Lincoln Unbound
Page 27
Martineau, Harriet, 67, 199–200
Maryland, free blacks in, 169
Mason, James, 178
Masters, Edgar Lee, 113
Mayer, Susan, 223
McCardell, John, 145
McClellan, Gen. George B., 43
McDougall, James A., 173
McDougall, Walter, 172, 181
McNabb, Babb, 43
Mead, Walter Russell, 209
Meigs, Gen. Montgomery, 174
Melville, Herman, 168
Mexican War, 138–39
Meyer, Frank, 10
middle-class: acculturation and, 226; American as greatest, 195; as American foundation, 15; economic evisceration of, 7; erosion of, 5, 204–5, 223; Lincoln and, 4–5, 30, 67–70, 214–15; post-World War II solidity, 291; Republican Party and, 238; values, 4–5, 16, 222–23, 224, 225; Whig party and, 58–59
Miller, Joaquin, 119
Miller, William, 43
Morrill, Justin, 175–76, 177
Morris, Charles R., 191
Murray, Charles, 200
Murray, Lindley, 34, 226
Neely, Mark, 113
New Orleans, 37–41, 118–19
New Salem, Illinois, 41, 46; Lincoln as postmaster, 42, 47–48; Lincoln leaves (1837), 52; Lincoln studying law in, 50–52; Sangamon River and, 43–44
New York City, 185, 187
Nicolay, John G., 78, 140
Niles, Hezekiah, 199
Nimmo, Joseph, 119
Nott, Josiah, 145
Obama, Barack, 9, 194, 209; 2011 Osawatomie speech, 217; claiming of Lincoln, 229–30
Obama, Michelle, 222
Offutt, Denton, 40–42, 46
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 169–70
opportunity, 3–4, 6, 58–59; Lincoln commitment to, 2, 3–4, 7, 14, 16, 22, 86, 114, 116, 148, 193, 198, 207
“Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln” (Douglass), 1
Owens, Mary, 71, 79
Paul, Ron, 10, 234
Pettit, John, 140, 142
Phillips, Wendell, 171
Pierce, Franklin, 135
Piketty, Thomas, 202
Pomeroy, Samuel, 183
populism, 7–8, 18, 194
Potter, John Fox, 179
Principles of Political Economy (Carey), 90
property rights, 7, 47, 90, 94, 193
Putnam, Robert, 226
railroads, 15, 21, 117, 118, 119, 121, 128, 137, 152, 185–87, 193; high-speed rail, 231; in Illinois, 99, 100, 101–2, 110, 117, 120, 134; land-grant railroads, 110; Lincoln and, 4, 9, 45, 68, 86, 100, 110–13, 119, 194, 215; manufacturing and, 21; Pacific Railroad Acts, 172; Southern vs. Northern, 150, 171, 181; subsidies, 12, 179; transcontinental, 128, 134, 172–73, 186, 215
Randolph, John, 67
Reagan, Ronald, 233–34, 237
Reavis, Isham, 74–75
Republican Party, 16, 59, 62, 238; as “Black Republicans,” 161; conservatives criticizing Lincoln, 10; defining principles, 90, 116; domestic agenda after Southern secession, 172–79; homestead bills and, 177–79; libertarian bent in, 233; Lincoln and, 18–19, 90, 115, 135–36; Lincoln and revitalization of the party today, 231–39; Lincoln-inflected agenda for today, 235–39; Lincoln Senate run, 125–26; middle-class and, 4, 238; as National Republicans, 60, 62; in the North, 120–21; opposed to centralization, 59; origins of, 135; platform of 1860, 178, 218–19; Reagan and Lincoln, 233–34; record on civil rights, 231–32; Southern voters and, 232–33; victory in 1860, 170
Richardson, Heather Cox, 173
Robertson, George, 198
Rockefeller, John D., 188
Roksa, Josipa, 212
Roll, John, 52
Romine, John, 35
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 10, 11, 12, 180, 194
Roosevelt, Theodore, 12, 13, 192–93, 194
Ross, Frederick A., 147
Rutledge, Robert B., 49
Saez, Emmanuel, 202
Sangamo Journal, 44, 82, 114, 131
Sangamon River, 40–41, 43–44
Sawhill, Isabel, 223
Scott, Winfield, 80, 168
Scripps, John, 31, 133
Sellers, Charles, 223, 226–27
Seward, William, 8, 49, 182, 195
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 186
Shields, James, 83–84
Short, Bradford William, 143–45
Simmons, Pollard, 53–54
slavery: anti-abolitionism, 72–73; “bloody Kansas,” 135; Britain and, 139; compensated emancipation proposed, 10, 138; as cornerstone of the South, 136–37, 147–51; Declaration and, 140; in Delaware, 10; Dred Scott decision, 160, 169; expansion of, 158–59; Jackson and, 60; Kansas-Nebraska Act, 133–35, 139, 178; liberation of, cost, 181; Lincoln-Douglas Debates and, 151–64; Lincoln letter to Robertson on, 127; Lincoln on natural rights vs. political-social rights, 162–63; Lincoln’s antislavery stance, 3, 5, 37, 135–36, 137–40, 151–64, 237–38; Lincoln’s House Divided speech, 126–27, 155, 157; Missouri Compromise, 133, 134, 160; “nonextension” position, 139; as political issue, 123, 151–64; population in South, 169; proslavery arguments, 145–46; Thirteenth Amendment, 229; voluntary colonization of blacks, 139; Wilmot Proviso, 138–39
Slavery Justified (Fitzhugh), 146
Slavery Ordained by God (Ross), 147
Smith, Adam, 96
Smoot, Coleman, 47, 48
social capital, 7
social democracies, 198–99, 214
Speed, Joshua, 71, 98–99, 122, 131
Lincoln letter in 1855, 135, 219
Springfield, Illinois, 51; Lincoln as lawyer in, 52, 78, 93–94, 97, 108–15, 133; Lincoln’s in-laws in, 80; as state capital, 100; Temperance Society, 68; Whig newspaper, 82; Whig rally, 81
Stanton, Edwin, 197
Stephens, Alexander, 136
Stevens, Thaddeus, 160, 183
Stuart, John, 51, 54, 78, 80, 82, 85, 100, 101, 131
Taney, Roger, 63, 160, 161
tariffs: Lincoln and, 106–7, 143, 193, 221; Morrill Tariff, 175–76; Tariff of Abominations, 106–7; Whigs and, 91
taxes: Civil War taxes liquidated, 184; Confederacy’s income tax, 12, 180; current U.S. system, as progressive, 203; Lincoln’s income tax, 11–12, 176, 184; reformation of system, 210, 222; regressive payroll tax, 221
Taylor, George Rogers, 37, 117–18
Taylor, James, 38
Taylor, Zachary, 80, 93, 122–23
telegraph, 186–87
telephone, 191
Thomas, Benjamin, 42
Thomas, Jesse B., Jr., 82
Thomas, Richard, 108
Thoreau, Henry David, 119
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 197, 200
Toombs, Robert, 169
transportation: in American South, 150, 181; canal-building, 116–17, 118; federalism and, 96; of goods and resources, 117–18; high-speed rail, 231; Jackson, Hamilton, and Jefferson on infrastructure improvements, 96; Lincoln and infrastructure improvements, 45, 95–102, 111–13, 215; opening of the West, 173–74, 186; revolution in, 21, 121; rivers as highways, 37, 40–41, 43–44, 97, 118; roads of the frontier, 37, 97; steamboats, 37–38, 112–13. See also railroads
Trollope, Frances, 199, 200
Troy, Indiana, 38
Types of Mankind (Nott), 145
Union Pacific Railroad, 172–73
United States: alcohol use on the frontier, 67–68, 223; Bank War, 103, 105; capitalism and, 87–123; class divide in, 7, 16, 207; closing of the Western frontier, 187; contemporary, Lincoln’s vision and, 5; contemporary, loss of vitality, 198–99; as country of “self-made” men, 57, 114–15; economic mobility in, 2, 3, 5, 6–7, 14, 16, 116, 148, 189, 191, 199–200, 204,
225; flag with 34 stars, 165; free West, 169, 170; global economy, share of, 209; government activism, 12, 13, 179; government dependence (welfare state), 5, 12, 16, 198–99, 213–15, 221, 224, 230–31; government growth, 11, 12, 184, 214; health insurance, 221; industrialization of, 15–16, 21, 107, 120, 121, 149, 168, 171–72, 191, 193; inequality in cultural capital, 204; inequality of income, 6–7, 202–3; as “an inestimable jewel,” 3; infrastructure, 9, 95–102; international influence, 15–16; as land of “promise to all the people of the world,” 165; Lincolnian plan to revitalize, 208–230; of Lincoln’s boyhood, 20; Lincoln’s formula for today’s economic ills, 207; Lincoln’s vision for, 167–68, 172, 183–84, 193, 198; middle-class values, erosion of, 5, 204–5; Midwestern political power, 182–83; national currency, 105; as nation of aspiration and opportunity, 3, 164, 199–202, 210–11, 224; nullification crisis, 62, 106; oil-and-gas revival, 220–21; Panic of 1819, 59; Panic of 1837, 100; Panic of 1893, 186; politics and campaigns, as rowdy, 80–82; population growth, 20, 120, 167, 185; post-bellum America as richest nation, 191; post-World War II, 201–2; presidential campaigns of 1824 and 1828, 59–61; rudimentary cultural norms and, 222–23; rural isolation in, 5, 20, 21, 29, 30; social and cultural revival in, 223–25; temperance movement, 223; urban growth and, 15, 21, 39, 118–19, 120, 149; Westward expansion, 21, 133–35, 173–74, 177–79, 185, 186; as world power, 182, 184, 195
United States Constitution, 11, 95, 96, 228; slavery and, 155–56, 228, 229
United States Supreme Court, 160
Van Buren, Martin, 63, 85, 105, 106, 132
Vandalia, Illinois, 48, 100
Wallace, George, 161, 232
War of 1812, 57–58
Warren, Louis, 38
Washington, George, 96, 142, 155, 227–28
Wayland, Francis, 90–91
Weik, Jesse, 23n, 152, 153
Wentworth, John, 133
What Money Can’t Buy (Mayer), 223
Whig party, 56, 56n, 235; “American System,” 58; Clay and, 56–57; Colton as polemicist, 114–15; demise of, 135; Hamiltonian economics, 116; Harrison as candidate, 81, 85–86; infrastructure improvements and, 107; Lincoln and, 52, 53–57, 63–67, 86, 90–92, 114–15; Mary Todd Lincoln and, 80; origins of, 62–63; as “party of the rich,” 58; political ideas, 58, 90–92, 222; tariffs and, 106–7
White, Adam J., 96
White, Richard, 186
Whitman, Walt, 167
Whitney, Henry, 109, 164
Why Lincoln Matters (Cuomo), 9
Wilmot, David, 138–39
Wilson, Douglas L., 23n
Wilson, Henry, 169
Wilson, Robert L., 83, 84
Wilson, Woodrow, 12, 180
Winship, Scott, 202–3
Wood, William, 35, 39
work ethic, 16, 59, 200, 224; Lincoln’s, 4–5, 18, 20, 33, 74, 75, 76–77, 200; welfare state vs., 214–15
World War II, 15, 16, 180; U.S. economy and, 194–95, 201–2
Yancey, William Lowndes, 146, 170
Yankee Leviathan (Bensel), 174
About the Author
Rich Lowry was named editor of National Review in 1997. He is a syndicated columnist and a commentator for the Fox News Channel. He writes for Politico and Time magazine, and often appears on such public affairs programs as Meet the Press and Face the Nation. His previous book, Legacy: Paying the Price for the Clinton Years, was a New York Times bestseller. He lives in New York City.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins authors.
Also by Rich Lowry
FICTION
Banquo’s Ghosts (with Keith Korman)
NONFICTION
Legacy: Paying the Price for the Clinton Years
Copyright
LINCOLN UNBOUND. Copyright © 2013 by Rich Lowry. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Cover design by Richard Ljeones
Cover image © Library of Congress
Frontispiece image © Library of Congress
FIRST EDITION
EPub Edition JUNE 2011 ISBN: 9780062123800
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.
ISBN: 978-0-06-212378-7 (Hardcover)
13 14 15 16 OV/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
Level 13, 201 Elizabeth Street
Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
http://www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East - 20th Floor
Toronto, ON, M4W, 1A8, Canada
http://www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers (New Zealand) Limited
P.O. Box 1
Auckland, New Zealand
http://www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
77-85 Fulham Palace Road
London, W6 8JB, UK
http://www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
10 East 53rd Street
New York, NY 10022
http://www.harpercollins.com
Footnotes
* Almost all direct quotes from Lincoln are drawn from the Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, a project of the Abraham Lincoln Association and edited by Roy P. Basler. It is searchable online and a stupendous resource. I have preserved misspellings, strange punctuation, and other idiosyncrasies, including all of the italics.
* Guelzo is an extraordinary and prolific historian. The first sections of his biography Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President place Lincoln in a political-economic context that deeply enriched my understanding of him, and is reflected in the major arguments of this book.
* For details of Lincoln’s life, I rely heavily throughout on Michael Burlingame’s magisterial two-volume Abraham Lincoln: A Life, as definitive a biographical work as will ever be written on Lincoln. It is not only exhaustive, it is original. Burlingame has scoured the archives to come up with every last scrap related to the sixteenth president. Everyone with an interest in Lincoln is in his debt, and that includes me more than most.
* Herndon (together with his collaborator Jesse Weik) conducted interviews and engaged in correspondence with hundreds of people who knew Lincoln after his death for his biography of his former law partner. All references here to someone telling Herndon something or writing to him come from Herndon’s Informants, the indispensable collection of Herndon’s raw materials edited by Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis and published by the University of Illinois Press. Many of the accounts of old friends and neighbors also come from this work. It is a wonderful book, with an incredibly convenient searchable online version. The quotes are all as they originally appear in Herndon’s letters and notes, except for the addition of some periods and some cleaned-up spacing. They often are ungrammatical or have other imperfections, idiosyncrasies, or anachronisms that reflect Herndon’s method of note-taking or the shaky literacy of his correspondents or the writing style of the day. At times this makes the quotes harder to follow than if they had been fixed, but rend
ering them in the original preserves their distinctive flavor.
* Howe’s work on the Whigs is brilliant and endlessly interesting. It informs my discussion of Whig politics and culture throughout.
* What we call the Midwest. For the sake of clarity I occasionally use the term “Midwest,” although it wasn’t a contemporary usage.
* I want to be clear: I don’t necessarily agree with everything I believe Lincoln would think about our current predicament, and I’m sure he wouldn’t agree with everything that I do.