Life Everlasting
Page 19
——. Planning to facilitate caching: possible suet cutting by a common raven. Wilson Bulletin 111 (1999): 276–278.
Heinrich, B., and T. Bugnyar. Testing problem solving in ravens: string-pulling to reach food. Ethology 111 (2005): 962–976.
——. Just how smart are ravens? Scientific American 296, no. 4 (2007): 64–71.
Heinrich, B., and J. M. Marzluff. Do common ravens yell because they want to attract others? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28 (1991): 13–21.
Heinrich, B., J. M. Marzluff, and C. S. Marzluff. Ravens are attracted to the appeasement calls of discoverers when they are attacked at defended food. The Auk 110 (1993): 247–254.
Parker, P. G., et al. Do common ravens share food bonanzas with kin? DNA fingerprinting evidence. Animal Behaviour 48 (1994): 1085–1093.
Ravens and Wolves
Stahler, D. R., B. Heinrich, and D. W. Smith. The raven’s behavioral association with wolves. Animal Behaviour 64 (2002): 283– 290.
The Vulture Crowd
Wilbur, S. R., and J. A. Jackson, eds. Vulture Biology and Management. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. This volume, with forty contributors, is the last word on vultures and is said to “embody what is known about these birds today.”
The Environment and Vulture Toxins
Albert, C. A., et al. Anticoagulant rodenticides in three owl species from Western Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58 (2010): 451–459.
Layton, L. Use of potentially harmful chemicals kept secret under law. Washington Post, Jan. 4, 2010.
Magdoff, F., and J. B. Foster. What every environmentalist needs to know about capitalism. Monthly Review 61, no. 10 (2010): 11– 30.
Peterson, Roger T., and James Fisher. Wild America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955, p. 301.
Vulture Guilds
Houston, D. C. Competition for food between Neotropical vultures in forest. Ibis 130, no. 3 (1988): 402–414.
Kruuk, H. J. Competition for food between vultures in East Africa. Ardea 55 (1967): 171–193.
Lemon, W. C. Foraging behavior of a guild of Neotropical vultures. Wilson Bulletin 103, no. 4 (1991): 698–702.
Wallace, M. P., and S. A. Temple. Competitive interactions within and between species in a guild of avian scavengers. The Auk 104 (1987): 290–295.
Vulture Decline
Gilbert, M. G., et al. Vulture restaurants and their role in reducing Diclofenec exposure in Asian vultures. Bird Conservation International 17 (2007): 63–77.
Green, R. E., et al. Diclofenac poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent. Journal of Applied Ecology 41 (2004): 793–800.
Markandya, A., et al. Counting the cost of vulture decline—an appraisal of human health and other benefits of vultures in India. Ecological Economics 67, no. 2 (2008): 194–204.
Prakash, V., et al. Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed Gyps bengalensis and long-billed Gyps indicus vulture populations. Biological Conservation 19, no. 3 (2003): 381–390.
——. Recent changes in populations of resident Gyps vultures in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 104, no. 2 (2007): 129–135.
Swan, G. E., et al. Toxicity of Diclofenac to Gyps vultures. Biology Letters 2, no.2 (2006): 279–282.
Trees of Life
Mushrooms
The variety of fungi is endless, and there are numerous excellent books and guides for their identification, usually illustrated in color and with photographs. Some of my favorites, which have thousands of photographs of forty-one families of mushrooms, are the following.
Laessoe, T., A. Del Conte, and G. Lincoff. The Mushroom Book: How to Identify, Gather, and Cook Wild Mushrooms and Other Fungi. New York: DK Publishing, 1996.
Phillips, R. Mushrooms of North America. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991.
Roberts, P., and S. Evans. The Book of Fungi: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Stamets, Paul. Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Save the World. New York: Ten Speed Press, 2005.
Decay of Trees
Dreistadt, S. H., and J. K. Clark. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide, 2nd ed. Davis, CA: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2004.
Hickman, G. W., and E. J. Perry. Ten Common Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees: Identification Handbook. Sacramento: Western Chapter, ISA, 2003.
Parkin, E. A. The digestive enzymes of some wood-boring beetle larvae. Journal of Experimental Biology 17 (1940): 364–377.
Shortle, W. C., J. A. Menge, and E. B. Cowling. Interaction of bacteria, decay fungi, and live sapwood in discoloration and decay of trees. Forest Pathology 8 (1978): 293–300.
Cetoniine Flower Beetles
Peter, C. I., and S. D. Johnson. Pollination by flower chafer beetles in Eulophia ensata and Eulophia welwitchie (Orchidacea). South African Journal of Botany 75 (2009): 762–770.
Utilization of Dead Wood
Evans, Alexander M. Ecology of Dead Wood in the Southeast (www.forestguild.org/SEdeadwood.htm), 2011. This scientific review, funded by the Environmental Defense Fund, includes about 200 references.
Kalm, Peter. The America of 1750: Peter Kalm’s Travels in North America, vol. 1. Trans. from Swedish, ed. Adolph B. Benson. New York: Dover, 1937.
Kilham, L. Reproductive behavior of yellow-bellied sapsuckers. I. Preferences for nesting in Fomes-infected aspens and nest hole interrelations with flying squirrels, raccoons, and other animals. Wilson Bulletin 83, no. 2 (1971): 159–171.
Schmidt, M. M. I. et al. Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478 (2011): 49–56.
Dung Eaters
Bartholomew, G. A., and B. Heinrich. Endothermy in African dung beetles during flight, ball making, and ball rolling. Journal of Experimental Biology 73 (1978): 65–83.
Edwards, P. B., and H. H. Aschenbourn. Maternal care of a single offspring in the dung beetle Kheper nigroaeneus: consequences of extreme parental investment. Journal of Natural History 23 (1975): 17–27.
Hanski, Ilkka, and Yves Cambefort, eds. Dung Beetle Ecology. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990. An overview and review of dung beetle biology by multiple authors in relation to worldwide distribution, taxonomy, ecology, and natural history.
Heinrich, B., and G. A. Bartholomew. The ecology of the African dung beetle. Scientific American 241, no. 5 (1979): 146–156.
——. Roles of endothermy and size in inter- and intraspecific competition for elephant dung in an African dung beetle, Scarabaeus laevistriatus. Physiological Zoology 52 (1978): 484–494.
Ybarrondo, B. A., and B. Heinrich. Thermoregulation and response to competition in the African dung ball-rolling beetle Kheper nigroaeneus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Physiological Zoology 69 (1996): 35–48.
Elephants as Seed Dispersers
Campos-Arceiz, A., and S. Black. Megagardeners of the forest—the role of elephants in seed dispersal. Acta Oecologica (in press).
Ancient Scavenging Beetles
Chin, Karen, and B. D. Gill. Dinosaurs, dung beetles, and conifers: participants in a Cretaceous food web. Palaios 11, no. 3 (1996): 280–285.
Duringer, P., et al. First discovery of fossil brood balls and nests in the Chadian Pliovene Australopithecine levels. Lethaia 33 (2000): 277–284.
Grimaldi, D., and M. S. Engel. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Kirkland J. I., and K. Bader. Insect trace fossils associated with Protoceratops carcasses in the Djadokhta Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia. In New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium, ed. M. J. Ryan, B. J. Chinnery-Allgeier, and D. A. Eberth, pp. 509–519. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
Beetles and Biocontrol
Bornemissza, G. F. An analysis of arthropod succession in carrion and the effect of its decomposition on the
soil fauna. Australian Journal of Zoology 5 (1957): 1–12.
Michaels, K., and G. F. Bornemissza. Effects of clearfell harvesting on lucanid beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) in wet and dry sclerophyll forests in Tasmania. Journal of Insect Conservation 3 (1999): 85–95.
Queensland Dung Beetle Project. Improving sustainable management systems in Queensland using beetles: final report of the 2001/2002 Queensland Dung Beetle Project (2002).
Sanchez, M. V., and J. F. Genise. Cleptoparasitism and detritivory in dung beetle fossil brood ball from Patagonia, Argentina. Paleontology 52 (2009): 837–848.
Salmon Death-into-Life
Salmon and Cycling
Hill, A. C., J. A. Stanford, and P. R. Leavitt. Recent sedimentary legacy of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and climate change in an ultraoligotrophic, glacially turbid British Columbia nursery lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66 (2009): 1141–1152.
Morris, M. R., and J. A. Stanford. Floodplain succession and soil nitrogen accumulation on a salmon river in southwestern Kamchatka. Ecological Monographs 81 (2011): 43–61.
Troll, Ray, and Amy Gulick. Salmon in the Trees: Life in Alaska’s Tongass Rain Forest. Seattle: Braided River (Mountaineers Books), 2010.
Other Worlds
Chalk
Huxley, Leonard. The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. New York: D. Appleton, 1901.
Huxley, T. H. On a piece of chalk. In The Book of Naturalists, ed. William Beebe. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1901.
Whale Falls
Little, Crispin T. S. The prolific afterlife of whales. Scientific American (Feb. 2010): 78–84.
Smith, Craig R., and Amy R. Baco. Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor. In Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 41 (2003): 311–354, ed. R. N. Gibson and R. J. A. Atkinson.
Thermal Vents
Cavanaugh, Colleen M., et al. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts. Science 213 (1981): 340–342.
Metamorphosis into a New Life and Lives
Metamorphosis
Ryan, Frank. The Mystery of Metamorphosis: A Scientific Detective Story. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 2011.
Truman, J. W., and L. M. Riddiford. The origin of insect metamorphosis. Nature 401 (1999): 447–452.
Wigglesworth, V. B. The Physiology of Insect Metamorphosis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1954.
Williams, C. M. The juvenile hormone of insects. Nature 178 (1956): 212–213.
Hawkmoths
Kitching, I. J., and J. M. Cadiou. Hawkmoths of the World. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000.
Larvae
Williamson, D. I. The Origin of Larvae. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.
——. Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 148 (2006): 585– 602.
Beliefs, Burials, and Life Everlasting
Cambefort, Y. Le scarabée dans l’Egypte ancienne: origin et signification du symbole. Révue de l’Histoire des Religions 204 (1978): 3–46. Egyptian mummies inspired by dung beetles.
Robinson, A. How to behave beyond the grave. Nature 468 (2010): 632–633.
Schutz, E. Berichte über Geier als Aasfresser aus den 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Anzeiger der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft Bayern 7 (1966): 736–738.
Schüz, Ernst, and Claus König. Old World vultures and man. In Vulture Biology and Management, ed. S. R. Sanford and A. L. Jackson. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983, pp. 461– 469.
Tibetan Customs
Hedin, S. Transhimalaya, vol. 1. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1909.
Schafer, E. Ornithologische Forschungsergebnisse zweier Forschungsreisen nach Tibet. Journal für Ornithologie 86 (1938): 156– 166.
Taring, R. D. 1872. Ich Bin Eine Tochter Tibets: Leben im Land der vertriebenen Gotter. Hamburg: Marion von Schröder, 1872.
Neolithic Vulture Cults
Lewis-Williams, D., and D. Pearce. Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, Cosmos and the Realm of the Gods, pp. 116–117. London: Thames and Hudson, 2003.
Mellaart, J. Çatal Hük, a Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames and Hudson, 1967.
Mithen, Steven. After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,000–5,000 BC. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Selvamony, N. Sacred ancestors, sacred homes. In Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril, ed. K. D. Moore and M. P. Nelson. San Antonio, Tex.: Trinity University Press, 2010, pp. 137–140.
Index
Page references in italics refer to text illustrations.
acacia, [>], [>], [>]
accountability issues, [>]
Aegypius monachus (cinereous vulture), [>]
Africa: Botswana, [>], [>]; early man, [>]–[>], [>]; East, [>]; extinction of megafauna in, [>]; fauna, [>], [>]–[>]; humans scavenging elephant, [>]; Kenya, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] (see also Tsavo National Park); savanna, [>]–[>], [>]; Serengeti region, [>]; South Africa, [>], [>], [>], [>]; Tanganyika (historical; Tanzania), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; vultures in, [>]–[>]; Zimbabwe, [>], [>]
Aiolornis incredibilis (teratorn), [>]
Akeley, Carl, [>]–[>]
Alaska: forest destruction, [>]; Katmai National Park and Preserve, [>]; McNeil Sanctuary, [>], [>]; salmon migration, [>], [>]
algae: blue-green, [>]; coccoliths, [>]; diatoms, [>]; green, [>]–[>]; symbiotic, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
algal bloom, [>]
Alvin submersible, [>]–[>]
Amboseli National Park, Kenya, [>]
amphipod, [>]
Anatolia. See Çatal Hüyük archaeological site
ant, Formica slave-making, [>]
antelope: hunted by humans, [>]; recycling of waste products, [>], [>]; sable, [>]
antibiotics: from beetles, [>], [>], [>]; from fungi, [>], [>]; from maggots, [>]
apatosaur, [>]–[>]
aquatic environments: freshwater, and salmon migration, [>], [>]–[>]; marine deepwater, [>]–[>]; marine photic zone, [>]–[>]; trees near streams or ponds, [>]–[>]; watery deaths, [>]
Argentavis magnificens (giant teratorn), [>]
Armillaria mellea (maple-decaying fungus), [>]–[>]
ash, American white, [>]–[>], [>]
aspen, [>]
Audubon, John James, [>]
auk, great, [>]
Aumiller, Larry, [>]
Australia, dung beetles introduced to, [>]–[>]
australopithecine, [>], [>], [>]
baboon, [>], [>], [>], [>]
bacteria: actinobacteria, [>]; chemotrophic, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; competition for food source (see preservation of carcass); ecological role as decomposers, [>], [>]–[>], [>] (see also decomposition); and evolution of mitochondria, [>], [>]; Gram-positive, [>]; gut, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; introduced into tree by insects, [>]–[>], [>]; methane-capturing, [>]; soil, [>], [>]; sulfide-eating, [>]–[>]
balsam fir: burrows and feeding tracks by beetles, [>]–[>], [>]; to construct cabin, [>]; fungi in, [>]; life span, [>]; used by woodpeckers, [>]
barbet, [>]
bark beetles: burrows and feeding tracks, [>]–[>], [>]; eggs deposited on/in tree, [>], [>]; life cycle, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; predation by clerids, [>]; red flat (see Cucujus clavipes)
Bartholomew, George A., [>], [>], [>], [>]
bat, [>]
bears: black, [>], [>]; brown, [>], [>]; feeding on deer carcass, [>]; grizzly (see Ursus arctos horribilis); McNeil Sanctuary for, [>], [>]; polar, [>]
beaver, [>], [>]
beech: fungi in, [>]; nuts, [>], [>]; used by woodpeckers, [>]
bees: beetle wing/elytra coloration to mimic bumblebee, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; body temperature, [>]; bumblebee (see Bombus); pollination by, [>]
beetles: ability to sense a downed tree, [>]; African Goliath (see Goliathus giganteus); bark (see bark beetles); burial of animals to provide future food sour
ce, [>]; burying (see Nicrophorus); cetoniine, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; clerid, [>]; colonization of downed tree, [>]; deathwatch (furniture), [>]; dermestid, [>]; dung (see dung beetles); jewel, [>], [>]; larvae as food source for other animals, [>]; longhorn, [>], [>] (see also pine sawyer beetles); metamorphosis, [>]; nicrophorid, [>], [>], [>]; pine sawyer (see pine sawyer beetles); pollination by, [>], [>]–[>]; powderpost, [>]; red-lined carrion (see Necrodes surinamensis); scarab, [>], [>], [>]; sexton (see Nicrophorus); silphid, [>]; South American Hercules (see Dynastes); South American rhinoceros (see Dynastes hercules); specialization, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; spike-edge long-horned, [>]; stag (see Hoplogonus bornemisszai); staphylinid, [>], [>]; used to clean skeletons in museums, [>]; which eat wool, feathers, gristle, fur, and skin, [>], [>]; wing anatomy, [>]–[>], [>]
beliefs, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Bible, [>]
biology: cellular, [>], [>]; developmental, [>], [>]–[>]; effects of size, [>]
bioluminescence, [>], [>]
Biophilia (Wilson), [>]
birch: bark beetle emergence from, [>]–[>]; fungi in, [>], [>]; gray, [>]; mammoth habitat, [>]; used by woodpeckers, [>], [>]; yellow, [>], [>]
birds: evolution, [>]–[>]; extinction, [>]; function of vocalizations, [>]; in sequence of undertakers, [>]; sky burial by, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; use of old woodpecker holes, [>