Citizen of the World
Page 54
13. Joseph-Yvon Thériault, Critique de 1’américanité: Mémoire et démocratie au Québec (Montreal: Québec Amérique, 2005), 310–13; Trudeau to Hertel, Jan. 13, 1942, TP, vol. 49, file 19.
14. Breton in Nancy Southam, ed., Pierre (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2005), 35. Many discussions with Breton about Trudeau.
15. Trudeau, “Separatist Counter-Revolutionaries,” 206. See also Claude Julien, Le Canada: Dernière chance de 1’Europe (Paris: Grasset, 1965); and Jean LeMoyne, Convergences (Montreal: Éditions Hurtubise, 1961), 26–27.
16. A good account of the cultural renaissance is found in Linteau et al., Quebec since 1930, ch. 53. See also Michel Vastel, Trudeau: Le Québécois, 2nd ed. (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Homme, 2000), 123; and Guérin to Trudeau [Feb. 1965], TP, vol. 49, file 8.
17. On Trudeau and the CBC, see Eric Koch, Inside This Hour Has Seven Days (Toronto: Prentice-Hall, 1986), 45; and Carroll Guérin to Trudeau, Dec. 16, 1964, TP, vol. 49, file 8.
18. Malcolm Reid, The Shouting Signpainters: A Literary and Political Account of Quebec Revolutionary Nationalism (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1972), 59–60.
19. Cook, The Maple Leaf Forever, 41.
20. John Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1964 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), 46–49, includes the Paré quotation; and Globe and Mail, Oct. 14, 1964.
21. Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1964, 52–54; Le Devoir, Sept. 18–19, 1964; and John English, The Worldly Years: The Life of Lester Pearson, 1949–1972 (Toronto: Knopf, 1992), 218ff.
22. Smart, ed., Laurendeau, 73, 90. The polls are described in John Saywell, ed. The Canadian Annual Review for 1965 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966), 44. See also A Preliminary Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1965), 13.
23. Patricia Smart’s introduction discusses Laurendeau’s discovery of Trudeau’s authorship of the critical article. Trudeau admitted “partial paternity” to Laurendeau. Smart, ed., Laurendeau, 6–7, 154.
24. English, The Worldly Years, 300–4; Claude Morin, Le pouvoir québécois en négociation (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 1975), 137.
25. Pearson to Lower, Dec. 22, 1964, Pearson Papers, MG 26 N3, vol. 3, LAC.
26. Richard Gwyn, The Shape of Scandal: A Study of a Government in Crisis (Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1965), 244. In The Worldly Years, 278ff, I discuss the reaction of Pearson to these scandals.
27. Vadeboncoeur described how unionists realized that Marchand had lost his earlier élan and how “many militants” believed that “he had become too uncompromising in his actions and beliefs.” See the official site: www.csn.qc.ca/Connaitre/histoire/Vad/Vad2.html. Pelletier describes his firing in Years of Choice, 138–39; see also Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1965, 483.
28. For the best account of the negotiations, revealing the deep tensions among the Quebec Liberals, see the interviews conducted by Peter Stursberg in his Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity (Toronto: Doubleday, 1978), 255–60. See also Vastel, Trudeau, 129–32, which draws on interviews with Marchand conducted later by Pierre Godin.
29. Interview with Eddie Goldenberg, Sept. 2004.
30. Lamontagne in Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 258; Pelletier, Years of Choice, 176; Vastel, Trudeau, 130; Peter Newman, The Distemper of Our Times: Canadian Politics in Transition (1968; rev. ed. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990), 360, on Macnaughton’s “skill” as a Speaker; and George Radwanski, Trudeau (Toronto: Macmillan, 1978), 90. On Cohen, see Pearson to Cohen, Aug. 5, 1965, Pearson Papers, MG 26 N5, vol. 45; interview with Robin Russell, Macnaughton’s assistant, June 2001.
31. “Pelletier et Trudeau s’expliquent,” Cité libre, Oct. 1965, 3–5.
32. Ramsay Cook to Trudeau, Sept. 10, 1965 (thanks to Ramsay Cook for this letter); and Maurice Blain, “Les colombes et le pouvoir politique: Observations sur une hypothèse,” Cité libre, Dec. 1965, 7.
33. Election results from Pierre Normandin, ed., The Canadian Parliamentary Guide 1972 (Ottawa: Normandin, 1972), 382. Nichol quoted in Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 2 74; Blain, “Les colombes,” 8; Smart, ed., Laurendeau, 153; Pierre Vadeboncoeur, To be or not to be: That is the question (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Hexagone, 1980), 91–109; and interview with Bob Rae, July 2003.
34. Gobeil to Trudeau, Sept. 8, 1965, TP, MG 26 02, vol. 47, file 35, and Guérin to Trudeau, Oct. 25, 1965, vol. 49, file 8.
35. Ryan in Le Devoir, Dec. 18, 1965; and Marchand in Stursberg, Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 261.
36. Globe and Mail, Sept. 14, 1965. On Favreau’s motorcycle, see Pelletier, Years of Choice, 177.
37. Kenneth McNaught, “The National Outlook of English-speaking Canadians,” in Peter Russell, ed., Nationalism in Canada (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1966), 70.
38. Jean-Paul Desbiens (Frère Untel) is quoted in Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, 512.
39. Montreal Gazette, Oct. 23, 1965; and Blair Fraser, “The Three: Quebec’s New Face in Ottawa,” Maclean’s, Jan. 22, 1966, 16–17, 37–38.
40. Pierre Trudeau, Memoirs (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993), 78. See also the account in Stephen Clarkson and Christina McCall, Trudeau and Our Times, vol. 1: The Magnificent Obsession (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990), 93–94; Smart, ed., Laurendeau, 154; and Pearson as quoted in Radwanski, Trudeau, 91.
41. Globe and Mail, Nov. 9, 1965; English, The Worldly Years, 310–12; and Lester Pearson, “Election Analysis,” Dec. 10, 1965, Pearson Papers, MG 26 N5, vol. 45.
42. Interview between Pierre Trudeau and Ron Graham, April 29, 1992, TP, vol. 23, file 4.
43. Smart, ed., Laurendeau, 154.
44. Bruce Hutchison, “A Conversation with the Prime Minister,” Feb. 11, 1965, Hutchison Papers, University of Calgary Library; John Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1966 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967), 52–53; Le Devoir, March 29, 1966; and Toronto Daily Star, April 2, 1966.
45. On Spencer, see Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, 534–53; House of Commons, Debates, Feb. 25, 1965; Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1966, 9–11; and, especially, Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 291–94.
46. Diefenbaker had the materials in his papers. J.G. Dienbaker Papers, box II 008386–92, Diefenbaker Centre, Saskatoon. Pearson’s account is in an interview with Bruce Hutchison, Feb. 11, 1965, Hutchison Papers.
47. House of Commons, Debates, March 2–4, 1966; and Newman, Distemper of Our Times, 540–42.
48. Newman, Distemper of Our Times, 540–42; Marchand is quoted in Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 294; his resignation threat is described on page 297. Interview with André Ouellet, May 2001.
49. Pierre Vadeboncoeur, “À propos de Pierre Elliott,” Le Devoir, Dec. 8, 2005.
50. Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, 604; Trudeau, Memoirs, 78–79, where Pearson’s comment in his own memoirs is quoted, presumably indicating agreement. Interview with Herb Gray, June 2005.
51. Le Magazine Maclean, Jan. 1965, 2; and English, The Worldly Years, 319ff. The fullest account is given in John Bosher, The Gaullist Attack on Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999). See also Trudeau, Memoirs, 78–79.
52. Clarkson and McCall, Trudeau and Our Times 1: 99–101; Johnson’s quotation on the Constitution is in Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, 445; Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1966, 57–73; and Le Devoir, Sept. 15, 1966. Interview with Mitchell Sharp, Jan. 1994. Sharp first noticed Trudeau during a discussion of the proposed tax structure at a Cabinet committee meeting where he represented Pearson and where he expressed his strong opposition to special status. See Mitchell Sharp, Which Reminds Me …: A Memoir (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 139.
53. Comments in notebook, April 25, 1959, in TP, vol. 13, file 5.
54. Interview with Paul Martin Sr., Sept. 1990; interview with Marc Lalonde, Oct. 1990. John Bos
her had access to Marcel Cadieux’s diary, in which he fiercely criticized Martin, particularly on the French issue. See Bosher, The Gaullist Attack on Canada. Before his death, Cadieux spoke to me about his strong feelings against Pearson for his criticisms of American policy on Vietnam and against Martin for his “gimmicks,” which he believed were a means to use foreign policy for electoral gain.
55. Gordon took the lead in the late 1940s in creating a fund, the “Algoma Fishing and Conservation Society,” in honour of Pearson’s Northern Ontario constituency. He was also the principal organizer of his leadership campaign and of the party reorganization in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He introduced Pearson to Keith Davey, Richard O’Hagan, and many others who played a major role in the Pearson governments, and he was an important recruiter of candidates in the Toronto area. His relationship with Pearson never recovered after the prime minister accepted his resignation after the 1965 election. He wrote angry memoranda about their relationship, claiming that he had raised $100,000 in private funds for Pearson, and he remained deeply distrustful of Pearson, who, he wrote after his meeting in January 1967, “will renege [on the deal] if he can.” Walter Gordon, “LBP,” Dec. 5, 1965, Gordon Papers, MG 26 B44, vol. 16, LAC; and Memorandum of Jan. 18, 1967, ibid.
56. Gad Horowitz, “A Dimension Survey: The Future of the NDP,” Canadian Dimension 3 (July-Aug.): 23, 24.
57. Lamontagne and Gordon told their stories to Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 374–76.
58. Clarkson and McCall, Trudeau and Our Times, 1: 102; and Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1966, 34, 52–53.
59. Interview, Library and Archives Canada, March 5, 2003.
60. William Robb, “Trudeau Up Front,” Canadian Business, May 1967, 11–12. Newman in Toronto Daily Star, April 25, 1967. The correspondent who saw Trudeau blush is Robert Stall, Montreal Star, Dec. 20, 1967. On Trudeau’s early argument that natural justice must be observed, see RG 2, Privy Council Office, Series A-5-a, vol. 6323, April 6, 1967.
61. RG 2, Privy Council Office, Series A-5-a, vol. 6323, July 25, 1967.
62. Le Devoir, Sept. 20, 1967. The text of the Lévesque address calling for sovereignty was published in Le Devoir between September 19 and 21, 1967.
63. Gordon, Memorandum, Nov. 17, 1967, Gordon Papers, MG 26, B44, vol. 16.
64. Guérin to Trudeau, July 4, 1964, TP, vol. 28, file 8; interview with Madeleine Gobeil.
65. Guérin to Trudeau, Sept. 15, 1967.
66. Margaret Trudeau, Beyond Reason (New York and London: Paddington, 1979), 28–29; interview with Margaret Sinclair Trudeau, Feb. 2006.
CHAPTER TEN: A TALE OF TWO CITIES
1. Gérard Pelletier, Years of Choice, 1960–1968, trans. Alan Brown (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), 254–55. Pelletier’s account seems to suggest that the dinner took place on January 7, 1968, but Donald Peacock’s more contemporary Journey to Power: The Story of a Canadian Election (Toronto: Ryerson, 1968) has the accurate date and a fuller account of the meeting at Café Martin (185ff). Trudeau’s own memory has Pelletier making the first remarks. “Entrevue entre M. Trudeau et M. [Jean] Lépine, 30 April 1992,” [Lépine interview], Trudeau Papers (TP), MG 26 03, vol. 23, file 5, Library and Archives Canada.
2. Richard Stanbury Diary, property of the writer. Mr. Stanbury also responded to my questions about specific diary entries. The Martin exchange took place on January 31, 1968. The best account of the Toronto Liberals remains Christina McCall-Newman, Grits: An Intimate Portrait of the Liberal Party (Toronto: Macmillan, 1982). John Nichol’s recollection that only he and Liberal Federation official Paul Lafond knew about Pearson’s resignation before it happened is contradicted by Stanbury’s diary and by other interviews on the subject conducted by Peter Stursberg. See his Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity (Toronto: Doubleday, 1978), 405–6. Interview with John Nichol.
3. Minutes of the meeting of Sunday, October 22, at 580 Christie Street, Keith Davey Papers, box 17, file 15, Victoria University.
4. O’Malley had written the phrase in the Globe and Mail on December 12, 1967. Trudeau was obviously taken with it and repeated it in an interview ten days later. See Richard Gwyn, The Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1980), 64.
5. The Montreal Star, Jan. 13, 1968. To my knowledge, the French press did not report on the petition.
6. Peacock, Journey to Power, 183–85; Martin Sullivan, Mandate ‘68 (Toronto: Doubleday, 1968), 274; interviews with Marc Lalonde and Jacques Hébert; and Toronto Daily Star, Jan. 3, 1968. See also the account in John Saywell, ed., Canadian Annual Review for 1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), 17ff.
7. Laurendeau’s diary entry of Dec. 3, 1967, in Patricia Smart, ed., The Diary of André Laurendeau (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1991), 170. Marchand’s drinking caused Trudeau personal concern and he raised it with him. Interview with Alexandre Trudeau. Also conversations with Pauline Bothwell and Tom Kent, who were, respectively, Marchand’s assistant and deputy minister. Interview with Tim Porteous, May 2006.
8. In the New York Times story, April 7, 1968, reporting his leadership win, Trudeau is described as a “46-year-old Montreal lawyer.” Later, Jean Lépine challenged Trudeau on the ambiguity about his age, but he denied that he had lied. He placed the blame on journalists who did not check the facts. Lépine interview, TP, vol. 23, file 5.
9. On Smallwood, see Peacock, Journey to Power, 190–92. Smallwood’s own comments are found in Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 421. J.W. Pickersgill, who had been the Liberals’ principal Newfoundland minister, eventually left politics because he could no longer deal with the eccentricities of Smallwood. As his summer tenant in the mid-1970s, I was often regaled with tales of Smallwood’s increasingly bizarre behaviour. He included this support for Trudeau as one of the examples of such behaviour.
10. Pelletier, Years of Choice, 264. Peacock describes the tortured negotiations with Lamontagne over the Sunday session in Journey to Power, 195–96. Interviews with Donald Macdonald and Marc Lalonde.
11. Le Devoir, Jan. 29, 1968. See also Saywell, ed., Canadian Annual Review for 1968, 18–19.
12. Montreal Star, Jan. 30–31, 1968.
13. Stanbury Diary, Feb. 9, 1968; Globe and Mail, Jan. 30, 1968; and Pelletier, Years of Choice, 261, 27.
14. L.B. Pearson, Federalism for the Future (Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1968).
15. Cook in Saywell, ed., Canadian Annual Review for 1968, 82.
16. Marchand quoted in Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity, 425; Stéphane Kelly, Les Fins du Canada selon Macdonald, Laurier, Mackenzie King et Trudeau (Montreal: Les Éditions du Boréal, 2001), 205.
17. Peter Newman gives the best summary of the candidates in his The Distemper of Our Times: Canadian Politics in Transition (1968; rev. ed. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990), 596–601.
18. Pelletier, Years of Choice, 272–74.
19. Ibid., 274–76; and Peacock, Journey to Power, 222–24.
20. There are differences in the accounts of the meetings with Pelletier. Some claim that Trudeau told them on Valentine’s Day, but others (Saywell, ed., Canadian Annual Review for 1968 and Peacock, Journey to Power) suggest the 15th. Pelletier’s account is based on his diary and therefore is probably correct. See his Years of Choice, 276.
21. The quotation is from Saywell, ed., Canadian Annual Review for 1968, 21.
22. Montreal Star, March 9, 1968.
23. Tim Porteous in Nancy Southam, ed., Pierre (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2005), 65. The answer may have been serious. Trudeau, along with many academics, considered that Machiavelli had been misunderstood and distorted.
24. Christina McCall-Newman, Grits, 113–15. Confidential interview. Trudeau saved copies of the Canadian Intelligence Service in his papers. The March 1968 issue features “revelations” by a former RCMP intelligence officer about Trudeau’s trips to China and Russia and his failed jaunt to Cuba.
25. However, some
journalists criticized Trudeau for following “old-style politics” in so vociferously defending the government. The Globe and Mail, which had been friendly to his candidacy but was hostile to the government, pointed out that “that man of principle, Justice Minister Pierre Trudeau, fell obediently in line with party discipline and voted with the government. Or is that erstwhile man of principle?” Feb. 19, 1968. Peter Newman rightly said that Trudeau benefited most because he, Turner, and Kierans “alone project a new style that dissociates them from the blunders of the Pearson administration.” Toronto Daily Star, March 3, 1968.
26. Gordon interview in Stursberg, Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity; Globe and Mail, Feb. 20 and 28, 1968. An excellent account of the Liberal manoeuvres is found in Toronto Daily Star, Feb. 26, 1968. Constitutional authorities were divided on the question of whether the government had the right to bring forward a vote of confidence. Eugene Forsey, for example, believed that it did. See Saywell, ed., Canadian Annual Review for 1968, 12–13. Sharp’s analysis is found in his Which Reminds Me …: A Memoir (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 159ff. Trudeau’s comments are in Hansard, Feb. 27, 1968.
27. On Winters, see Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, 602–3. The February polls are found in the record of the Canadian Institute of Public Opinion, MG 28 III 114, file 89, Poll 327, LAC.
28. Pelletier, Years of Choice, 290–91; Peacock, Journey to Power, 255–58. The hostess comment is in Toronto Daily Star, March 4, 1968.
29. Tim Porteous in Southam, ed., Pierre, 61.
30. There is a full account in Peacock, Journey to Power, 251–53. See also Le Devoir, Feb. 16–17, 1968.
31. Le Devoir, March 6–7, 1968. The criticisms of Trudeau are found in Saywell, ed., The Canadian Annual Review for 1968, 24–25. On Johnson and Gabon, see Pierre Godin, Daniel Johnson, 1964–1968: La difficile recherche de 1’égalité (Montreal: Les Éditions de 1’Homme, 1980), 329–33.
32. Pelletier, Years of Choice, 293–300; Montreal Star, March 23, 1968.
33. Sharp, Which Reminds Me …, 155–65; interview with Mitchell Sharp. The Smallwood quotation is found in Newman, Distemper of Our Times, 628.