by David Grier
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———. Destroyer! German Destroyers in World War II. London: Arms and Armor, 1983.
———. “Kriegsschauplatz Finnenbusen 1944: Der Verlust der Zerstörer Z35 und Z36.” Translated by Friedrich Forstmeier. Marine-Rundschau 78, no. 5 (1981): 263–67.
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Ziemke, Earl. The German Northern Theater of Operations, 1940–1945. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960.
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———. Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1968.
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Index
Note: Because of their frequency of occurrence in the book, the names Hitler and Dönitz, are not entered separately in the index but rather appear as subentries where appropriate (e.g., “Allies: Hitler’s strategy and”).
A-4 rocket. See V-2 rocket
Aa Postion, 53. See also Aa River
Aa River, 49, 51, 52, 83
Admiral Hipper (German battleship), 77
Admiral Scheer (German battleship), 13, 77, 118
Åland Islands, 18, 32, 41, 43, 155, 159, 161, 165, 183
Allies, xxi, 2, 97, 175, 182, 197, 213
Dönitz on, 33, 55, 166, 169–70, 174, 176, 184, 189, 191, 198, 201, 204, 206, 211
in France, 55, 189, 191
and German codes, 176, 180
and German supply transports, 153, 154, 181
German U–boats against, 168–69, 170, 172, 174, 175–76, 178, 180, 184
in Germany, 96, 122
Hitler’s strategy and, xviii, 147, 148, 153, 156, 176, 188–89, 198, 207, 217, 218, 223
in Holland, 148
in Italy, 23, 28, 140
in North Africa, 2, 156, 188, 204
in Scandinavia, 153, 156, 157, 162, 164, 165, 188, 191
Skl on, 143, 162, 175
Speer on, 202
and Sweden, 153, 155, 162, 218
Wagner on, 165
Walter on, 175. See also Normandy, invasion at
Apennine Position, 140
Ardennes Offensive, 92, 105, 115, 147–48, 149, 150, 151, 190, 206, 207, 216, 217
Arensburg, port of, 67, 72
Army Detachment Grasser, 51, 52, 53, 82, 104
Army Detachment Narva, 24, 26, 27–28, 29, 30, 45, 48, 50, 51, 62, 63. See also Army Detachment Grasser; Narva
Army Group A, 10, 90, 111, 114. See also Army Group Center
against Soviet forces, 110, 135, 149
collapse of, 104, 110
Guderian and, 128, 139
Hitler and, 140
Schörner and, 106
Army Group Center, xix, 3, 39, 40, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 140, 215
and Army Group North, 59, 61, 62, 89
in Belorussia, 24
collapse of, 25, 26, 33, 41, 44, 56, 62, 75, 104
Dönitz and, 33
in East Russia, 54
Freissner and, 26
Gehlen and, 138–39
Guderian and, 128, 139
at Memel, 53
Reinhardt and, 109
at Riga, 50
Schörner and, 29, 47, 89
and Soviet forces, 9, 23, 24–30, 27, 37, 60, 107, 109, 110, 117, 135
and Third Panzer Army, 57, 109
and XXVIII Corps, 108
Army Group Courland (formerly Army Group North), xxi, 85, 105, 107, 111, 140, 142, 149, 212, 219
commanders of, 88–94. See also Hilpert, Model, Rendulic, Schörner, Vietinghoff
and Soviet forces, 81–106, 83, 100
supply lines of, 97–99, 143
Army Group F, 146
Army Group G, 146
Army Group North, xix, 2, 50, 60, 108, 135, 178, 208. See also Army Group Courland
and Army Group Vistula, 119
Assmann, and, 35–36
at Aaland Islands, 41
Bagramian and, 28
and Baltic Isles, 65, 78
Buchardi and, 184
commanders of, 198. See also Hilpert, Model, Rendulic, Schörner, Vietinghoff
at Courland, 47–64, 52, 55, 60, 61, 64, 81, 91, 107, 132, 147, 148, 150, 207. See also Army Group Courland
Dönitz and, 32, 33, 36, 37–38, 42, 45, 55, 59, 64, 72, 120, 141, 220
in Estonia, 33, 35, 37, 44, 47, 55, 62, 64, 152, 184
in Finland, 30, 31, 32
Foreign Armies East on, 138
Freissner and, 26
Gehlen and, 137–38
and the German Navy, 7–20, 34, 35, 38, 60, 65, 68
Guderian and, 47, 57, 60, 61–62, 121
Hitler strategy and, 25, 26, 30, 35, 40, 60, 62, 68, 80, 120, 121, 132, 148–49, 218
Kummetz and, 55
at Libau, 54, 71, 187
Meisel and, 38, 71
Model and, 25
at Narva, 10, 11, 14, 18, 76
OKH and, 54, 58
at Panther Position, 7, 12, 18, 22, 24, 27, 41
Rendulic and, 89
Schörner and, 47, 63, 90, 91, 93, 216
and Skl, 13, 56, 72
and Soviet forces, 1, 3–5, 7, 9, 13, 22, 23–46, 48, 51, 53, 60, 65, 107, 111, 135, 137, 211, 215
supply lines of, 38–39, 42, 70, 98, 119, 121, 122
at Sworbe, 71, 72
and Third Panzer Army, 39, 57
troop strength of, 135, 142
Voss and, 55
at Vyborg Bay, 31
Weiss and, 113
Army Group South, 3, 23, 89
Army Group South Ukraine, 90, 92
Army Group Vistula, 107, 113, 119, 142, 215. See also Vistula River
Heinrici and, 127
Himmler and, 114
Hitler and, 123, 124, 126
OKH and, 115, 127
and Soviet forces, 116, 135
troop strength of, 135
Artste Line, 68, 80
Assman, Heinz, xiii, 12–13, 16, 21, 32, 35–36, 38, 41–42, 43, 59, 122, 190, 206, 207
“Aster,” code name, 48–50, 53, 58, 59, 62–63, 64
Atlantic Wall, 33
Axis forces, 22, 146
Bagramian, Ivan, 28
Balga Peninsula, 120, 121
Baltic fronts. See First Baltic Front; Second Baltic Front; Third Baltic Front
Baltic Gap, closing of, 37, 39, 44
Baltic Isles. See Dagö, Ösel, Moon
Battle of the Bulge. See Ardennes Offensive
Bay of Biscay. See Biscay, Bay of
Bay of Danzig. See Danzig, Bay of
Belorussian fronts. See First Belorussian Front; Second Belorussian Front
Bird, Keith, xxi, 220
Biscay, Bay of, 10, 175, 204
Black Sea, 2, 15, 146, 149, 171, 187, 204
Blanc, Adalbert von, xiii, 73–74, 77, 100
“Blitz,” code name, 51, 53
Boheman, Erik, xiii, 31
Böhmer, Kurt, 38
Bonin, Bogislaw von, xiii, 40, 54, 67, 71, 72
Bulgaria, 23, 208, 213
Burchardi, Theodor, xiii, 59, 70–71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 126–27, 184–85
Cherkassy Pocket, 6
code breaking, 157, 180
code names
“Aster.” See “Aster”
“Blitz,” 51
“Rain,” 53
“Rotdorn,” 34, 37
“Sunshine,” 53
“Tanne East,” 41–43, 56, 64. See also Hogland island
“Tanne West,” 41–43, 56, 161. See also Åland Islands
“Thunder,” 53
“Weissdorn,” 34, 37
codes, Germany’s, 156, 157, 176
Conrady, Heinz-Dietrich von, xiii, 43, 56, 57, 60, 68, 69
Courland, xviii, xxii, 81, 87, 220. See also First Courland Battle; Second Courland Battle; Third Courland Battle; Fourth Courland Battle; Fifth Courland Battle; Sixth Courland Battle; Seventh Courland Battle
Army Group North at, 47–64, 52, 55, 60, 61, 64, 81, 91, 107, 132, 147, 148, 150, 207
and OKH, 84, 96, 98, 99, 101, 104, 142
and OKW, 99
and Skl, 56, 60, 100, 102, 103
Stalin and, 86–87, 140–41
Cranz, 111–13, 112
Crimea, 9, 63, 70
Dönitz on, 198, 204, 208
Hitler strategy in, 40, 140, 141, 146, 150
Dagö island, 49, 65–67, 66, 72, 76, 78
Danzig (city), 60, 109, 112, 114, 116, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, 180, 182
Danzig port, xxi, 115, 120, 122, 127
shipyards, 173, 177
Danzig, Bay of, 34, 35, 36, 98, 101, 102, 112, 116, 123, 126, 127, 185, 193
Danzig–Gdynia sector, 113, 116, 125, 126, 135, 141, 185. See also Gdynia
decryption. See code breaking
Denmark, German occupation of, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 163, 165, 188–89, 191, 197
Doblen, 51, 53, 82, 84
Don River, 149, 150
Dorpat, 26, 29, 30, 40, 48, 50, 63
Dülffer, Jost, xxi
Düna River, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 39, 48, 49, 52, 83
Dünaburg, 25, 26, 27, 28
Durchhalt strategy, Hitler’s, 36, 206–14, 220, 223
Dutch. See Holland
East Prussia, 1, 34, 95, 96, 112, 115, 122, 128, 130, 140, 187, 201
Army Detachment Samland in, 113
Army Group A in, 110, 111, 135
Army Group Center in, 53, 54, 108, 109, 110, 111, 135, 138
Army Group North in, 34–36, 38, 39, 44, 45, 57, 61, 118–19, 135
Army Group Vistula in, 135
Assmann strategy in, 35–36
Bargramian strategy in, 136
Bonin strategy in, 54
Cherniakovskii strategy in, 113
Dönitz strategy in, 34, 36, 38, 45, 53, 118, 121–24, 126, 128, 201
Fifth Panzer Division in, 114
First Belorussian Front in, 136
Fourth Army in, 110–14, 135
Gehlen strategy in, 135, 137–41
German army in, xviii, xxi–xxii, 109–14
German forces isolated in, 45, 60, 61, 62, 100, 104, 111, 114, 118, 138
German troop strength in, 135, 136
Guderian strategy in, 59, 60–62, 116–17, 128, 137–41
Hitler strategy, 87–88, 106, 111, 114, 118, 119, 121, 127, 131, 136, 141, 149, 206
Reinhardt strategy in, 109, 110, 111
Rendulic strategy in, 89, 112, 113, 134
Schörner meets Hitler in, 50, 51
Schörner strategy in, 53, 54, 137–41
Second Army in, 110–11, 113, 135
Second Belorussian Front in, 109–10, 136
Soviet offensives in, 23, 28, 54, 57, 59–62, 80, 87–88, 94, 107, 108, 109–14, 134–36, 137–41
Stalin strategy in, 86, 87
Third Belorussian Front in, 26, 51, 109–10, 113
Third Panzer Army in, 110–13
XXVIII Corps in, 111–13
Vasilevskii strategy in, 114
Wellenbrecher doctrine in, 136, 139
Zeitzler strategy in, 39
East Wall, 2, 12, 59
Eastern Front, ix, xxii, 12, 19, 20, 32, 44, 85, 213
Assmann and, 12
Dönitz and, 208
Gehlen and, 138
Guderian and, 48, 54, 60, 61, 149, 188
Hitler strategy, 55, 104, 106, 121, 123, 132, 139–40, 145, 150–51, 167
Kuchler and 1, 2
Meisel and, 38
OKH and, 54, 55, 218
OKW and, 121
Soviet offensives on, 23, 87, 138, 149
Eighteenth Army, 3, 5–7, 9, 14, 82, 84, 91
Eleventh Army, 9–10
Eleventh SS Panzer Army, 114–15, 124
English Channel, 2, 15, 33, 177, 188
Enigma code machine, 176
Estland-West Position, 48, 49, 50
Fifth Courland Battle, 82, 89, 104
Fifth Guards Tank Army, 28, 133
Fifth Panzer Division, 114
First Air Force, 29
First Baltic Front, 25, 28, 51, 113
First Belorussian Front, 110, 115, 136
First Courland Battle, 82, 84, 87, 95, 137
First Panzer Army, 149
First Task Force, 35
First Ukranian Front, 110, 136
Foertsch, Friedrich, xiii, 47
Foreign Armies East, 135, 136, 138
Forshell, Anders, xiii, 159
Fourth Army, 109, 110–14, 115, 119–22, 128, 135, 151
Fourth Courland Battle, 82, 87, 104
Fourth Panzer Army, 128
Friedeburg, Hans-Georg von, xiii, 201
Friessner, Hans, xiii, 25–26, 28, 29, 33, 34–35, 36, 39–40, 44, 202
Fuchs, Werner, xiii, 174, 195
Fürungsgruppe (OKH Command), 49. See also OKH
Gdansk. See Danzig
Gdynia, xxi, 32, 98, 113, 115, 116,120, 122–27, 129, 135, 141, 184, 185
Gehlen, Reinhard, xiii, 133, 135, 137–39, 141
German Army High Command. See OKH (Oberkommando des Heeres)
Gersdorff, Curt-Ulrich von, xiii, 61, 69, 72
Gneisenau (German cruiser), 188
Godt, Eberhard, xiii, 34, 190, 191, 200, 201
Goebbels, Joseph, 18, 28, 36–37, 45, 89, 93–94, 97, 104, 125, 136, 148, 155, 178, 179, 195, 203, 211, 212, 214, 219, 221
Gollnick, Hans, xiv, 107–8
Göring, Herman, xiv, 39, 129, 132, 133, 177, 195, 197–98, 200, 205
Gotenkopf Position, 150
Gothic Line, 23
Govorov, L. A., 7
Grasser, Army Detachment. See Army Detachment Grasser
Grasser, Anton, xiv. See also Army Detachment Grasser
Group Sponheimer, 6
Group Strachwitz, 29–30
Guderian, Heinz, xiv, xx, 27–28, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 55, 63, 67, 68, 69, 73, 80, 85, 99, 100, 115, 116–23, 126, 132, 133, 142, 144–45, 151, 152, 182, 185, 190, 195, 208, 216, 219–21
and Army Group A, 128, 139
and Army Group Center, 128, 139
Army Group North, 47, 57, 60, 61–62, 121
and Eastern Front, 48, 54, 60, 61, 149, 188
and East Prussia, 59, 60–62, 116–17, 128, 137–41
and Memel, 61, 108–9, 116
and Skl, 123
and West Prussia, 123
Halder, Franz, xiv, 155
Heidkämper, Otto, xiv, 111
Heinrici, Gotthard, xiv, 127
Hela Peninsula, 116, 123, 125, 126, 127, 135, 215
Herwig, Holger, xxi
Hessler, Günter, xiv, 191, 201
Heusinger, Adolf, xiv, 13, 34, 35, 36, 39, 58–59, 140
Hilpert, Carl, xiv, 69, 71–72, 88–89, 90, 99, 104–5, 106, 132, 201, 212
Himmler, Heinrich, 37, 114–15, 123–25, 127, 129, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 211, 214, 221
Hogland island, 8, 18, 41–44, 45, 46, 58, 59, 62, 64, 75, 79, 161, 184, 216
Holland, 10, 15, 148, 175, 185, 191, 204, 208
Hossbach, Friedrich, xiv, 111
Hungary, 24, 60, 94, 213
Hungary, 109, 115, 123, 146, 151, 206
intelligence
Allied, 180
German, 15, 24, 86, 88, 10
1, 108, 110, 117, 133, 137–38, 155, 184, 188
Soviet, 115
Swedish, 156–57, 161
Irben Straits, 56, 57, 65, 67, 69–71, 77, 78, 160
Italy, 22
Allies in, 23, 28–29, 140
Dönitz on, 196
German losses in, 30, 45, 147
Speer on, 151
Vietinghoff and, 85, 89, 106
Jodl, Alfred, xiv, 11, 33, 38, 118, 121, 127–28, 129, 148, 156, 157, 165, 191, 195, 211, 213
Juhlin-Dannfelt, Curt, xiv, 155
Karelian Isthmus, 4, 18, 30, 31
Keitel, Wilhelm, xiv, 19, 31, 33, 48, 59, 80, 121, 123, 129, 162, 165, 195, 200, 203
Kinzel, Eberhard, xiv, 3, 6, 28, 34, 59
Kolgampia Peninsula, 59
Kollontai, Alexandra, 18
Königsberg, 47, 110, 111–14, 112, 118–22, 125, 136, 140
Kovno, 25, 26, 29
Kraus, Herbert, xxi, 220
Kronstadt Bay, 9, 14, 16, 75, 102, 182, 183, 184, 187
Kronstadt Island, 4, 8
Kuban Peninsula, 12, 140, 141, 149–50, 187, 216
Küchler, Georg von, xiv, 1–6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 28, 202
Kummetz, Oskar, xiv, 19, 32–33, 37, 38, 46, 55, 58, 59, 71, 73–74, 75, 76–77, 101, 102–3, 117–18, 160–61, 162–63, 185–86
Kurgolowo Peninsula, 8, 59
Kurl. Aa Position. See Aa Position
Kursk, 2, 12, 150
Ladoga Canal, 184
Ladoga, Lake. See Lake Lagoda
Lake Ilmen, 4, 5
Lake Ladoga, 1, 2, 4, 9, 10
Lake Peipus, 1, 6, 15, 27, 28
Lake Vänern, 158
Lake Wirz, 48
Latvia, xviii, 62, 77. See also Courland
Dönitz on, 72
Gehlen on, 138
German isolation on, 81, 88
German offensives in, 29, 70
German troop supplies, 99, 100
Hitler strategy, xxi, 145, 149, 215, 216, 223
Rendulic in, 89
Schörner in, 47, 50, 93, 103, 134
Soviet offensives in, 7, 34, 37, 50, 84, 133, 137
Soviet withdrawl from, 87, 104, 134
Stalin on, 87, 141
Vietinghoff in, 89
Leeb, Wilhelm Ritter von, xiv, 1, 2
Leipzig (German cruiser), 77
Leningrad Front, 4, 7, 26, 28, 48, 50, 51
Libau, 27, 34, 37, 51, 52, 53–55, 56–57, 60–61, 62, 67–68, 71, 77, 81–84, 86, 89, 100, 101, 105, 108, 117, 143, 146, 159, 160, 187, 201
Leo Line, 68
Lielupe River. See Aa River
Lindemann, Georg, xiv, 3, 7, 13, 19, 21, 24–25, 28, 39, 44
Lithuania, xviii
Dönitz and, 72, 185
German navy and, 77
Soviet offensives in, 7, 34, 107
Luftwaffe, 2
defeat of, 167
Dönitz and, 76, 105