Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II
Page 43
7. Ibid., p. 715.
8. Ibid., p. 844.
9. Segundo Deck Logs, October 29, 1944.
10. Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.
11. Ibid.
12. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.
13. USS Segundo (SS 398), Second War Patrol Report, November 16, 1944, 1435, at http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol2.pdf.
14. Mooney, “History of USS Segundo.”
15. Segundo, Second War Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 1804, 1953; Segundo Deck Logs, December 6, 1944.
16. Segundo, Second War Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2046.
17. Ibid.
18. L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.
19. Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, and Peter Cundall, “Kuchikukan! IJN Second Class Destroyer, Kuretake: Tabular Record of Movement,” CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/Kuretake_t.htm.
20. Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, and Peter Cundall, “Kusentei! IJN Subchaser, CH-33: Tabular Record of Movement,” CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/CH-33_t.htm.
21. L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.; Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2258, 2210–2300. The Segundo’s patrol report indicates that the torpedoes were fired from 2,300 yards, possibly to appear more prudent. See Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 1953–0500. Segundo Deck Logs, December 6, 1944; Mooney, “History of USS Segundo.”
24. L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.
25. Richard Binkley, interview by author.
26. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2300.
27. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.
28. John E. Balson, interview by author.
29. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2300.
30. Richard Binkley, interview by author.
31. Mooney, “History of USS Segundo.”
32. USS Segundo (SS 398) Second War Patrol Report, December 6, 1944; 2300; Segundo Deck Logs, December 6, 1944.
33. Mooney, “History of USS Segundo.”
34. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 6, 1944, 2347.
35. Ibid., 2326–47.
36. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.
37. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 803.
38. Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.
39. Segundo Deck Logs, December 9, 1944.
40. Ellsworth R. Quam quoted in “Over the Sea, and Under the Sea,” Minnesota Legionnaire, http://www.mnlegion.org/paper/html/quam.html.
41. Wallace C. Karnes, Jr., interview by author.
42. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 9, 1944, 2153–2330.
43. Ibid., 2330; Robert O’Connor, interview by author.
44. L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.
45. Richard Binkley, interview by author.
46. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 9, 1944, 2153–2330.
47. “World War II Pacific Typhoons Battered U.S. Navy,” USA Today, 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/history/typhoons-ww2-navy.htm.
48. Segundo Deck Logs, December 19, 1944.
49. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 26, 1944, 2030.
50. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.
51. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 26, 1944, 2030–2146.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.
56. Segundo, Second Patrol Report, December 27, 1944, 1100.
57. Ibid., December 31, 1944, 2354.
58. Recommendation for Award to Cmdr. James D. Fulp, Jr., February 3, 1945, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.
59. Recommendation for Award to Cmdr. James D. Fulp, Jr., February 11, 1945, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis. (Two copies of the citation exist, dated separately and with slightly different wording.)
Chapter 20. Kure
1. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 146.
2. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), pp. 40–41.
3. Ibid.
4. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 105.
5. Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine I-165, Tabular Record of Movement,” December 16, 1943, CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-165.htm.
6. Ibid., January 16, 1944.
7. Ibid., March 18, 1944.
8. United States of America vs. Hisashi Ichioka, Case File no. 339, March 30, 1949, p. 44, Macmillan Brown Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (hereafter MBL).
9. Hackett and Kingsepp, “I-165, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 18, 1944.
10. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, pp. 40–41.
11. Yukio Matsuyama, “The Need to Wait for a Generation Change,” in Ronald Dore, ed., Japan, Internationalism and the UN (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 167.
12. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 147.
13. Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter, Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945 (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 111.
14. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 147.
15. Ibid., p. 139.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., p. 140.
18. Ibid., pp. 139–140.
19. Ibid., p. 144.
20. Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 179.
21. Ibid., pp. 188, 178, 176.
22. Ibid., p. 178.
23. “Jisaburo Ozawa,” CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/officers/Jisaburo_Ozawa.
24. Yoshio Enoh quoted in “Navy Planned Bacteriological Warfare, U.S. Attack Operation Revealed,” Sankei [newspaper], August 14, 1977.
25. Denis Warner, Peggy Warner, and Sadao Seno, The Sacred Warriors (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982), pp. 282–83.
26. Mark Felton, The Fujita Plan: Japanese Attacks on the United States and Australia during the Second World War (South Yorkshire, U.K.: Pen & Sword Military, 2006), pp. 182–83.
27. “Navy Planned Bacteriological Warfare,” Sankei.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 16; Warner, Warner, and Seno, Sacred Warriors, pp. 282–83.
30. “Navy Planned Bacteriological Warfare,” Sankei.
31. Polmar and Carpenter, Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 54.
32. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 161.
33. Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida, The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II (Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 174.
34. Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine I-8, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 30, 1945, CombinedFleet.com, http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-8.htm.
35. Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington, I-Boat Captain: How Japan’s Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific! (Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 274.
36. Mochitsura Hashimoto, Sunk! (New York: Avon, 1954), p. 136.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Hackett and Kingsepp, “I-8, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 31, 1945.
40. Hashimoto, Sunk!, p. 136.
41. Orita and Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 274–75; Hashimoto, Sunk!, p. 136.
42. Hackett and Kingsepp, “I-8, Tabular Record of Movement,” March 31, 1945.
43. Orita and Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 274–75. In Hashimoto’s Sunk! (p. 136), Petty Officer Takamasa Mukai, the sole survivor of the I-8, contradicts his own account in Orita’s I-Boat Captain, by saying he was wounded before his 25mm gun crew was able to fire.
44. Orita and Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 274–75.
45. Hashimoto, Sunk!, p. 136.
46. Boyd and Yoshida, Japanese Submarine Force, p. 174.
47. Ibid.
48. Hashimoto, Sunk!, p. 136.
49. Orita and Harrington, I-Boat Captain, p. 275.
50. Fukumoto Izuru, interview by author.
51. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
52. Satoru Fukuoka, oral interview transcript, Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, March 12, 1998.
53. Tsugio Yata, “SubRon 1 … Aims for U.S. Fleet at Ulithi and Panama Canal,” I-401 History, I-401 Submarine Society, Japan.
54. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
55. Yata, “SubRon1.”
56. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 43.
57. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400 (Japan: privately published, 1996).
58. Yata, “SubRon1.”
59. Fukumaru Koshimoto, interview by author.
60. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
61. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 179.
62. Arizuka, Memories of the I-400.
63. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
64. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 179; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 144.
65. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 180.
66. Ibid., p. 179.
67. Ibid., p. 180.
68. Ibid., pp. 179–80.
69. Ibid.
70. Tsugio Yata, interview by author.
71. Ibid.
72. Nambu quoted in Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 145.
73. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
74. Arizuka, Memories of the I-400.
75. Yata, “SubRon1.”
76. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
77. Arizuka, Memories of the I-400.
78. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 145.
79. Ibid.; Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 206.
Chapter 21. Adversity
1. Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 145.
2. Fukumaru Koshimoto, interview by author. Sato, in Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, says only one man, the I-400’s machine gunner, was killed (p. 145).
3. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, says the I-14 departed Kure on March 19 (p. 147). However, since this is the day the Allies attacked Kure, it probably left on March 18. The difference in dates might also be ascribed to U.S. versus Japan time.
4. Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p.180.
5. Max Hastings, Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–1945 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), p. 305.
6. Robert C. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan’s Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 7.
7. Hastings, Retribution, p. 310.
8. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, chap. 5
9. Hastings, Retribution, p. 310.
10. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 146, 168.
11. U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Reports of the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Series S: Ship and Related Targets, Index no. S-17, Japanese Submarine Operations (Washington, D.C.: Operational Archives, U.S. Navy History Division, 1946), chap. 2.
12. Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington, I-Boat Captain: How Japan’s Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific! (Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 298.
13. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 201.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 202; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 142.
16. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 202; Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 28.
17. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 202.
18. Ibid.
19. Atsushi Asamura, “I-401 Sensuikan to Seiran to Watashi to [The I-401 Submarine, Seiran and Me],” Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels, no. 13, 1977, pp. 42–43.
20. Ikuhiko Hata, Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa [Historical Aviation Stories of World War II], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10.
21. Satoru Fukuoka, oral interview transcript, Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, March 12, 1998.
22. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 45.
23. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, pp. 182–83.
24. Charles A. Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson, Hellcats of the Sea (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), p. 67.
25. Dan Kurzman, Fatal Voyage: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), pp. 45–46.
26. Hata, Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa, chap. 10.
27. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 206.
28. Philip Henshall, Vengeance: Hitler’s Nuclear Weapon—Fact or Fiction? (Gloucestershire, U.K.: Sutton, 1998), p. 154.
29. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 167.
30. Richard Compton-Hall, Submarine Warfare: Monsters and Midgets (Dorset, U.K.: Blanford Press, 1985), p. 71.
31. U.S. Naval Technical Mission, Japanese Submarine Operations, chap. 2; W. J. Holmes, Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 472, 478, 485.
32. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 189.
33. M. G. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), p. 34.
34. Holmes, Undersea Victory, p. 478.
35. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 167.
36. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 203; Tsugio Yata, “SubRon 1 … Aims for U.S. Fleet at Ulithi and Panama Canal,” I-401 History, I-401 Submarine Society, Japan.
37. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 207; Yata, “SubRon1.”
38. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 207.
39. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
40. Yata, “SubRon1.”
41. Ibid.; Muneo Bando, interview by author.
42. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
Chapter 22. Attacking the Canal
1. Nobukiyo Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki [Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 207; Tsugio Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo [Phantom Submarine Carrier] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 168.
2. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 207.
3. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
4. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 207.
5. Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.
6. Muneo Bando, interview by author.
7. Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki, I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal (East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), pp. 37–38.
8. Ibid., p. 38.
9. United States of America v. Hisashi Ichioka et al., Case no. 339, March 30, 1949, p. 45. Kusaka sank the Richard Hovey on March 29, 1944.
10. Kazuo Nishijima, interview by author.
11. Haruo Sugiyama, interview by author.
12. Kazuo Nishijima, interview by author.
13. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 207; Robert C. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan’s Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram
Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 12.
14. Kazuo Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400 (Japan: privately published, 1996), pt. 1, September 1, 1973.
15. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 168.
16. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 207.
17. Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 1, September 1, 1973.
18. The I-400’s original fuel requirements may have been reduced with their redesign, from 1,750 tons to 1,660 tons. See Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 101, and Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 189.
19. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 208; Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 1, September 1, 1973.
20. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 208.
21. Takatsuka, Memories of the I-400, pt. 1, September 1, 1973.
22. Mikesh, Aichi M6A1 Seiran, p. 12.
23. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, says that the I-400 returned to Kure on April 27. However, other sources indicate that the I-400 was back in port as early as April 25, just another example of how difficult it is to pin down exact dates given conflicting memories and the destruction of records.
24. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 208.
25. Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 169.
26. John D. Alden, The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy: A Design and Construction History (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1979), p. 3:91.
27. “History: 20th Century,” Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, http://www.navsea.navy.mil/shipyards/portsmouth/Pages/20th%20Century.aspx.
28. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 209; Sato, Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo, p. 169; Tsugio Yata, “SubRon 1 … Aims for U.S. Fleet at Ulithi and Panama Canal,” I-401 History, I-401 Submarine Society, Japan.
29. Ikuhiko Hata, Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa [Historical Aviation Stories of World War II], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10.
30. Kazuo Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai [Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 185. The meeting date varies by source.
31. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 205.
32. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai, p. 185.
33. Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki, I-400, p. 45.
34. Takahashi, Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai p. 185.
35. Nambu, Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo, p. 205.