Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory

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Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory Page 39

by Lisa Jardine


  Mierevelt, Michiel van, 88, 126

  Minuit, Paul, 321–3

  Mitjens, Daniël, 132

  Moer, Elizabeth van der, 122

  Mollet, André, 222–4, 237, 259; The Garden of Pleasure, 21–2, 223, 223

  Moluccas, 241

  Molyneux, Thomas, 309

  Monconys, Balthasar de, 202

  Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of: birth, 77

  Montias, John Michael, 120

  Moray, Sir Robert: and Burnet, 43; as President of Royal Society, 202; in Low Countries, 268–9; and Christiaan Huygens’ watch and clock mechanism, 269–72, 274–5, 277–80, 282, 284, 289, 301; serves Charles II, 272; as founder member of Royal Society, 273; friendship and correspondence with Christiaan Huygens, 274, 277, 300, 306, 308; and Huygens’ questioning of Holmes’s report, 285–6; recommends Hooke’s Micrographia to Christiaan Huygens, 293, 298; on Hooke’s lens-grinding, 298, 300, 306; in Hooke-Auzout controversy, 304, 308; with Royal Society in Oxford, 305; letter from Winthrop on astronomy, 317

  Mordaunt, Charles, 50

  Morgan, Anna (later Lady Strickland), 160–2

  Morgan, Sir Charles, 160

  Morgan, Sir Lewis, 160

  Morley, George, Bishop of Worcester, 176

  Morrice, William, 281–2

  Münster, Treaty of (1648), 175

  Mytens, Daniel, 108–9

  N

  Nantes, Edict of: Revocation (1685), 31, 41

  Nassau-Dietz, Willem Frederik van, Stadholder of Friesland, 172

  Nassau-Siegen, Johan Maurits van, 138, 157, 252–3, 333

  Nassau-Zuijlenstein, Frederick van, 28, 170

  Nassau-Zuijlenstein, Mary van (née Killigrew), 170

  Neile, Sir Paul, 202

  Netscher, Gaspar: portrait of Susanna Huygens, 244

  New Amsterdam (later New York), 322, 323, 324–5, 326, 331–3

  New Netherland (North America): settled by Dutch, 320–1, 323–6; appropriated by British, 326, 329, 331–2, 341, 346

  New Netherland Company, 321

  Newcastle, Duchess of see Cavendish, Margaret

  Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 175, 195–8, 199, 200, 203, 208–9; Méthode et invention de dresser les chevaux, 197

  Newton, Sir Isaac: political activities, 310–11, 311, 313; preferment at Cambridge, 311–12; relations with Christiaan Huygens, 312–13; at Royal Society meetings, 313–14; as Master of Royal Mint, 313; Principia, 309–10, 313

  Nicholas, Sir Edward, 134, 190

  Nicolls, Richard, 329–31

  Nijmegen, Treaty of (1678), 38

  North-East Passage, 321

  North-West Passage, 321

  Nys (or Nice), Daniel, 100–1

  O

  Ogle, Utricia see Swann, Utricia, Lady

  Oldenburg, Henry, 202, 265–6, 268, 274, 282, 289, 297–9, 301–7

  Oosterwyck, Severijn, 276, 278

  Orange, House of: and English succession, 54, 56, 66–7; control of Netherlands, 64; marriage negotiations with Stuarts, 73–8; art interests and collecting, 113, 125

  Orange (southern France), 63, 315

  Orléans, Philippe, Duke of, 78

  Orléans, Princess Henriette, Duchess of, 78, 132

  Orlers, Jan, 129

  Orphan Chamber auctions, Amsterdam, 122

  Overbury, Sir Thomas, 101

  Oxford, 32

  P

  Palmer, Sir Geoffrey., 282

  Pegge, Catherine, 77

  Pembroke, Anne, Countess of (née Clifford), 218, 220–1

  Pembroke, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of, 218–19, 220–1

  Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of, 47–8

  Pepys, Samuel, 135, 145, 147, 173, 285–7, 287, 289, 327, 346

  Petty, Sir William, 302, 305

  Philip I V, King of Spain, 67, 117

  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 265, 283, 297, 303–5, 307–8

  plants (botanical), 247–50, 252

  Plein, Het, 157

  Poelenburg, Cornelis van, 126

  Porter, Endymion, 195

  Portland, 1st Earl of see Bentinck, Hans Willem

  Portugal: expels Dutch traders from Recife, 323

  Post, Pieter, 157, 209, 211, 245

  Poulle, Magdalena, 246, 249–50, 252

  Povey, Samuel, 145

  Prince Rupert’s drops, 200–3

  Q

  Quellinus, Erasmus, 140

  R

  Ravestijn, Anton van, 132

  Ravestijn, Maria van (wife of Adriaen Hanneman), 132

  Recife: garden, 252–3

  Rembrandt van Rijn, 126–8, 137–8, 143; Judas Returning the Pieces of Silver (painting), 127

  Rensselaer, Jeremias van, 333

  Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, 323–4, 328

  Rensselaerswijck (Fort Orange), 323–5, 328

  Reynst, Anna, 140

  Reynst, Gerrit and Jan, 140

  Rhenen (castle), Netherlands, 88

  Rhijne, Willem ten, 343–5, 344

  Rijswijk, 85, 140

  Robinson, Sir John, 286

  Rodrigues, Leonor (Duarte), 177

  Roe, Sir Thomas, 167

  Roemers Visscher, Anna, 149; engraved glasses, 150–1

  Rotterdam: art in, 120–1

  Rowlett, Thomas, 218

  Royal African Company, 327

  Royal Exchange, London, 205

  Royal Society: Burnet elected a Fellow, 43; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 202; Christiaan Huygens requests copy of Evelyn’s Sylva from, 227; activities, 264–5; founded, 273; timekeeping and longitude experiments, 273–4, 279–83, 288, 289–90; and Robert Holmes, 286; reorganisation after William’s arrival in England, 292; and Hooke’s Micrographia, 297–9; and Hooke’s lens-making machine, 300; Hooke appointed Curator of Experiments, 301, 313; evacuated from London in plague (1665), 302, 305; elects Christiaan Huygens to overseas membership, 309, 316; Christiaan Huygens attends, 310, 313; receives and translates Busschoff’s book, 343; examines Chinese medical practices, 344–5; see also Philosophical Transactions

  Rubens, Sir Pieter Paul: Amalia von Solms acquires painting, 83; Carleton’s statues offered to, 102–7; house, 103–4, 195; family, 106; sells works in England, 106–7, 131; Carleton buys paintings from, 108–9; sells Carleton sculptures, 109; wife’s death, 109; self-portrait, 111; replaces studio paintings for Carleton, 123; Sir Constantijn Huygens praises, 126; van Dyck works for, 130; influence, 193; Sir Constantijn Huygens negotiates with for Frederik Hendrik and Amalia, 207; Huygens sends engravings of The Hague house to, 208; Alexander Crowning Roxane (painting), 83, 84, 110; Head of Medusa (painting), 124–5, 126

  Rubenshuis, Antwerp, 103–4, 104, 193, 195, 196, 197–8, 200, 203, 207

  Rupert, Prince, Count Palatine of Rhine, 203, 285

  Russell, Nicasius, 132

  Russell, William, Lord, 43

  Ruysch, Frederik, 265

  Ruysch, Rachel: still-life of flowers, 251

  Rye House Plot (1683), 43

  S

  Saenredam, Pieter, The Large Organ and Nave of the St Bavokerk, Haarlem, from the Choir (painting), 140, 142, 143

  St Andreas, the Gambia, 327

  St James’s Palace, London: gardens, 22–3, 224, 259; guarded by Dutch troops, 23

  St James’s Park, London, 22, 24–5

  St Kitts, 261

  Salisbury cathedral, 50

  Sanderson, William, 136

  Saturn (planet), 316–17

  Schama, Simon, 213

  Schurman, Anna Maria van, 149

  science: in United Provinces and England, 264–6, 291; see also Royal Society

  Sehested, Hannibal, 198

  Shannon, Elizabeth, Viscountess (née Killigrew), 77, 168–72

  Shannon, Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount, 169–72

  Siebrechts, Jan, 123

  Skelton, Bevil, 37

  slave trade: African, 327

  Sloane, Sir Hans, 315

  Solms, Princess Amalia von: marriage to Frederik Hendr
ik, 67, 68, 212; tours Netherlands with Princess Mary, 72; and proposed marriage of Charles II, 76; court life and culture, 82–5, 90, 110, 118; art interests and collection, 83, 129, 132; status, 118; Dieussart models statues for, 138; art collection dispersed on death, 147; supports Charles II in United Provinces, 162; and Duarte, 178; and Anne de la Barre, 186–7; and Ballet de la Carmesse, 190; and building works, 209; and garden design, 223

  Solms, Heinrich Maastricht, Count of, 20–1

  Solomon, Temple of: Leon’s model, 356

  Somerset, Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of, 312

  Somerset, Frances, Countess of, 101

  Somerset House, London, 116–17

  Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, 100–1, 129

  Sommelsdijck, Cornelis van Aerssen, Heer van, 271

  Sommelsdijck, François van Aerssen, Heer van, 67–9, 212, 228

  Sorgvliet, 50, 239, 241, 250, 256

  Southwell, Sir Robert, 315

  Soutman, Pieter, 90

  Spa, Netherlands, 161–2, 175

  Spain: Charles I’s relations with, 67, 69; defeats Elector Frederick, 86–7

  Sprat, Thomas, 81, 319–20

  Stafford, Sir Thomas, 173

  Stanhope, Alexander, 145

  Stanhope, Katherine Wotton, Lady, 163

  States General (Dutch): sanctions and finances invasion of England, 5; Stadholder lacks authority in, 70; Maurits controls, 97; prohibits Princess Mary from offering sanctuary to brothers, 112, 175, 188; bans House of Orange from Stadholdership, 118

  Stent, Peter, 219

  Stone family, 206

  Stone, Henry, 206

  Stone, Nicholas, 205–6

  Strasbourg: Louis XIV captures, 63

  Strickland, Sir Walter, 161

  Stuart family: and English succession, 54–5; marriage negotiations with House of Orange, 73–8; court, 82; art interests and collecting, 113, 125; portraits, 116; see also individual members

  Stuyvesant, Peter (Petrus), 324–5, 330–1, 346

  Suasso, Francisco Lopes see Lopes Suasso, Francisco

  Surinam, 241

  Swammerdam, Jan, 264–5

  Swann, Utricia, Lady (née Ogle), 149, 163–4, 166, 178, 197, 200, 217

  Swann, Sir William, 163, 166

  Sweerts, Catherina, 152

  T

  telescopes, 316–18

  Temple, Sir William, 217, 227–8, 335–6, 341

  Terbrugghen, Hendrik, 126

  Terschelling island, 285

  Tessers, Hendrik, 123

  Thulden, Theodoor van, 90

  Thuret, Isaac, 266

  timekeeping see clocks and watches

  Titian: Pardo Venus (painting), 114, 116; Venus with Organ Player (painting), 116

  Torbay: Dutch fleet arrives in, 10, 12–13, 15; William in, 28

  Torrington, Earl of see Herbert, Admiral Arthur

  Tromp, Admiral Cornelis Maartenzoon, 162

  tulips, 257, 258, 259–60

  U

  United Provinces (Dutch Republic): prepares invasion of England, 4–5, 8, 36–7; trade war with France, 33, 39–40, 42; French threat to, 37, 41, 62–3, 353; strategic reasons for invasion, 37–41; financing of William’s invasion, 52; Protestantism, 55–6; Henrietta Maria and Princess Mary in, 72–3; admired in England, 81; courtly life and culture, 82, 85–6, 88, 90–1; art and artists, 89–90, 113–14, 118, 120–39, 142; relations with England, 112, 116, 159, 172, 205–7, 264, 319, 349–50, 357–8; Stadholdership banned to House of Orange, 118; gifts to Charles II on Restoration, 139–40, 142, 143, 144–5; marriages with English partners, 159–60; exchange of craftsmen and artists with England, 205–6; gardens and garden design, 218, 222–6, 225, 228, 231–6, 234, 236, 239, 241–2, 244–50, 252–3; land reclamation and drainage expertise, 231–3, 235–9; economic prosperity, 239; luxury goods and extravagance, 259–60; campaign against France, 263–4; scientific and medical enterprise, 264–5; overseas competition with England, 319, 326–7, 329–30, 332–3, 340; colonial settlements, 320; national character, 320; financial and banking practices, 338–41, 345, 347; proposes political union with England, 349; economic decline, 357; see also Anglo-Dutch wars; States-General; William III (of Orange), King

  Uylenburgh, Gerrit van, 137, 140

  Uytenbroek, Moses van, 126

  V

  Velde, Esaias van de, 126

  Vermeer, Jan, 144; Young Lady Playing the Clavecin, 121

  Vermuyden, Cornelius, 237–8

  Vermuyden, Cornelius, jr, 237

  Versailles: garden, 242, 245–6

  Visscher, Maria Tesselschade, 149

  Vrijburg Palace, Recife, 253–6

  W

  Waller, Richard, 280–2, 314–15

  Wallis, John, 289, 315

  Walter, Lucy, 77

  Webb, Colonel William, 114, 116

  Weede, Everard van see Dijkvelt, Everard van Weede van

  Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire, 210

  West Indies: African slaves in, 327

  Westerschelling, 285

  Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 88

  White, John, 31

  White Mountain, battle of the (1620), 87, 229

  Whitehall: guarded by Dutch troops, 23

  Whitehall Palace: Banqueting Hall decoration and paintings, 135, 140

  Wicquefort, Joachim of (Joachim Factor), 180, 182

  Wildens, Jan, 126

  Wilhem, Constantia de (née Huygens), 152, 154, 211

  Wilhem, David de, 211

  Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester, 273, 280, 282, 302, 305

  Willem Frederik, Stadholder see Nassau-Dietz, Willem Frederik van, Stadholder of Friesland

  William II, Prince of Orange: marriage, 67, 85, 111; court, 81, 85–6; death, 113, 119, 139, 185–6, 191

  William III (of Orange), King of England, Scotland and Ireland: invasion of England (1688), 1, 2–3, 4–7, 10–11, 26, 42, 47, 79, 292; strength of forces, 8–9; progress to and arrival in London, 15–16, 18–21, 44–5, 47; gardening interests, 21, 23, 47–8, 51, 241, 248–9, 262; accepted as monarch, 26, 79, 349; propaganda campaign, 27–9, 31, 247; pictured, 28, 32, 133, 134; Declaration, 29–35, 42–3, 46, 64; proposes war with France, 39; sightseeing detours on way to London, 48–50, 262; presents Suasso with painting of orange tree, 51, 52; busts, 60, 65; marriage to Mary, 62, 66, 69–70, 71, 72, 163, 182, 239, 352; regime as Stadholder, 62, 263; and succession to English throne, 62–6, 79–80, 247; and French threat, 63; art interests and collection, 118, 147–8; Dieussart figures of, 138; and Dutch paintings in Royal Collection, 144–5; asthma, 148, 248; education, 170, 204; command of English, 171; and Duarte, 178; gives wedding jewel to Mary, 180–3, 182; birth, 191; at Hampton Court, 248–9; on Blathwayt’s dullness, 260; campaign against French, 263, 290; legitimacy to throne settled by Convention, 310; and Newton’s academic position at Cambridge, 311–12; attempts to recover money from Charles II, 350–2; and Dutch economic decline, 357; see also United Provinces

  William, Prince of Orange (the Silent), 33, 64, 205, 229; tomb and epitaph, 354–5

  Wilson, Elizabeth (wife of Daniël Mitjens), 132

  Wilton House, near Salisbury, gardens, 47–50, 48, 218–22, 262

  Windsor Beauties: painted, 135

  Windsor Castle: Constantijn Huygens jr inspects art in, 18; pictured, 19

  Winthrop, John, jr, 316–18, 330

  Witt, Cornelius and Johan de, 37, 62

  Witte, Emanuel de, 337

  Wolff, Pieter de, 250

  women: Sir Constantijn Huygens’ regard for, 149; status in United Provinces, 154–5; in Anglo-Dutch marriages, 159–60; and science, 202

  Wotton, Sir Henry, 98, 250

  Wouw, Cornelia van, 134

  Wren, Sir Christopher: certifies Fox’s expenditure, 17; in Royal Society, 273, 289; and Christiaan Huygens’ horological innovations, 289; Auzout wishes to meet, 298; in Paris during Hooke-Auzout controversy, 304–5; supports Stuarts, 308; on Chinese medicine, 344; letters from Sir Constantijn Huygens, 353–5; and pr
oposed inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire, 353–4; and Leon’s model of Temple of Solomon, 356–7

  Wren, Matthew, Bishop of Ely, 70

  Y

  York, Anne, Duchess of (née Hyde), 54, 64, 66, 135, 191

  Z

  Zuylestein, Frederick, Count van, 28

  Author’s Note: Names, Money and Dates

  You only have to try to buy a map of or a guidebook to the Netherlands to realise that the naming of territory in the Low Countries is fraught with difficulty. Strictly speaking, ‘Holland’ is only one of the seven provinces which have, since the end of the sixteenth century, made up the United Provinces or Dutch Republic. Most ordinary people, however, refer to that territory as ‘Holland’. In this book, which is intended for a general rather than a narrowly academic readership, I have used ‘Holland’, ‘Dutch Republic’ and ‘United Provinces’ interchangeably, and I hope that my readers will accept an occasional looseness or even vagueness about the country thus designated. I consistently refer to the people of that territory as ‘Dutch’. I have largely avoided calling the diverse and mingled community in Antwerp ‘Flemish’, because my protagonists there moved regularly between what today we know as Belgium and the northern Netherlands, which is the focus of my story. Academics will, I hope, forgive me for my occasional cartographic imprecision, in the interests of a clearly comprehensible story.

  Dutch and English currency conversion in the period:

  £9 sterling = one hundred Dutch guilders.

  One pond Vlaams = six guilders;

  one guilder (fl) = twenty stuivers;

  one stuiver = twelve penningen

  Two calendars were in use throughout the period this book covers. The Julian calendar was followed in England, and the revised Gregorian calendar was followed everywhere else in western Europe. The difference between them was ten days in the seventeenth century and eleven days in the eighteenth century (because England observed the year 1700 as a leap year, but the Continent of Europe did not). Thus 12 April in the Julian calendar (in England) would be 22 April in the Gregorian (in the Dutch Republic) before 1700, and 23 April after 1700.

  Throughout this book I have given dates in the form appropriate to the location, unless I state otherwise. Sometimes, where correspondence I follow crosses boundaries, the difference in dates becomes significant. In those cases I have specified in brackets following a date whether it is old style (Julian) or new (Gregorian).

 

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