King Charles II

by Fraser, Antonia

  Hortense Mancini, Duchesse de Mazarin, by Mignard.

  Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland, about the age of thirty, by Lely.

  Louise de Kéroüalle, Duchess of Portsmouth, described as ‘the most absolute of the King’s mistresses’; by Henri Gascar.

  ‘Don Carlo’ – Charles, Earl of Plymouth, the King’s son by Catharine Pegge, who died at Tangier in 1680; from the mezzotint by J. Savage.

  Charles, Duke of Richmond and Lennox, only child of Charles II by Louise, Duchess of Portsmouth, by Henri Gascar.

  Charlotte, Countess of Lichfield, Charles II’s favourite daughter and one of his five children by Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, by Lely.

  Isometric view of St Paul’s Cathedral, London.

  Henry Purcell, 1695, by or after Closterman.

  John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, c. 1665, after Huysmans.

  The Empress of Morocco by Elkanah Settle at the Dorset Garden Theatre, 1673.

  John Evelyn by Nanteuil, 1650.

  John Dryden, the Poet Laureate, by Keneller, 1693.

  Charles II in 1684 (the last year of his life) by Laroon; the portrait was commissioned by Christ’s Hospital and shows the King as Founder of the Royal Society.

  Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby.

  Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, after Lely; the wound on his nose, covered by a black plaster, was received in the Civil War.

  Thomas, 1st Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, after Lely.

  George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, painted in about 1675, when he was forty-seven, by Lely.

  John Maitland, Earl and later Duke of Lauderdale, with his formidable Duchess, Bess, Countess of Dysart in her own right, by Lely.

  James Butler, Marquess and later Duke of Ormonde, c. 1665, after Lely.

  Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, c. 1672, after J. Greenhill.

  Medallion commemorating Shaftesbury’s acquittal in 1681, by George Bower. The reverse depicts a view of London with the Latin motto Laetamur – Let us rejoice.

  Broadsheet concerning the Rye House Plot against Charles II and the Duke of York in 1683.

  James, Duke of Monmouth, c. 1683, after Wissing.

  Charles II’s declaration, in his own handwriting, later printed in the London Gazette, contradicting the rumour that he had been married to Monmouth’s mother.

  Dutch medal celebrating the marriage of William of Orange and Mary, daughter of the Duke of York, November 1677.

  Mary of Modena, second wife of James, Duke of York, c. 1685, by Wissing.

  Louis XIV, 1680.

  The effigy of Charles II in his Garter robes, made immediately after his death, still to be seen in the Crypt of Westminster Abbey.

  Index

  In this index C = Charles II

  Aachen, (i), (ii)

  Abbot’s Leigh (Glos), (i), (ii)

  Aberdeen, (i), (ii)

  Aboyne, Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of, (i)

  Absalom and Achitophel (Dryden), (i)

  Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England (Marvell), (i)

  Action Party, (i), (ii)

  Adriaen, Pauw, (i)

  Adventurers, (i)

  ‘Advice to the City’ (D’Urfey), (i)

  ‘Affairs of State’ (satire), (i)

  Ailesbury, Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of, (i)

  Ailesbury, 2nd Earl of, see Bruce, Thomas

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of (1668), (i), (ii)

  Alexander VII, Pope, (i); C’s negotiations with, (ii)

  Alfonso VI of Portugal, (i), (ii)

  All for Love (Dryden), (i)

  Allin, Captain Thomas, (i)

  Althorp conference (1680), (i)

  Amalia von Solms, Dowager Princess of Orange, (i); and guardianship of William III, (ii), (iii); and C’s romance with daughter, (iv), (v), (vi)

  Amelia Elizabeth, Princess Regent of Hesse Cassel, (i)

  Amsterdam, (i), (ii)

  Anatomy of an Horse (Snape), (i)

  Anne of Austria, (i), (ii); as regent for Louis XIV, (iii); relationship with Mazarin, (iv), (v)

  Anne of Denmark (queen of James I): religious faith, (i), (ii); marriage, (iii); appearance, (iv)

  Anne, Princess (later Queen), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); as possible successor to C, (v), (vi); marriage to Prince George of Denmark, (vii)

  Anne, Princess (infant daughter of Charles I), (i), (ii)

  Annesley, Edward, (i)n

  Annesley, James, quoted, (i)

  Annus Mirabilis (Dryden), (i)

  Anti-Plague Laws (1646), (i)

  Antwerp, (i); C at, (ii)

  Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Marquess of, (i), (ii), (iii); coronation of C at Scone, (iv); ambition for C to marry daughter, (v), (vi); diminishing influence, (vii), (viii); execution, (ix), (x)

  Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of, (i)

  Arlington, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); as Secretary of State, (xi), (xii), (xiii); growing intimacy with C, (xiv); on C’s enthusiasm for yachting, (xv); pro-Dutch sympathies, (xvi), (xvii), (xviii); intrigue against Clarendon, (xix), (xx); approves Triple Alliance, (xxi); and Treaty of Dover, (xxii), (xxiii); and Declaration of Indulgence, (xxiv); and Dutch War, (xxv), (xxvi); suspected Catholicism, (xxvii); increasing hostility to James, (xxviii); death, (xxix)

  Arundel, Lord, (i)

  Arundell of Wardour, Henry, 3rd Baron, accused in Popish Plot, (i)

  Arwaker, Edmund, quoted, (i)

  Ashley, Lord (formerly Anthony Ashley Cooper, later Earl of Shaftesbury, qq.v.): in Cabal, (i); and Treaty of Dover, (ii), (iii); approves of Declaration of Indulgence, (iv), (v); Clarendon on, (vi)

  Ashmole, Elias, (i)

  Atkins, Sir Edward, (i)

  Atkins, Robert, (i)

  Aubigny, Charles Stuart, 10th Seigneur of, (i)

  Audley End, (i)

  Austen, Jane, quoted, (i)

  Babington Plot, (i)n

  Backwell, Edward, (i), (ii)

  Balfour, Sir James, (i), (ii)

  Bampfylde, Colonel Joseph, (i)

  Banister, John, (i)

  Bank of England, (i)

  Barnstaple, (i)

  Barrillon, Paul, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); and C’s last days, (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)n

  Bath, Sir John Grenville, Earl of, (i), (ii)

  Batten, Sir William, (i), (ii)

  Baxter, Richard, (i)

  Baypole, John, (i)

  Beauchamp, Lord, (i)

  Beaufort, Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of, (i), (ii)

  Bedford, Francis Russell, 4th Earl of, (i) Bedloe, ‘Captain’ William, (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Behn, Aphra, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); quoted, (v)

  Belasyse, John, Baron, (i); accused in Popish Plot, (ii)

  Belasyse, Susan, Lady, (i)

  Bell, W. G., (i)n

  Bellings, Richard, (i)

  Bennet, Henry, see Arlington, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of

  Bentinck, William (later 1st Earl of Portland), (i)

  Bentley Hall (Staffs), (i)

  Bergen, (i), (ii)

  Berkeley, Sir Charles, (i)

  Berkeley, Sir John (later Baron), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Berkenhead, Isaac, (i)

  Berkenhead, Sir John, (i)

  Berkshire, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of: as C’s governor, (i); accompanies C to Scilly Isles, (ii)

  Berkshire, Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of, (i)

  Berwick, (i)

  Bezan (yacht), (i)

  Bishops’ War, First, (i)

  Bishops’ War, Second, (i)

  Blague, Colonel, (i)

  Blount, Thomas, (i), (ii)

  Blow, John, (i)

  Boddington, George, (i)

  Boleyn, Anne, (i)

  Bombay: in Catharine’s dowry, (i); handed over to East India Company, (ii)

  Booth, Sir George, (i)

  Bordeaux, Antoine de, (i)


  Borkum, (i)

  Boscobel, (i), (ii); C’s hiding place, (iii); Royal Oak, (iv)

  Boscobel (Blount), (i)

  Bossuet, Abbé, (i)

  Boswell, Sir William, (i)

  Bradshaw, John, (i)

  Bramber, C’s last night in England at (1651), (i)

  Breda: C at, (i), (ii); his meeting with Covenanters at, (iii)

  Breda, Declaration of (1660), (i); and religious toleration, (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Breda, Peace of (1667), (i), (ii)

  Brewood Forest, (i), (ii)

  Bridewell, (i)

  Bridgwater, (i), (ii)

  Bridport, (i)

  Brief Account of His Majestie’s Escape from Worcester, A (Huddleston), (i)n

  Briefe Relation, A, (i)

  Brighthelmstone (Brighton), (i)

  Bristol, 2nd Earl of (formerly George Digby, q.v.), (i), (ii); his Catholicism, (iii), (iv); command of regiment, (v); report on Princesses of Parma, (vi)

  Bristol, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Broadwindsor, (i)

  Brodie, Alexander, (i)

  Bruce, Thomas, Lord (later 2nd Earl of Ailesbury), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); and C’s last days, (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)

  Bruges: C at (1656–8), (i); King’s Regiment of Guards founded in, (ii)

  Brussels: C in (1656), (i), (ii), (1660), (iii)

  Buccleuch, dukedom of, (i)

  Buckhurst, Charles Sackville, Lord (later Earl of Dorset): among ‘the Wits’, (i), (ii); early lover of Nell Gwynn, (iii); quoted, (iv), (v)

  Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Buckingham, Katherine Manners, Duchess of, (i)

  Buckingham, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); as C’s childhood companion, (vii), (viii); in exile with C, (ix), (x); courtships, (xi); dispute over army command, (xii), (xiii)n; after Worcester, (xiv), (xv); return to England and marriage, (xvi); supports Restoration, (xvii); and Royal Society, (xviii); and Irish Cattle Bill, (xix); favours Dutch War, (xx); intrigue against Clarendon, (xxi), (xxii); in Cabal, (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii); engineers C’s estrangement from James, (xxviii); advocates divorce or kidnapping of Catharine, (xxix), (xxx); continues intrigues, (xxxi), (xxxii); pro-French, (xxxiii), (xxxiv); and Treaty of Dover, (xxxv), (xxxvi); debauchery, (xxxvii); among ‘the Wits’, (xxxviii), (xxxix); and Dutch War, (xl); alliance with Louise de Kéroüalle, (xli); dismissed, (xlii); ‘Country’ opposition, (xliii), (xliv); seeks dissolution of Parliament, (xlv); imprisoned in Tower, (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii); release, (xlix); further intrigues, (l); comparison of Shaftesbury to Will-o’ the-Wisp, (li); on Monmouth, (lii); death, (liii)

  Buckingham, Mary Fairfax, Duchess of, (i), (ii)

  Bulstrode, Sir Richard, (i)

  Burford, Charles Beauclerk, Earl of (later Duke of St Albans), (i); C’s concern for, (ii), (iii)

  Burford (Oxon), (i), (ii)

  Burnet, Bishop, (i), (ii)n, (iii), (iv), (v); on C’s ‘excessive’ civility, (vi); on Montrose, (vii); on C’s alleged conversion to Catholicism, (viii); on Arlington, (ix); criticism of C’s naval expertise, (x);on C’s religious faith, (xi); on Danby’s imprisonment, (xii); on Exclusion, (xiii), (xiv); on ‘indecent courting and magnifying’ of James, (xv); on withering of Protestant succession, (xvi); also cited and quoted, (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii)

  Burntisland, (i), (ii)

  Butler, Samuel, (i)

  Byron, John, 1st Baron, (i)

  Byron, Eleanor Needham, Lady, (i)

  Cabal, (i), (ii); and Treaty of Dover, (iii), (iv); disintegration, (v)

  Calais, (i)

  Calisto (masque), (i)

  Cambridge, Dukes of (infant sons of James II), (i), (ii)

  Cambridge, (i), (ii)

  Cambridge University, (i)

  Cameron, Richard, (i)

  Campbell, Lady Anne, projected marriage to C, (i), (ii)

  Canterbury, (i), (ii)

  Capel, Sir Arthur Capel, 1st Baron: in C’s Council of Advisers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); execution, (v), (vi)

  Caracciolo, Battistello, (i)

  Carisbrooke Castle: Charles I in custody at, (i), (ii), (iii); Princess Elizabeth’s death at, (iv)

  Carissimi, Giacomo, (i)

  Carlingford, 1st Earl (formerly Theobald Taaffe, q.v.), (i), (ii)

  Carlisle, (i)

  Carlos II of Spain, (i)

  Carlos (Carlis), Major William, at Boscobel with C, (i), (ii)

  Carlyle, Thomas, denunciation of Restoration settlement, (i)

  Carteret, Charlotte, (i)n

  Carteret, Sir George, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Carteret, Marguerite, C’s love affair with, (i)

  Carver (mate of Surprise), (i)

  Cassilis, John Kennedy, 6th Earl of, (i)

  Castelmelhor, Count of, (i)

  Castlemaine, Countess of, see Villiers, Barbara

  Catharine (yacht), (i)

  Catharine of Braganza, Queen, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); choice of as C’s bride, (viii); marriage negotiations, (ix); dowry, (x), (xi); arrival in England, (xii); her Catholicism, (xiii), (xiv), (xv); wedding, (xvi), (xvii); character, (xviii), (xix), (xx); appearance, (xxi); and ‘Bedchamber Crisis’, (xxii), (xxiii); severe illness, (xxiv); ‘barrenness’, (xxv), (xxvi); gynaecological history, (xxvii); possibility of divorce, (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii); fishing, (xxxiii); visit to fair, (xxxiv); visit to Nore, (xxxv); as Britannia, (xxxvi); rural pursuits at Windsor, (xxxvii); musical tastes, (xxxviii); C’s increased esteem for, (xxxix), (xl); accused in Popish Plot, (xli); C’s championship of, (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv); at Oxford Parliament, (xlvi); popularity, (xlvii); economies, (xlviii); and C’s last days, (xlix), (l), (li); and his reception of Catholic priest, (lii); widowhood, (liii), (liv)

  Cavalier Soldier’s Vade-Mecum, (i), (ii)

  Chacon, Augustin, Colonel, (i), (ii)

  Chandaman, Dr C. D., (i)

  Character of King Charles II (Halifax), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Character of a Trimmer (Halifax), (i), (ii)

  Charenton, (i)

  Charing Cross, Charles I’s statue at, (i)n, (ii)

  Charles I: and birth of C, (i), (ii), (iii); religious faith, (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); heredity, (xiii); appearance, (xiv), (xv), (xvi); high moral tone of Court, (xvii); challenges to his royal prerogative, (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi); inability to understand the Scots, (xxii), (xxiii); and appointments to C’s household, (xxiv); takes C more into own company, (xxv), (xxvi); betrayal of Strafford, (xxvii); departure from London and preparations for war, (xxviii); declaration of war, (xxix); his Oxford Parliament, (xxx), (xxxi); sends C away from Oxford, (xxxii), (xxxiii); secret negotiations with Irish, (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi); and choice of C’s country of refuge, (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix); urges religious constancy on C, (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii); leaves Oxford, (xliv), (xlv); quasi-captivity with Scots, (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii); nominal prisoner on Isle of Wight, (xlix), (l), (li), (lii); secret negotiations with Scots, (liii), (liv); and restoration of monarchy, (lv), (lvi); abortive negotiations with Parliament, (lvii); letters to C, (lviii), (lix); removal to Windsor, (lx); trial, (lxi), (lxii); last interview with children, (lxiii); insistence on true succession, (lxiv); last letter to C, (lxv), (lxvi); execution, (lxvii); Eikon Basilike, (lxviii); memorials to, (lxix); tomb, (lxx); artistic taste, (lxxi); C’s happy relations with, (lxxii)

  Charles II: birth, (i), (ii); mixed religious heritage, (iii); ancestry, (iv); baptism, (v); loving childhood, (vi); made Knight of Garter and Prince of Wales, (vii); first public appearance, (viii); his household, (ix); traumatic incidents of youth, (x); companionship of father, (xi), (xii); and effort to save Strafford, (xiii); Parliament’s concern over his education, (xiv); origins of devotion to father, (xv); and Civil War issues, (xvi); near capture at Edgehill, (xvii), (xviii); at other engagements, (x
ix); given own Council, (xx); nominal General of Western Association, (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii); seduction by former nurse, (xxiv); Council feuds, (xxv); retreat to Cornwall, (xxvi); question of refuge, (xxvii); in Scillies and Jersey, (xxviii); first recorded love affair, (xxix); leaves for France, (xxx); cool reception, (xxxi); dependence on mother, (xxxii); idleness and ‘gallantry’, (xxxiii); refusal to accept royal role in place of father, (xxxiv); attempt to join Scots, (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii); new relationship with brother, (xxxviii); in Holland, (xxxix); descent on Thames, (xl); promise to use Presbyterian form of service, (xli), (xlii); and naval unrest, (xliii), (xliv); return to Holland, (xlv); growing authority in family, (xlvi); attempt to rally forces, (xlvii); move to Breda, (xlviii); financial stringency, (xlix), (l); renewed Scots overtures, (li); attempt to save father, (lii); told of his execution, (liii); proclaimed King in Jersey and Scotland, (liv); cool reaction of European courts, (lv); return to Jersey, (lvi); negotiates with Scots, (lvii); takes Oath of Covenant, (lviii), (lix), (lx); in Scotland, (lxi); attempt to escape Covenanter ‘captors’, (lxii); coronation at Scone, (lxiii); growing reputation, (lxiv), (lxv); decision to march on England, (lxvi); crosses border, (lxvii); defeat at Worcester, (lxviii); escape and wanderings, (lxix), (lxx); and Catholic underground, (lxxi), (lxxii); dismisses entourage except Wilmot, (lxxiii); hides in Boscobel Oak, (lxxiv); embarks at Shoreham, (lxxv); return to France, (lxxvi); financial dependence on mother, (lxxvii), (lxxviii); declining stature, (lxxix), (lxxx), (lxxxi), (lxxxii); pension from France, (lxxxiii), (lxxxiv); departure from France, (lxxxv); in Spa, Aachen and Cologne, (lxxxvi); awaits recall to England, (lxxxvii), (lxxxviii), (lxxxix); and conspirator groups, (xc), (xci); poverty, (xcii), (xciii); seeks Spanish assistance, (xciv), (xcv); promises on English Catholicism, (xcvi); family division over religion, (xcvii), (xcviii); rumoured conversion in exile, (xcix); removal to Bruges, (c); alleged debauchery of Court, (ci); efforts as romantic lover, (cii), (ciii); raises troops, (civ); depths of depression, (cv); move to Antwerp, (cvi); learns of Cromwell’s death, (cvii); abortive schemes to return, (cviii); visit to Spain seeking Spanish and French support, (cix), (cx); rediscovers sister Henriette-Anne, (cxi); ‘lowest ebb’ of hopes, (cxii); negotiates with Monck and English Presbyterians, (cxiii); letter to Parliament, (cxiv), (cxv); his Declaration of Breda, (cxvi); accepts invitation to return as King, (cxvii), (cxviii); preparations and rejoicing at The Hague, (cxix); departure, (cxx)