Book Read Free

Where the Wild Things Were

Page 32

by William Stolzenburg


  ———. 2006a. Linking a cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park. Biological Conservation 133:397–408.

  ———. 2006b. Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 230:96–106.

  ———. 2006c. River channel dynamics following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31(12):1525–39.

  ———. 2007a. Hardwood tree decline following large carnivore loss in the Great Plains, USA. Frontiers of Ecology and Environment 5:241–46.

  ———. 2007b. Restoring Yellowstone’s aspen with wolves. Biological Conservation 138:514–19.

  ———. In press. Trophic cascades involving cougar, mule deer, and black oaks in Yosemite National Park. Biological Conservation.

  Ripple, William J., and Eric J. Larsen. 2000. Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 95:361–70.

  Ripple, William J., Eric J. Larsen, Roy A. Renkin, and Douglas W. Smith. 2001. Trophic cascades among wolves, elk, and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range. Biological Conservation 102:227–34.

  Roach, John. 2004. Ice age bison decline not due to hunting, study says. National Geographic News, November 30. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/11/1130_041130_bison.html (accessed December 21, 2007).

  Robbins, Jim. 2003. The real world, Yellowstone: Wolves on view all the time. New York Times, July 22.

  ———. 2005. Hunting habits of wolves change ecological balance in Yellowstone. New York Times, October 18.

  ———. 2006. Deadly disease is suspected in decline of Yellowstone wolves. New York Times, January 15.

  Roberts, Richard G., Timothy F. Flannery, Linda K. Ayliffe, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Jon M. Olley, Gavin J. Prideaux, Geoff M. Laslett, Alexander Baynes, M. A. Smith, Rhys Jones, and Barton L. Smith. 2001. New ages for the last Australian megafauna: Continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago. Science 292:1888–92.

  Robinson, Michael J. 2005. Predatory bureaucracy: The extermination of wolves and the transformation of the West. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.

  Robinson, Scott K., and David S. Wilcove. 1989. Conserving tropical raptors and game birds. Conservation Biology 3(2):192–93.

  Robinson, W. Douglas. 1999. Long-term changes in the avifauna of Barro Colorado Island, Panama, a tropical forest isolate. Conservation Biology 13(1):85–97.

  ———. 2001. Changes in abundance of birds in a neotropical forest fragment over 25 years: A review. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 24(2):51–65.

  Robinson, W. Douglas, Ghislain Rompré, and Tara Robinson. 2005. Videography of Panama bird nests shows snakes are principal predators. Ornitologia Neotropical 16:187–95.

  Robinson, W. Douglas, Jennifer Nesbitt Styrsky, and Jeffrey D. Brawn. 2005. Are artificial bird nests effective surrogates for estimating predation on real bird nests? A test with tropical birds. Auk 122(3):843–52.

  Rogers, C. M., and M. J. Caro. 1998. Song sparrows, top carnivores, and nest predation: A test of the mesopredator release hypothesis. Oecologia 116:227–33.

  Rogers, Paul. 2007. Study casts doubt on whales’ comeback. San Jose Mercury News, September 11.

  Romme, William H., Lisa Floyd-Hanna, David D. Hanna, and Elisabeth Bartlett. 2001. Aspen’s ecological role in the West. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-18.

  Romme, William H., Monica G. Turner, Linda L. Wallace, and Jennifer S. Walker. 1995. Aspen, elk, and fire in northern Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 76(7):2097–2106.

  Rooney, Neil, Kevin McCann, Gabriel Gellner, and John C. Moore. 2006. Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs. Nature 442:265–69.

  Rooney, Thomas P. 1997. Escaping herbivory: Refuge effects on the morphology and shoot demography of the clonal forest herb Maianthemum canadense. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 124(4):280–85.

  ———. 2001. Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: A North American perspective. Forestry 74:201–8.

  Rooney, Thomas P., and William J. Dress. 1997a. Patterns of plant diversity in overbrowsed primary and secondary hemlock-northern hardwood forest stands. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 124(1):43–51.

  ———. 1997b. Species loss over sixty-six years in the ground-layer vegetation of Heart’s Content, an old-growth forest in Pennsylvania, USA. Natural Areas Journal 17(4):297–305.

  Rooney, Thomas P., and Kevin Gross. 2003. A demographic study of deer browsing impacts on Trillium grandiflorum. Plant Ecology 168:267–77.

  Rooney, Thomas P., Ronald J. McCormick, Stephen L. Solheim, and Donald M. Waller. 2000. Regional variation in recruitment of hemlock seedlings and saplings in the upper Great Lakes, USA. Ecological Applications 10(4):1119–32.

  Rooney, Thomas P., Stephen L. Solheim, and Donald M. Waller. 2002. Factors affecting the regeneration of northern white cedar in lowland forests of the upper Great Lakes region, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 163:119–30.

  Rooney, Thomas P., and Donald M. Waller 1998. Local and regional variation in hemlock seedling establishment in forests of the upper Great Lakes region, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 111:211–24.

  ———. 2003. Direct and indirect effects of deer in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 181:165–76.

  Rooney, Thomas, Donald Waller, and Shannon Wiegmann. 2001. Revisiting the Northwoods—a lesson in biotic homogenization. Wild Earth 11:45–49.

  Rooney, Thomas P., Shannon M. Wiegmann, David A. Rogers, and Donald M. Waller. 2004. Biotic impoverishment and homogenization in unfragmented forest understory communities. Conservation Biology 18(3):787–98.

  Rosenberg, Andrew A., W. Jeffrey Bolster, Karen E. Alexander, William B. Leavenworth, Andrew B. Cooper, and Matthew G. McKenzie. 2005. The history of ocean resources: Modeling cod biomass using historical records. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 3(2):78–84.

  Rosenfeld, Anne Wertheim, and Robert T. Paine. 2002. The intertidal wilderness: A photographic journey through Pacific coast tidepools. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Rubenstein, Dustin R., Daniel I. Rubenstein, Paul W. Sherman, and Thomas A. Gavin. 2006. Pleistocene park: Does re-wilding North America represent sound conservation for the 21st century? Biological Conservation 132:232–38.

  Russell, F. Leland, David B. Zippin, and Norma L. Fowler. 2001. Effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on plants, plant populations and communities: A review. American Midland Naturalist 146(1):1–26.

  Russell, Gareth J. 2004. Valuing species in context. Ecology 85(1):292–94.

  Sæather, Bernt-Erik. 1999. Top dogs maintain diversity. Nature 400:510–11.

  Sargeant, Alan B., Raymond J. Greenwood, Marsha A. Sovada, and Terry L. Shafer. 1994. Distribution and abundance of predators that affect duck production—Prairie Pothole Region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 194. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/predator/index.htm (accessed December 21, 2007).

  Saulitis, Eva, Craig Matkin, Lance Barrett-Lennard, Kathy Heise, and Graeme Ellis. 2000. Foraging strategies of sympatric killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 16(1):94–109.

  Savage, Robert J. G. 1986. Mammal evolution: An illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File.

  Schaller, George B. 1973. Golden shadows, flying hooves. New York: Dell.

  Schaller, George B., and Gordon R. Lowther. 1969. The relevance of carnivore behavior to the study of early hominids. Southwest Journal of Anthropology. 25:307–341.

  Schauber, Eric M., Richard S. Ostfeld, and Andrew S. Evans Jr. 2005. What is the best predictor of annual Lyme disease incidence: Weather, mice, or acorns? Ecological Applications 15(2):575–86.

  Scheffer, Marten, and Stephen R. Carpenter. 2003. Catastrophic regime shifts in eco
systems: Linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18(12):648–56.

  Scheffer, Marten, Steve Carpenter, Jonathan A. Foley, Carl Folke, and Brian Walker. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591–96.

  Schirber, Michael. 2004. Surviving extinction: Where woolly mammoths endured. Live Science, October 19. http://www.livescience.com/animals/041019_Mammoth_Island.html (accessed December 21, 2007).

  Schlaepfer, Martin A. 2005. Re-wilding: A bold plan that needs native megafauna. Nature 437:951.

  Schmidt, Kenneth A. 2003. Nest predation and population declines in Illinois songbirds: A case for mesopredator effects. Conservation Biology 17(4):1141–50.

  Schmidt, Kenneth A., and Richard S. Ostfeld. 2001. Biodiversity and the dilution effect in disease ecology. Ecology 82:609–19.

  ———. 2003. Songbird populations in fluctuating environments: Nest predator responses to pulsed resources. Ecology 84(2):406–15.

  Schmitz, Oswald J. 2003. Top predator control of plant biodiversity and productivity in an old-field ecosystem. Ecology Letters 6:156–63.

  ———. 2004. Perturbation and abrupt shift in trophic control of biodiversity and productivity. Ecology Letters 7:403–9.

  Schmitz, Oswald J., Andrew P. Beckerman, and Kathleen M. O’Brien. 1997. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: Effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78(5):1388–99.

  Schmitz, Oswald J., Peter A. Hambäck, and Andrew P. Beckerman. 2000. Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: A review of the effects of top carnivore removals on plants. American Naturalist 155(2):141–53.

  Schmitz, Oswald J., Vlastimil Krivan, and Ofer Ovadia. 2004. Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Ecology Letters 7:153–63.

  Schoener, Thomas W., and David A. Spiller. 2003. Effects of removing a vertebrate versus an invertebrate predator on a food web, and what is their relative importance? In The importance of species: Perspectives on expendability and triage, ed. Peter Kareiva and Simon A. Levin, 69–84.

  Schoener, T. W., D. A. Spiller, and J. B. Losos. 2001. Predators increase the risk of catastrophic extinction of prey populations. Nature 412:183–86.

  Schullery, Paul. 1996. The Yellowstone wolf: A guide and sourcebook. Worland, WY: High Plains Publishing.

  Schwabe, Kurt A., Peter W. Schuhmann, Michael J. Tonkovich and Ellen Wu. 2002. An analysis of deer-vehicle collisions: The case of Ohio. In Human conflicts with wildlife: Economic considerations, Proceedings of the Third NWRC Special Symposium, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, ed. Larry Clark, Jim Hone, John A. Shivik, Richard A. Watkins, Kurt C. VerCauteren, and Jonathan K. Yoder, 91–103.

  Schwartz, Charles C., Jon E. Swenson, and Sterling D. Miller. 2003. Large carnivores, moose, and humans: A changing paradigm of predator management in the 21st century. Alces 39:41–63.

  Schwartz, Noaki. 2006. Raccoons invade California enclave. Associated Press, November 17.

  Schweiger, Larry J. 2007. Fostering a sense of wonder. National Wildlife Magazine 45(5). http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=116&articleID=1500 (accessed September 12, 2007).

  Seidensticker, John A., and Susan Lumpkin, eds. 1991. Great cats: Majestic creatures of the wild. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press.

  Seligman, Daniel M. 1998. Oh, deer—revisited: Sharpshooter plan okayed. Mt. Vernon Gazette, November 19.

  Séquin, Eveline S., Michael M. Jaeger, Peter F. Brussard, and Reginal H. Barrett. 2003. Wariness of coyotes to camera traps relative to social status and territory boundaries. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:2015–25.

  Sergio, Fabrizio, Ian Newton, and Luigi Marchesi. 2005. Top predators and biodiversity. Nature 436:192.

  Sergio, Fabrizio, Ian Newton, Luigi Marchesi, and Paolo Pedrini. 2006. Ecologically justified charisma: Preservation of top predators delivers biodiversity conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology 43:1049–55.

  Seton, Ernest Thompson. 1926. Wild animals I have known. New York: Scribners.

  ———. 1929. Lives of game animals. 4 vols. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, and Co.

  Shepard, Paul. 1996. The only world we’ve got: A Paul Shepard reader. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

  ———. 1998. Coming home to the Pleistocene. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

  Shissler, Bryon P. 2006. Testimony before the House Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee regarding deer damage and related issues. April 4.

  Shivak, John A. 2004. Non-lethal alternatives for predator management. Sheep and Goat Research Journal 19:64–71.

  Shurin, Jonathan B., Elizabeth T. Borer, Eric W. Seabloom, Kurt Anderson, Carol A. Blanchette, Bernardo Broitman, Scott D. Cooper, and Benjamin S. Halpern. 2002. A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecology Letters 5:785–91.

  Sieving, Kathryn E. 1992. Nest predation and differential insular extinction among selected forest birds of central Panama. Ecology 73(6): 2310–28.

  Silliman, Brian Reed, and Mark D. Bertness. 2002. A trophic cascade regulates salt marsh primary production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(16):10500–05.

  Simberloff, Daniel. 1998. Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: Is single-species management passé in the landscape era? Biological Conservation 83(3):247–57.

  ———. 2003. Community and ecosystem impacts of single-species extinctions. In The importance of species: Perspectives on expendability and triage, ed. Peter Kareiva and Simon A. Levin, 221–33.

  Simenstad, Charles A., James A. Estes, and Karl W. Kenyon. 1978. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities. Science 200:403–11.

  Sinclair, A. R. E. 1995. Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging: The Serengeti wildebeest. Ecology 76(3):882–91.

  ———. 1997. Carrying capacity and the overabundance of deer: A framework for management. In The science of overabundance: Deer ecology and population management, ed. William J. McShea, H. Brian Underwood, and John H. Rappole, 380–94.

  Singer, Francis J., Linda C. Zeigenfuss, and David T. Barnett. 2000. Elk, beaver, and the persistence of willows in national parks: Response to Keigley. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(2):451–53.

  Slobodkin, L. B., F. E. Smith, and N. G. Hairston. 1967. Regulation in terrestrial ecosystem and the implied balance of nature. American Naturalist 101:109–24.

  Smil, Vaclav. 2002. Eating meat: Evolution, patterns, and consequences. Population and Development Review 28(4):599–639.

  Smith, Christopher Irwin. 2005. Re-wilding: Introductions could reduce biodiversity. Nature 437:318.

  Smith, Douglas W., and Gary Ferguson. 2006. Decade of the wolf: Returning the wild to Yellowstone. Guildford, CT: Lyons Press.

  Smith, Douglas W., Rolf O. Peterson, and Douglas B. Houston. 2003. Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience 53:330–40.

  Smith, Douglas W., Daniel R. Stahler, Debra S. Guernsey, Matthew Metz, Abigail Nelson, Erin Albers, and Richard McIntyre. 2007. Yellowstone wolf project: Annual report, 2006. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, YCR-2007-01.

  Snape, William J. III. 2000. Big win for wolves. Defenders 75(2):6–7.

  Soulé, Michael E., Douglas T. Bolger, Allison C. Alberts, John Wright, Marina Sorice, and Scott Hill. 1988. Reconstructed dynamics of rapid extinctions of chaparral-requiring birds in urban habitat islands. Conservation Biology 2(1):75–92.

  Soulé, Michael E., James A. Estes, Joel Berger, and Carlos Martinez del Rio. 2003. Ecological effectiveness: Conservation goals for interactive species. Conservation Biology 17(5):1238–50.

  Soulé, Michael E., James A. Estes, Brian Miller, and Douglas L. Honnold. 2005. Strongly interacting species: Conservation policy, management, and ethics. BioScience 55(2):168–76.

  Soulé, Michael E., and Reed Noss. 1998. Rewilding and biodiversity: Complementary goals for continental conservation. Wild Earth 8(3):18–28.

  Soulé, Michael E., and John Terborgh, eds. 1996. Continen
tal conservation: Scientific foundations of regional reserve networks. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

  Soulé, Michael E., and Bruce A. Wilcox, eds. 1980. Conservation biology: An evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

  Southwest Fisheries Science Center. 1997. Sperm whales attacked by killer whales. News release, November 7.

  Southwood, Richard, and J. R. Clarke. 1999. Charles Sutherland Elton. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London 45:129–46.

  Sovada, Marsha A., Alan B. Sargeant, and James W. Grier. 1995. Differential effects of coyotes and red foxes on duck nest success. Journal of Wildlife Management 59(1):1–8.

  Spotts, Peter N. 2005. New plan for the Great Plains: Bring back the Pleistocene. Christian Science Monitor, August 18.

  Springer, A. M., J. A. Estes, G. B. van Vliet, T. M. Williams, D. F. Doak, E. M. Danner, K. A. Forney, and B. Pfister. 2003. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(21):12223–28.

  Stahler, Daniel, Bernd Heinrich, and Douglas Smith. 2002. Common ravens, Corvus corax, preferentially associate with grey wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter. Animal Behaviour 64(2):283–90.

  Stallcup, Richard. 1991. Cats take a heavy toll on songbirds: A reversible catastrophe. Point Reyes Bird Observatory Observer, Spring–Summer: 8–9.

  Stark, Mike. 2006. UM economist: Wolves a big moneymaker. Billings Gazette, April 7.

  Steadman, David W., and Paul S. Martin. 1984. Extinction of birds in the Late Pleistocene of North America. In Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution, ed. Paul S. Martin and Richard G. Klein, 466–77.

  Steinmetz, Steven L. Kohler, and Daniel A. Soluk. 2002. Birds are overlooked top predators in aquatic food webs. Ecology 84(5):1324–28.

  Stejneger, Leonhard. 1887. How the great northern sea-cow (Rytina) became exterminated. American Naturalist 21(12):1047–54.

  Steneck, Robert S., Michael H. Graham, Bruce J. Bourque, Debbie Corbett, Jon M. Erlandson, James A. Estes, and Mia J. Tegner. 2002. Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and their future. Environmental Conservation 29(4):436–59.

 

‹ Prev