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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
RAMP HOLLOW WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE without the scholarship of those who came before me. Historians of Appalachia whose work I read and admire include Allen Batteau, David Whisnant, David C. Hsiung, Dwight Billings, Henry Shapiro, Honor Sachs, John Alexander Williams, Kathleen Blee, Kathryn Newfont, Mary Beth Pudup, Paul Salstrom, Rebecca J. Bailey, Ronald Eller, Ronald L. Lewis, Robert S. Weise, Sarah Gregg, Stephen Aron, and Wilma A. Dunaway. My less proximate inspirations are just as important to this book. They include Barry Cunliffe, Charles Sellers, Christopher Hitchens, David Graeber, David Harvey, E. P. Thompson, Ellen Meiksins Wood, Eric Wolf, Ester Boserup, Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Joan Martinez-Alier, John Bellamy Foster, J. B. Jackson, John Gaventa, Marshall Sahlins, Michael Merrill, Michael Watts, Mike Davis, Raymond Williams, Robert McC. Netting, Wendell Berry, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx. I take them wherever I go. They’ve taught me to look for hidden histories, obscured relationships, and organizing powers.
I have learned from remarkable teachers. Gunter Barth (1925–2004) taught me how to think and write about history. My many other teachers have included Ann Fabian, Carolyn Merchant, David Montgomery (1927–2011), Donald Worster, Enrique Mayer, Herman Daly, Howard Lamar, Jackson Lears, Jack Temple Kirby (1938–2009), James Scott, John Demos, John Mack Faragher, Ken Jowitt, Michael Dove, Michael Perelman, Paul Groth, Paul Salstrom, Pierce Lewis, Robert Wokler (1942–2006), Robin Winks (1930–2003), Roger Kennedy (1926–2011), Robert Middlekauf, William Bouwsma (1932–2004), and William Cronon.
Ann Fabian and Jackson Lears accepted me as a senior fellow at the Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis during 2007–2008. The remarkable members of the RCHA seminar helped me to think at an early stage in my writing. They included Toby Jones, Michael Adas, Paul Clemens, and Alastair Bonnet. Michael Perelman guided me with his deep knowledge of political economy and inspired me to think more deeply. Tony Waters read early chapter fragments and offered important suggestions. This book benefited from the insights and encouragement of Elizabeth Blackmar and Andrew Sartori as part of a seminar sponsored by the O’Connell Initiative on the Global History of Capitalism, hosted by Fordham University in the spring of 2016. Betsy gave me detailed comments on every chapter, for which I am deeply grateful. Harold Forsythe commented during the same seminar, read all the text, and directed me to useful sources. My generous and spirited colleagues Rosemary Wakeman, Christopher Dietrich, David Hamlin, and Silvana Patriarca also commented. Thanks to Stephen Leccese for his help with the bibliography and to Tobias Hrynick for tracking down medieval sources.
Thanks also to the scholars and editors who helped me sharpen my thinking and who published my work: Jennifer Klein, Kate Brown and Thomas Kluboch (International Labor and Working-Class History), Cynthia Ott (Environmental History), and Andrew Isenberg (The Oxford Handbook of Environmental History). Thanks also to Thomas Thurston, Daniel Lanpher, Jonathan Freiman, and Andrew Weise. Mark Fiege commented on an early version of the third chapter. John Mack Faragher and Doron Ben-Atar read a later version of the same. Participants in the Agrarian Studies Colloquium at Yale University read the fourth chapter. I offered an early version of the same to the New York Metro Environmental History Seminar organized by Neil Maher in 2012. Maria Farland gave me a very helpful reading of the fifth chapter. I relied on Maria’s terrific scholarship, especially her formulation of rural degeneracy. Brian Donahue read the entire manuscript, instructed me on many points, and corrected a number of errors. Sara Rushing shared her terrific library of political theory. Lisa Adams, my agent at the Garamond Agency, never forgot about me, though it took me more than a decade to send her a draft. Back in 2005, Thomas LeBien took a risk on a vague idea and drew up a contract. By the time I finished, Alex Star had become editor of Hill and Wang at Farrar, Straus and Giroux. I am unbelievably fortunate to have worked with Alex on the final form of this book. Scott Borchert, also at FSG, also gave the manuscript a terrific reading.
I am grateful to Fordham University for a Faculty Fellowship in 2014. H.R. Scott of the West Virginia University Agriculture Extension Service drove me to just about every hollow and ridge top in Monongalia County with great hospitality. Charles and Whitney Hunter showed me their beautiful farm and allowed me to spend all the time I wanted tramping around the Hoard and Stewart cabins. I wish to thank the helpful staff members of the West Virginia History Collection at West Virginia University, the West Virginia State Archives, and the Eastern Regional Coal Archives in Bluefield. Paul Salstrom’s contribution to this book goes beyond that of a generous colleague. I asked Paul for a little advice after reading Appalachia’s Path to Dependency (1994). He gave me much more than that. Paul mailed me article after article, twice read the entire manuscript, alerted me to things I had never heard of, and responded calmly to my confusion and angst. Paul is a great scholar and one of the most genero
us colleagues I have known.
I wrote this book over several years and through many changes. My wife, Leslie, helped me hone the ideas in Ramp Hollow from the day we met. She asked questions that often sent me to rethink a position or revise a conclusion. Our children—Batsheva, Elijah, Elise, Jacob, Jaden, and Katya—mostly experienced my work on this book at the dinner table, when I would tell them about something I found or was thinking about. Maybe one day they’ll open it and find that it’s about families working together in abundance and hardship, love of place, and perseverance.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Acadians
Adams, Henry
Adams, John Quincy
Affluent Society, The (Galbraith)
Affordable Care Act (2010)
Africa; slaves from; see also specific nations
African-Americans; in coal fields; degeneracy attributed to; dispossession of; enclosure to prevent land ownership by; in Port Royal Experiment; sharecropping by; among Sirionó; tenant farming by; Western migration of; see also slaves
African Development Bank
Agrarian Justice (Paine)
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
Agricultural Depression (Polk)
Agriculture, U.S. Department of (USDA)
Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act (2013)
Alabama
Albanians
Albright, Horace
Alger, Horatio, Jr.
Allegheny Front
Allegheny Mountains
Allen, James Lane
Alpha Natural Resources
Alston, William
Amazonia
American Art Association
American Constitutional Association
American Engineering Council
American Friends Service Committee
American Revolution, see Revolutionary War
“American Scholar, The” (Emerson)
Anatolia
Anderson, Benedict
Andes
Anglican Church
Anglo-Saxons
Anshutz, Thomas
Antietam, Battle of
Apache nation
Appalachian Plateau
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC)
Appleton’s Journal
Arapaho nation
Arcadia
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Arkansas
Armco
Arthurdale (West Virginia)
Associated Presbyterian Church
Astor family
Atlantic Charter
Atlantic Monthly, The
Australia
Azerbaijan
Aztecs
Back Allegheny Mountain
Bacon’s Rebellion
Bailey, Liberty Hyde
Baily, Dave
Baltimore
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Barbados
Barnwell, Timothy Lee
barter
Bartram, William
Batey, Mavis
Baylor, Francis Courtenay
Becker, Jane S.
Bee, Kathleen M.
Beijing
Belcher family
Belize
Benedict, Ruth
Benson, Ezra Taft
Bentham, Jeremy
Benton, Thomas Hart
Berea College
Berkeley, Hugo
Bernardino of Siena, Saint
Berry, Wendell
Big Black
Big Sandy River
Billings, Dwight B.
Bingham, George Caleb
Blackburn, Robin
Black Death
Blountville, Battle of
Blue-grass and Rhododendron (Fox)
Boas, Franz
Blue Ridge region; diversity of species of; land ownership west of; livestock of; swidden agriculture in; timber industry in; tourism in; watershed of
Boccaccio, Giovanni
Bohemian immigrants
Bolivia
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon
Bonaparte, Napoleon
Boone, Daniel
Boreman, Arthur I.
Borneo
Borsodi, Ralph
Boserup, Ester
Boston
Boswell, James
Brackenridge, Hugh Hammond
Braidwood, Robert J.
Brasilia
Braudel, Fernand
Brazil
Breaking Home Ties (Hovenden)
Brenner, Robert
Bretton Woods Agreement
Brisbane, Albert
Britain; capitalism in; coal and iron production in; colonies of; in North American Indian wars; Proclamation Line established by; Revolutionary War against; see also England; Scotland; Wales
Bronze Age
Brooks, Alonza Beecher
Brown, William Wells
Buffalo Creek
Buffett, Warren
Bull Creek
Burchardt, Jeremy
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Burke, Edmund
Burr, Dale
Bush, Florence Cope
Butz, Earl
Cahan, Abraham
California
Camden, Johnson
Campbell, John C.
campesinos
Canada
Candler, John
Canterbury, archbishop of
Cape Hatteras
Capito, Shelley Moore
captured gardens; of African-Americans; British; on coal company lands; during Great Depression
Carey, George W.
Carey, Henry
Cargill, Inc.
Cartée, Cornelius Soule
Cass, Lewis
Cather, Willa
Catholics
cattle; commercial production of; corn for feeding; dairy; in division of labor; ecological base for; forest grazing; as form of property; impact of industrialization on; on lands of absentee owners; as market commodities; see also livestock
Caudill, Harry
Cayton, Andrew R.
Cecil, Hill H.,
censuses
Chamberlayne, Edward
Chambers, Whittaker
Charles I, King of England
Charles II, King of England
Charleston (South Carolina)
Charleston (West Virginia)
Chattanooga, Battle of
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Chayanov, Alexander Vasilevich
Cheat Mountain; battle of
Cheat River
Chemstream
Cheney, Dick
Cherokee nation
Cherokee War
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad
Chesapeake Bay
Cheyenne nation
Chicago
Chickasaw nation
China
Choctaw nation
Christian family
Christianity
Church, Frederick
Cincinnati
Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
civilization; farming as catalyst of; impact of division of labor on; Indians viewed as incompatible with; mountains as impediment to; stages of; taxation seen as educational force in; wealth as source of
Civil War; African-American smallholders during; guerrilla tactics in; Indian wars in aftermath of; industrialization during and after; livestock markets at end of; Western migration following; West Virginia in
Clark, Noble
Clark, William
Cleft’s War
Cleveland, Grover
Clinch River
Clinton, Bill
Cliser, Melanchton
Coal Age magazine
Coal Residuals Reuse and Management Act (2013)
Coa
l River
Cobb, Ned
Coke, Roger
Cold War
Cole, Thomas
Collier, John
Collins, Justus
Colman, Henry
Colorado
Colorado River Reservation
Colquhoun, Patrick
Columbus, Christopher
Comanche nation
Commission on Country Life
“Common Lot, The” (Miles)
Commons Communities Act
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels)
Communist Party of the United States
Comstock Lode
Concord (Massachusetts)
Conditions of Agricultural Growth, The (Boserup)
Confederate States of America
Congress, U.S.; agricultural policies of; conflict over slavery in; and dispossession of Indians; during Great Depression; industrialization supported in; populists elected to; West Virginia admitted to Union by; Whiskey Tax legislation in; see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Conklin, Harold C.
Connecticut
Conojocular War (Cresap’s War)
conservationists
Constitution, U.S.; Thirteenth Amendment; Eighteenth Amendment; “three-fifths” clause; Twenty-First Amendment
Consummation of Empire (Cole)
Continental Army
Cook et al. v. Raleigh Lumber Company (1874)
Cope, Dorie Woodruff
Corbin, D.
Corn Belt, see Great Plains; specific states
cotton production; for debt payments; by Indians; for mills; in Port Royal experiment; slavery and; by tenant farmers
Coulibaly, Ibrahim
Country and the City, The (Williams)
Country Politician, The (Bingham)
Course of Empire, The (Cole)
Coxe, Tench
Crawford, William
Crazy Horse
Creek nation
Creek War
Crescent Lumber Company
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de
Crittenden (Fox)
Crockett, David
Crow nation
Cumberland Gap
Cumberland Mountains
Cumberland Vendetta and Other Stories, The (Fox)
Cunliffe, Barry
Custer, George Armstrong
Dakota Territory
Daniel, Pete
Daughters of the American Revolution
Davenport, Charles
Davis, Darrell Haug
Davis, Henry
Davis, James W.
Davis, Mike
Davis, Richard Harding
Davis Coal and Coke Company