Fel’shtinskii, Razgovory s Bukharinym (New York: Teleks, 1993), 19–35, 61–109; Vadim Rogovin, 1937, http://trst.narod.ru/rogovin/t4/xiv.htm.
28. I. V. Stalin, “O zadachakh khoziaistvennikov,” in Sochineniia, vol. 13, Marxists Internet Archive Library, https://www.marxists.org/russkij/stalin/t13/t13_06.htm; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 244; Kira Allilueva, Plemiannitsa Stalina (Moscow: Vagrius, 2006), 137.
29. Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy, RoyalLib.com, http://royallib.com/book/aroseva_olga/progivshaya_dvagdi.html (under November 7, 1932; October 13, 1934; July 17, 1935); RGASPI, f. 559, op. 1, d. 142, ll. 8, 13, 29–30; Aroseva, Prozhivshaia dvazhdy (under November 2, 1932).
30. Ibid. (under June 19, 1935).
31. Ibid. (under November 7, 1932; November 25, 1935; July 17, 1935; December 7, 1935; December 3, 1935; December 4, 1935; December 5, 1935).
32. Ibid. (under November 25, 1935; December 16, 1934; October 4, 1935; July 21, 1936; November 2, 1932; July 17, 1935).
33. ARAN, f. 528, op. 4, d. 1, no pagination, letters dated February 10, 1914, and simply “1914.”
34. Ibid., November 2, 1931, and April 30, 1936.
35. Katerina Clark, Moscow, the Fourth Rome: Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931–1941 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 156, 179–80; David Pike, German Writers in Soviet Exile, 1933–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 51–57; David-Fox, Showcasing the Soviet Experiment, 252–59; Eva Oberloskamp, Fremde neue Welten: Reisen deutscher und französischer Linksintellektueller in die Sowjetunion 1917–1939 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2011); Jean-François Fayet, Karl Radek (1885–1939) (Bern: Peter Lang, 2004), 661–90; Warren Lerner, Karl Radek: The Last Internationalist (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1970), 156–65; Karl Radek, Podgotovka bor’by za novyi peredel mira (Moscow: Partiinoe izdatel’stvo, 1934), 39–76; Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s’’ezd, 313; Gustav Regler, The Owl of Minerva (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959), 211–13.
36. Müller, Reinhard Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion’—Maria Osten (1908–1942),” Exil: Forschung, Erkenntnisse, Ergebnisse 27, no. 1 (2007): 73–95 (quotation is from 78); Ursula El-Akramy, Transit Moskau: Margarete Steffin und Maria Osten (Hamburg: Europäische Verlangsanstalt, 1998), 131, 202–10; Viktor Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova (Moscow: Vagrius, 2002), 91–92, 99.
37. Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 73–79; El-Akramy, Transit Moskau, 79–97; Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova, 95, 99, 173, 176–84; Boris Efimov, Desiat’ desiatiletii (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 180–209.
38. Maria Osten, Gubert v strane chudes (Moscow: Zhurgaz, 1935), 43.
39. Ibid., 52, 58, 90.
40. Ibid., 75.
41. Ibid., 93–115, 147–61, 176–77; Klaus’s diary quoted in
Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 80.
42. Schwartzenbach quoted in Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 80.
43. Fradkin, Delo Kol’tsova, 95–96; 176, 183; Müller, “Exil im ‘Wunderland Sowjetunion,’” 79; El-Akramy, Transit Moskau, 136–39.
44. Mikhail Kol’tsov, Ispanskii dnevnik (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1957), 41–42, 189.
45. Ibid., 124–25; Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls (New York: Scribner, 1940), https://books.google.ru/books?id=TdVQAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hemingway+For+Whom+the+Bell+Tolls&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSteOMwofRAhWHjSwKHRnNA6cQ6AEIHzAA#v=onepage&q=Hemingway%20For%20Whom%20the%20Bell%20Tolls&f=false.
46. Kol’tsov, Ispanskii dnevnik, 193, 234, 323.
47. Ibid., 197, 161, 234. “The Mysteries of the Madrid Court” is a common Russian version of the title of Eugene Scribe’s play, Les contes de la reine de Navarre.
48. Ibid., 100–101.
49. Ibid., 113–14.
50. Ibid., 406–11.
19. THE PETTINESS OF EXISTENCE
1. AMDNN, “Poloz” file, “Verkhneural’skii izoliator,” VU-16 (June 24, 1933); n.p. (February 6, 1934, December 24, 1934); Obolensksia, Iz vospominanii, “Samizdat,” http://samlib.ru/o/obolenskaja_s_w/01.shtml; S. V. Obolenskaia (Osinskaia), interview with author, March 26, 1998; T. I. Smilga, interview with author, January 19, 1998; G. A. Voronskaia, “Esli v serdtse posylaiut puliu,” Istoricheskii arkhiv 1 (1997): 90; S. A. Butenko, interview with author, September 24, 1998; I. A. Gaister, interview with author, September 30, 1997; G. B. Ivanova, interview with author, March 13, 1998; N. P. Kerzhentseva, interview with author, January 12, 1998; V. V. Kuibyshev, interview with author, February 18, 1998; Samuil Moroz, “Chlen kollegii VChK,” 6, manuscript in AMDNN, “Moroz” file; I. R. Muklevich, interview with author, November 7, 1997; E. B. Levina, interview with author, September 27, 1998; N. A. Perli-Rykova, interview with author, February 12, 1998; RGASPI, f. 559 (Adoratsky), op. 1, d. 132, ll. 39, 45; K. P. Politkovskaia (Allilueva), interview with author, April 1, 1998; N. A. Iur’eva, interview with author, August 21, 1998; T. M. Rybakova (Belen’kaia), interview with author, October 1, 1997; S. A. Khalatova, interview with author, September 6, 1998; Z. A. Khatskevich, interview with author, September 4, 1998; M. P. Korshunov, interview with author, November 11, 1997; E. I. Gruzinova (Kraval’), interview with author, January 16, 1998; M. A. Lozovskaia, interview with author, March 4, 1998; M. V. Mikhailova, interview with author, December 3, 1997; V. D. Shvarts, interview with author, December 10, 1998; V. B. Volina, interview with author, September 18, 1997.
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