Where the Wild Things Were

by William Stolzenburg

  Crooks, Kevin R., and Michael E. Soulé. 1999. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400:563–66.

  Crowcroft, Peter. 1991. Elton’s ecologists: A history of the Bureau of Animal Population. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Curry, Jessica. 2005. The evolution of the urban coyote: The daily routine of a predator-hunter revolves around odor-free existence. Chicago Life, November.

  Curtis, John T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

  Dahlheim, Marilyn E., and John E. Heyning. 1999. Killer whale Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758). In Handbook of Marine Mammals 6, ed. Sam H. Ridgway and Sir Richard Harrison, 281–321.

  Dalton, Rex. 2005. Is this any way to save a species? Nature 436:14–16.

  Danner, Eric M., Matthew J. Kauffman, and Robert L. Brownell. 2006. Industrial whaling in the North Pacific Ocean 1952–1978: Spatial patterns of harvest and decline. In Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems, ed. James A. Estes, Douglas P. DeMaster, Daniel F. Doak, Terrie M. Williams, and Robert L. Brownell Jr., 134–44.

  Darwin, Charles. 1939. Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle. London: Henry Colburn.

  ———. 1958. The origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. Mentor ed. New York: New American Library.

  Dawkins, R., and J. R. Krebs. 1979. Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205:489–511.

  Dawson, Pat. 1992. Wolf hearing marked by howls and snarls. High Country News, September 7: 3.

  Dayton, Leigh. 2001. Mass extinctions pinned on ice age hunters. Science 292:1819.

  DeByle, Norbert V., and Robert P. Winokur, eds. 1985. Aspen: Ecology and management in the western United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-119.

  deCalesta, David. 1997. Deer and ecosystem management. In The science of overabundance: Deer ecology and population management, ed. William J. McShea, H. Brian Underwood, and John H. Rappole, 267–79.

  Deeke, Volker B., John K. B. Ford, and Peter J. B. Slater. 2005. The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales: Communicating with costly calls. Animal Behaviour 69:395–405.

  Defenders of Wildlife. 2006. New successes in nonlethal wolf control lead to zero wolf-related livestock losses for local ranchers. http://www.defenders.org/newsroom/press_releases_folder/2006/10_25_2006_successes_in_nonlethal_wolf_control.php?ht=range%20riders%20range%20riders (accessed September 14, 2007).

  DeMaster, D. P., A. W. Trites, P. Clapham, S. Mizroch, P. Wade, R. J. Small, and J. V. Hoef. 2006. The sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis: Testing with existing data. Progress in Oceanography 68:329–42.

  Denevan, William M. 1992. The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(3):369–85.

  Derocher, Andrew E., Nicholas J. Lunn, and Ian Stirling. 2004. Polar bears in a warming climate. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44(2):163–76.

  Diamond, Jared. 1987. The worst mistake in the history of the human race. Discover, May: 64–66.

  ———. 1989. Quaternary megafaunal extinctions: Variations on a theme by Paganini. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:167–75.

  ———. 1992a. Must we shoot deer to save nature? Natural History 8:2–8.

  ———. 1992b. The third chimpanzee: The evolution and future of the human animal. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers.

  ———. 1997. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.

  ———. 2001. Dammed experiments! Science 294:1847–48.

  ———. 2002. Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature 418:700–7.

  Dice, Lee R. 1925. Scientific value of predatory mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 6(1):25–27.

  Dietl, Gregory P. 2003. The escalation hypothesis: One long argument. Palois 18:83–86.

  Dietl, Gregory P., Gregory S. Herbert, and Geerat J. Vermeij. 2004. Reduced competition and altered feeding behavior among marine snails after a mass extinction. Science 306:2229–31.

  Dill, Lawrence M., Michael R. Heithaus, and Carl J. Walters. 2003. Behaviorally mediated indirect interactions in marine communities and their conservation and implications. Ecology 84(5):1151–57.

  Dinerstein, Eric, and W. Robert Irvin. 2005. Rewilding: No need for exotics as natives return. Nature 437:476.

  Di Silvestro, Roger. 2007. Fair funding for endangered species. National Wildlife. http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=116&articleID=1488 (accessed December 21, 2007).

  ———. 2007. Fair funding for wildlife: Investing in our commitment to save America’s endangered wildlife. A report by the National Wildlife Federation.

  Doak, Daniel, Terrie M. Williams, and James A. Estes. 2006. In Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems. ed. James A. Estes, Douglas P. DeMaster, Daniel F. Doak, Terrie M. Williams, and Robert L. Brownell Jr., 231–44.

  Dobie, J. Frank. 1949. The voice of the coyote. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

  Dobson, Andy, Isabella Cattadori, Robert D. Holt, Richard S. Ostfeld, Felicia Keesing, Kristle Krichbaum, Jason R. Rohr, Sarah E. Perkins, Peter J. Hudson. 2006. Sacred cows and sympathetic squirrels: The importance of biological diversity to human health. PLoS Medicine 3(6):e231, doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030231.

  Dobson, M. 1994. Patterns of distribution in Japanese land mammals. Mammal Review 24:91–111.

  Domico, Terry. 1988. Bears of the world. New York: Facts on File.

  Donlan, C. Josh. 2005a. Claws and effects. How a plan to return big beasts to North America raised hackles and hopes. Grist, November 8.

  ———. 2005b. Lions and cheetahs and elephants, oh my! Slate, August 18.

  Donlan, C. Josh, and Tosha Comendant. 2003. Getting rid of rats. E/The Environmental Magazine, September–October: 10.

  Donlan, Josh, Harry W. Greene, Joel Berger, Carl E. Bock, Jane H. Bock, David A. Burney, James A. Estes, Dave Forman, Paul S. Martin, Gary W. Roemer, Felisa A. Smith, and Michael E. Soulé. 2005. Rewilding North America. Nature 436:913–14.

  Donlan, C. Josh., and Paul S. Martin. 2003. Role of ecological history in invasive species management and conservation. Conservation Biology 18(1):267–69.

  Doroff, A. M., J. A. Estes, M. T. Tinker, D. M. Burn, and T. J. Evans. 2003. Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago. Journal of Mammalogy 84:55–64.

  Downes, Lawrence. 2005. The shy, egg-stealing neighbor you didn’t know you had. New York Times, November 6.

  Drayton, Brian, and Richard B. Primack. 1996. Plant species lost in an isolated conservation area in metropolitan Boston from 1894 to 1993. Conservation Biology 10(1):30–39.

  Duffy, J. Emmett. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: The consumer connection. Oikos 99:201–219.

  ———. 2003. Biodiversity loss, trophic skew and ecosystem functioning. Ecology Letters 6:680–87.

  Duggins, David O. 1980. Kelp beds and sea otters: An experimental approach. Ecology 61:447–53.

  Dunlap, Thomas. 1988. Saving America’s wildlife: Ecology and the American mind, 1850–1990. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Dutton, C. E. 1882. The physical geology of the Grand Canyon district. U.S. Geological Survey, 2nd Annual Report, 49–166.

  Eason, P. 1989. Harpy eagle attempts predation on adult howler monkey. Condor 91(2):469–70.

  Ehrlich, P. R., and L. C. Birch. 1967. The “balance of nature” and “population control.” American Naturalist 101:97–107.

  Ellis, Richard. 1975. The book of sharks. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.

  ———. 2003. The empty ocean: Plundering the world’s marine life. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

  Ellison, Aaron M. 2006. What makes an ecological icon? Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, October: 380–86.

  Elton, Cha
rles S. 1942. Voles, mice and lemmings: Problems in population dynamics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  ———. 1966. The pattern of animal communities. London: Methuen and Co.

  ———. 1968. The ecology of animals. London: Methuen and Co.

  ———. 2000. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  ———. 2001. Animal ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Elton, Charles, and Mary Nicholson. 1942. The ten-year cycle of the lynx in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 11(2):215–44.

  Emmons, Louise H. 1987. Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 20:271–83.

  Environmental News Network. 1998. Killer whales put Alaska sea otters at risk. October 16.

  Erickson, Gregory M., Samuel D. Van Kirk, Jinntung Su, Marc E. Levenston, William E. Caler, and Dennis R. Carter. 1996. Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones. Nature 382: 706–8.

  Erlinge, Sam, Görgen Göranson, Göran Högstedt, Göran Jansson, Olof Liberg, Jon Loman, Ingvar N. Nilsson, Torbjörn von Schantz, and Magnus Sylvén. 1984. Can vertebrate predators regulate their prey? American Naturalist 123:125–33.

  ———. 1988. More thoughts on vertebrate predator regulation of prey. American Naturalist 132:148–54.

  Errington, Paul L. 1946. Predation and vertebrate populations. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 21:144–77.

  ———. 1963. The phenomenon of predation. American Scientist 51:180–92.

  Estes, James A. 1996. Predators and ecosystem management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:390–96.

  ———. 2002a. Ecological chain reactions in kelp ecosystem forests. Paper presented at From the mountains to the sea: A conference on carnivore biology and conservation. Monterey, California, November 18.

  ———. 2002b. From killer whales to kelp: Food web complexity in kelp forest ecosystems. Wild Earth 12(4):24–28.

  ———. 2004. A fitting tribute. Conservation Biology 18(1):279–88.

  ———. 2005. Carnivory and trophic connectivity in kelp forests. In Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity, ed. Justina C. Ray, Kent H. Redford, Robert S. Steneck, and Joel Berger, 61–81.

  Estes, James A., Kevin Crooks, and Robert Holt. 2001. Ecological role of predators. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 4th ed. S. Levin, 857–78. San Diego: Academic Press.

  Estes, J. A., E. M. Danner, D. F. Doak, B. Konar, A. M. Springer, P. D. Steinberg, M. T. Tinker, and T. M. Williams. 2004. Complex trophic interactions in kelp forest ecosystems. Bulletin of Marine Science 74:621–38.

  Estes, James A., Douglas P. DeMaster, Daniel F. Doak, Terrie M. Williams, and Robert L. Brownell Jr., eds. 2006. Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Estes, James A., and David O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65(1):75–100.

  Estes, James A., David O. Duggins, and Galen B. Rathbun. 1989. The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities. Conservation Biology 3(3):252–64.

  Estes, James A., and John F. Palmisano. 1974. Sea otters: Their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185: 1058–60.

  Estes, J. A., M. L. Riedman, M. M. Staedler, M. T. Tinker, and B. E. Lyon. 2003. Individual variation in prey selection by sea otters: Patterns, causes, and implications. Journal of Animal Ecology 72:144–55.

  Estes, James A., Norman S. Smith, and John F. Palmisano. 1978. Sea otter predation and community organization in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Ecology 59(4):822–33.

  Estes, James A., and John Terborgh. 2000. Apex predators and community dynamics: Pattern, process, and approach in some terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Paper presented at the Society for Conservation Biology fourteenth annual meeting, June 10, University of Montana, Missoula.

  Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, A. M. Doroff, and D. Burn. 2005. Continuing decline of sea otter populations in the Aleutian archipelago. Marine Mammal Science 21:169–72.

  Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, T. M. Williams, and D. F. Doak. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282:473–76.

  Evans, Peter G. H. 1985. Whales and dolphins. In All the world’s animals: Sea mammals, ed. David Macdonald, 10–23.

  Ewer, R. F. 1973. The carnivores. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

  Fagerstone, Kathleen A. 2002. Professional use of pesticides in wildlife management—An overview of professional wildlife damage management. Proceedings: Vertebrate Pest Conference 20:253–60.

  Fairfax County Police Department. 2003. Fairfax Country Deer Management Report.

  Fall, Michael W., and William B. Jackson. 2002. The tools and techniques of wildlife damage management—changing needs: An introduction. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 49:87–91.

  Fall, Michael W., and J. Russell Mason. 2002. Developing methods for managing coyote problems—another decade of progress, 1991–2001. Proceedings: Vertebrate Pest Conference 20:194–200.

  Feeley, Kenneth. 2003. Analysis of avian communities in Lake Guri, Venezuela, using multiple assembly rule models. Oecologia 137:104–113.

  ———. 2004. The effects of forest fragmentation and increased edge exposure on leaf litter accumulation. Journal of Tropical Ecology 20:709–712.

  ———. 2005. The role of clumped defecation in the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and the availability of nutrients for plant uptake. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21:99–102.

  Feeley, Kenneth J., and John W. Terborgh. 2005. The effects of herbivore density on soil nutrients and tree growth in tropical forest fragments. Ecology 86(1):116–24.

  ———. 2006. Habitat fragmentation and effects of herbivore (howler monkey) abundances on bird species richness. Ecology 87(1):144–50.

  Finke, Deborah L., and Robert F. Denno. 2004. Predator diversity dampens trophic cascades. Nature 429:407–10.

  Fischer, Hank. 1995. Wolf wars. Helena, MT: Falcon Publishing.

  Fish, F. E. 1998. Comparative kinematics and hydrodynamics of odontocete cetaceans: Morphological and ecological correlates with swimming performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 201:2867–77.

  Fisher, Jonathan A. D. 2005. Exploring ecology’s attic: Overlooked ideas on intertidal food webs. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 86(3):145–51.

  Flader, Susan L. 1974. Thinking like a mountain: Aldo Leopold and the evolution of an ecological attitude toward deer, wolves and forests. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

  Flannery, Tim. 2001. The eternal frontier: An ecological history of North America and its peoples. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.

  Flood, Sue. 1999. Grey killers. BBC Wildlife, June.

  Ford, J. K. B., G. M. Ellis, D. R. Matkin, K. C. Balcomb, D. Briggs, and A. B. Morton. 2005. Killer whale attacks on minke whales. Marine Mammal Science 21(4):603–618.

  Foreman, Dave. 2004. Rewilding North America: A vision for conservation in the 21st century. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

  Fortin, Daniel, Hawthorne L. Beyer, Mark S. Boyce, Douglas W. Smith, Thierry Duchesne, and Julie S. Mao. 2005. Wolves influence elk movements: Behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86(5):1320–30.

  Fortin, Daniel, Mark S. Boyce, Evelyn H. Merrill, and John M. Fryxell. 2004. Foraging costs of vigilance in large mammalian herbivores. Oikos 107:172–80.

  Foster, Douglas. 2001. The rise of the fungus farmers. Washington Post Magazine, April 15: 30–40.

  Foster, David R., Glenn Motzkin, Debra Bernardos, and James Cardoza. 2002. Wildlife dynamics in the changing New England landscape. Journal of Biogeography 29:1337–57.

  Fothergill, Alastair, producer. 2001. The blue planet: Coasts, episode 8 of an eight-part film series by BBC/Discovery Channel.

  Fowler, J., and J. Cope. 1964. Notes on harpy eagle in British Guiana.
Auk 81:257–73.

  Fox, R., S. W. Lehmkuhle, and D. H. Westendorf. 1976. Falcon visual acuity. Science 192:263–66.

  Frank, Kenneth T., Brian Petrie, Jae S. Choi, and William C. Leggett. 2005. Trophic cascades in a cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308:1621–23.

  Freeman, Aaren S., and James E. Byers. 2006. Divergent induced responses to an invasive predator in marine mussel populations. Science 313:831–33.

  Frey, Darcy. 2007. The bears among us. New York Times Magazine, November 25. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/magazine/25bears-t.html?ref=magazine (accessed December 21, 2007).

  Frid, Alejandro, Gregory G. Baker, and Lawrence M. Dill. 2006. Do resource declines increase predation rates on Northern Pacific harbor seals? A behavior-based plausibility model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 312:265–75.

  Fryxell, John M., John Greever, and A. R. E. Sinclair. 1988. Why are migratory ungulates so abundant? American Naturalist 131:781–98.

  Fund for Animals. 2003. Anacapa poisoning an exercise in animal cruelty. Autumn: 15.

  Gaithright, Alan. 2004. Orcas feast on harvest of gray whale calves: Killer whales team up in Monterey Bay. San Francisco Chronicle, May 26.

  Garrott, Robert A., P. J. White, and Callie A. Vanderbilt White. 1993. Overabundance: An issue for conservation biologists? Conservation Biology 7(4):946–49.

  Gause, G. F. 1934. The struggle for existence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co.

  Gehrt, Stanley D. 2002. Evaluation of spotlight and road-kill surveys as indicators of local raccoon abundance. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:449–56.

  Gehrt, Stanley D., and William R. Clark. 2003. Raccoons, coyotes, and reflections on the mesopredator release hypothesis. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3):836–42.

  Gehrt, Stanley D., George F. Huber, and Jack A. Ellis. 2002. Long-term population trends of raccoons in Illinois. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:457–63.

  Gehrt, Stanley D., and Suzanne Prange. 2006. Interference competition between coyotes and raccoons: A test of the mesopredator release hypothesis. Behavioral Ecology 18(1):204–14.