by Moore, Lucy
Narbonne-Pelet, Mme du see Tallien, Thermidor-Rose-Thérésia
National Assembly (later Constituent Assembly and Legislative Assembly): meets in Tuileries, xix, 25; Théroigne observes, xxii, 51, 54, 62–3; deputies invited to salons, 24; name changes, 24n; on citizenship, 53; women attend and observe, 70; and Tennis Court Oath, 72; Manon Roland criticizes, 89, 98; dismisses king as irrelevant, 100; and signing of 1791 constitution, 104; election of deputies, 106; Narbonne addresses, 106–7; Palm d’Aelders addresses, 120; and popular demonstration before Tuileries, 127–8; assumes executive power (1792), 129, 132; suspends monarchy, 132; reinstates Brissotin ministry, 140; replaced by National Convention, 148
National Convention: formed, 132; elections (September 1792), 148; debates punishment for September massacres, 162; considers fate of king, 165–7; votes to indict members, 177; adopts new constitution ( June 1793), 195–6; expels Girondins, 210; Pauline Léon calls for re-election, 230; reaffirms freedom of worship, 258; Représentants in provinces, 264–5; Thérésia Cabarrus’s discourse on women delivered to, 286; and bread riots, 321; approves new constitution (1795), 324, 334–5
National Guard: Lafayette commands, 33, 39–40
naturalism, 58–9
Necker, Jacques: as father of Mme de Staël, xx; dismissed, 3–6; recalled, 6–7; on Mirabeau, 23; sells house to Récamier, 264, 362; on French proscribed list of emigrants, 334; leaves money in France, 334; and French invasion of Switzerland, 352; meets Napoléon, 375
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount, 353
Nile, battle of the (1798), 353
Noailles, Nathalie de, 69
Notre Dame, Paris: as Temple of Reason, 256
nuns: abused and beaten, 78
Orateur du peuple (journal), 141
Orléans, Philippe, duc d’ (Philippe-Égalité): owns Palais Royal, 4; popularity, 6; and October women’s march on Versailles, 52; as patron of liberal Club, 71; relations with Mme de Genlis, 76; and succession to Louis XVI, 77; daughter emigrates to London, 104; represented in pack of cards, 122; Tallien denounces, 151; votes for Louis XVI’s execution, 167
Outram, Dorinda, 218–20, 388
Ouvrard, Gabriel, 268, 313, 354, 367, 372, 375, 379, 382
Ozouf, Mona, 30, 121
Paine, Thomas: Mme de Staël’s acquaintance with, 20; Manon Roland admires, 88; on American independence, 97, 149; collaborates on The Republican, 99; co-authors constitution, 195
Palais Royal: as political centre, 4–5
Palm d’Aelders, Etta, 61, 102, 120
Palmer, Robert, 279
Pange, François de, 336
Paris: population and conditions, xxiii, 29–30; food shortages, 34–6, 171, 226, 279–80, 320–1; revolutionary disorder in, 130; Insurrectionary Commune formed (August 1792), 131; threatened by Austria and Prussia, 131, 142; and attack on Tuileries (August 1792), 132–3, 137; September massacres (1792), 142, 147–8, 158–60, 162; radicalization, 190; under the Terror, 287–8; temporary prisons, 289; mortality rates (1794–5), 310; post-Terror life, 314–17; public balls, 317–18, 366; condition of poor in, 320; Mme de Staël’s salon in, 333; prostitutes, 346; see also France
Paris, Bishop of, 38
Pasquier, Étienne-Denis, 150
Patriote Français (publication), 58, 87, 89
Père Duchesne (newspaper), 30, 75, 105, 124, 163, 171, 211
Pétion, Jérôme: as deputy in Estates-General, 23; Théroigne’s friendship with, 52, 77, 88; Rolands introduced to, 88; and king’s attempted flight, 99–100; Robespierre visits, 101; as mayor of Paris, 104, 107, 127, 190; attends market porters party, 119; on women in public life, 120; disperses crowd at Tuileries, 128; and Lafayette’s attempt to control Paris, 129; Roland writes to requesting extra security for prisons, 158–9; Manon Roland’s view of, 160; on Rolands’ marriage difficulties, 170; attempts to raise resistance to Robespierre’s regime, 211; flees to Normandy, 222; in hiding with Buzot, 252; suicide, 252; and Sophie Momoro, 257
Pétion, Mme Jérôme, 222
Petit Gautier (journal), 124
Petite Post, 341
Philippe-Égalité see Orléans, Philippe, duc d’
Phlipon, Gatien and Marguerite (Mme Roland’s parents), 90–1, 95–6
Phrygian caps (bonnets rouges), 191, 236–7, 239
Pinel, Philippe, 387
Pitt, William, the younger, 234, 309 poissard (slang dialect) and
poissardes (market women), 30, 37, 41, 200, 225, 237
Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, marquise de, 13, 346
prisons: temporary, 289; life in, 292–3; see also individual prisons
prostitutes: murdered, 143–4; denounced, 234; in Paris, 346–7
Prudhomme, Louis-Marie, 43–4, 57, 274
Prussia: declares war on France (1792), 130–1; besieges and captures Verdun, 141–2, 159; army advances into France, 228
Quiberon, 322–3
Récamier, Jacques-Rose, 181–5, 313, 358, 364, 382
Récamier, Juliette (née Bernard): as schoolgirl, xxvi; friendship with Mme de Staël, xxvii, 362–4, 374, 382; background, 181–3; marriage, 181, 183–4, 357–8; attracts admirers, 261–2, 366–7, 386; social success, 357–61, 366, 382; relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, 358–9; qualities and character, 359–60, 386; appearance, 360, 365; entertaining, 364–5; portraits of, 365–6; and Lucien Bonaparte, 361–2, 368; attends masked ball, 373; and Napoléon’s banishment of Mme de Staël, 378; views Napoléon as tyrant, 380; visits England, 380; resists Napoléon’s advances, 381–2, 389; love for Chateaubriand, 382, 386; influence, 385; returns to Paris after Napoléon’s downfall, 386
Renault, Cécile, 288–9
Republican, The (journal), 99
Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas Edmé, 11
Reubell, Jean-François, 348
Revolutionary Tribunal: formed (1793), 172; Danton on, 281; summons prisoners, 293
Révolutions de Paris, 121–2, 238
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 312n
Riballier, Philibert, 12
Ribbing, Count Adolf von, 331
Rivarol, Antoine, 82
Robert, François, 61, 89, 101
Robert, Louise, 61, 89, 101
Robespierre, Augustin, 298
Robespierre, Maximilien: attends National Assembly, xx-xxi; supposed relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, xx, 81; influenced by Rousseau, 17; political views, 23–4, 161; invited to Necker’s Versailles residence, 24; and women’s march on Versailles, 38; champions universal male suffrage, 53; influence on Théroigne, 55; Thérésia Cabarrus entertains, 72; Rolands meet, 88; and king’s attempted flight, 99; speaks at Jacobin Club, 101; Manon Roland corresponds with, 103, 125–6, 217, 244; honoured, 104; on election of deputies, 106; as public prosecutor, 107; differences with Brissot, 117, 123, 126; opposes war with Austria, 117, 123; on overthrow of king, 130; serves on Insurrectionary Commune in Paris, 131; leads Paris Commune, 139; view of women, 140, 217–18, 285–6, 291; on threat from traitors, 141; accuses Brissot of conspiring with Brunswick, 147; elected to National Convention, 148–9; speeches, 150; dress, 152, 164, 291, 297; Manon Roland’s view of, 160, 244; opposes Mme Roland’s federalist proposals, 161; ruthlessness, 162; dispute with Louvet over personality cult, 164; women support, 164; urges death of Louis XVI, 165; Olympe de Gouges disparages, 166, 254; proclaims the people never wrong, 172; calls for action against corrupt deputies, 174; Pauline Léon supports, 191; exploits Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 194; serves on Committee of Public Safety, 199; Manon Roland describes in memoirs, 216–17; and war preparations, 228; Républicaines-Révolutionnaires oppose, 229–30, 232; Lacombe warns, 234; accused of inaction, 246; sanctions executions, 253; opposes anticlericalism, 258, 290; justifies Terror, 279, 300; rule and arbitrary power, 279, 289, 296–7; hostility to political rivals, 281; Jullien writes to on Thérésia Cabarrus in Bordeaux, 285; signs warrant for Thérésia Cabarrus’s arrest, 287; bodyguards, 288; assassination attempt on, 289; presides over Festival of the Supreme Being,
290–1; orders Thérésia Cabarrus imprisoned in common cells, 292; paranoia, 296–7; downfall and execution, 297–301, 308, 389; assessed, 299–300; bourgeois morality, 314
Robinson, Mary, 10
Rocher, Mercier du, 265
Roland, Eudora (Manon’s daughter), 97, 169, 174, 176, 205, 215–16
Roland de la Platière, Jean-Marie: social position, 86; Manon meets and marries, 95–6; post in Amiens, 96; returns to Le Clos, Lyon, 103; and Buzot, 104; moves to Paris, 107; as Minister of Interior, 108, 124, 158, 163; resigns, 126–7, 169; reinstated, 140, 157; elected to National Convention, 149; Tallien attacks, 151; Danton respects, 158; impotence in September massacres, 158–9, 162; warrant for arrest, 159–60, 174–6; qualities, 160; campaign against, 163; on fate of king, 165; fears arrest and death, 169–70, 174; and Manon’s love for Buzot, 170, 174, 220; Pauline Léon’s hostility to, 191; flees Paris on arrest of Manon, 209; outlawed, 244; suicide on hearing of Manon’s death, 252, 256
Roland, Manon: attends National Assembly, xxiii–iv; and Théroigne, 56; in Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; on abuse of nuns, 78; anti-monarchist views, 85–6, 100; political involvement, 85–6, 89–90, 125, 218–19, 249, 388; appearance and character, 86–7, 94, 160; on role of women, 88, 93–4, 217–18; coterie, 89–90; criticizes National Assembly, 89, 98; background and education, 90–3, 182; marriage and child, 95–7; view of USA, 97–8; on downfall of king, 100; on Robespierre, 101; corresponds with Buzot and Robespierre, 103–4, 125, 217; leaves Paris for Le Clos (near Lyon), 103–4; returns to Paris, 107–8; on corrupt aristocrats, 108; and husband’s appointment as Minister of Interior, 108, 125, 158–9; on Robespierre’s antipathy to Brissot, 117; on king’s false support for war with Austria, 124; denounces king’s use of veto, 126; and husband’s resignation, 126–7; and threat of Austrian invasion, 130; on September massacres in Paris, 142, 158; hostility to Danton, 157–9; arrogance, 158; Marat insults, 163; interrogated by National Convention, 168; under threat, 169; love for Buzot, 170, 174, 214, 216, 220–1, 244, 251, 256, 267; protests to Convention against arrest of husband, 175–6; arrested and imprisoned, 176–7, 209–11; attitude to daughter, 205; letters from Buzot in prison, 211–12; mocked in Père Duchesne, 211; released, rearrested and imprisoned in Sainte-Pélagie, 212–16, 219–22, 243, 290; studies English, 215; and practice of virtue, 218–19; writing, 219–20; self-revelation, 243–4; attempts suicide, 244, 246; transferred to Conciergerie and interrogated, 248–9; qualities, 249; condemned and executed, 250–2, 254, 385; disparaged, 255; honoured as revolutionary muse, 256; and demotion of female figure of Liberty, 259; longing for rural life, 312; Barras declines invitation to dine, 345; on France awaiting master, 367; and women’s rights, 385; Appel à l’impartiale postérité (Memoirs), 158, 214, 216, 218, 243–4, 255–6
Romme, Gilbert, 53–4, 149, 195
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: on children’s dress, 9; ideas and influence, 11, 17–18, 20, 58; Mme de Staël admires, 16–17; on women, 18–19, 56–7, 85, 88, 93–4, 120; personal life, 19; influence on Manon Roland, 85, 91, 93, 243–4; Thérésia Cabarrus reads, 271; Confessions, 68, 91, 219; Émile, 18, 204; La Nouvelle Héloïse, 14, 17–18, 363; The Social Contract, 17
Roussel, Pierre-Joseph-Alexis, 202–3, 225
Roux, Jacques, 200–1, 230–1
Royalists: in post-Thermidor France, 320, 322–3; Jacobin hostility to, 335; in Directory, 343
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, marquis de: Zoloé (attrib.), 375
Saint-Just, Antoine: urges death of Louis XVI, 165; on programme of Terror, 200; on education of boys and girls, 272, 344; supports Robespierre in repressions, 295–6; Théroigne appeals to from prison, 295; speech interrupted by Tallien, 298; executed, 299
Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin de, 362
Sainte-Pélagie prison, Paris, 213–15, 220–2, 243, 290
Salency, Picardy, 72
salons: character, 7
Sanson, Charles-Henri, 247, 253
Santerre, Antoine, 119–20, 122, 127, 131, 146, 158
Schama, Simon: Citizens, xxiii, 50, 98–9
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, 382
Sélys, Mme de, 112
Sénart (revolutionary agent), 386
Sennett, Richard, 8
September massacres see Paris
Sercey, Henriette de, 104
Seymour, Miranda: The Bugatti Queen, 274n
Sièyes, Emmanuel Joseph, abbé: friendship with Théroigne, 52; on property and civil status, 53; La Vallette insults, 113; at La Chaumière, 313; alliance with Barras, 368; and Brumaire coup, 369; drafts 1799 constitution, 370; champions women’s rights, 389; What is the Third Estate?, 52
Simonard, Pierre, 182
Soboul, Alfred, 229
Social Circle (club), 61, 89, 102
Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, 189–91, 193–4, 196, 199, 200–2, 206, 225, 229–31, 233, 236, 239, 254, 385
Society of the Friends of the Constitution see Jacobin Club
Society of the Friends of the Law, 53–4, 62
Society of the Friends of the Negroes, 87
Staël, Albert de (Germaine-Narbonne’s son), 154
Staël, Auguste de, 332, 379
Staël, Éric Magnus de, 14–15, 24, 67, 107, 329, 332–3, 336
Staël, Germaine de: appearance, dress and character, xix-xx, 8, 13–14, 366; Benjamin Constant and, xx, 331–3, 342; salon and social/intellectual life, 3, 7–8, 10–11, 19–21, 23, 25, 69, 71, 76, 218, 333–4, 378; on causes of French evolution, 5; and father’s dismissal and recall, 6–7; plays game of ‘the Boat’, 10; conversation, 11, 13; on influence and role of women, 12–13, 42, 345; marriage and lovers, 14–15, 67, 106; welcomes revolution, 16; political views, 24–5, 79–80; on royal veto, 25, 34; and women’s march on Versailles, 37; resents discrimination, 49; and Théroigne, 52, 55–6; and Fraternal Society of Patriots of Both Sexes, 61–2; on inappropriate marriages, 68; attends National Assemby, 70; elitist views, 71–2; on emigration, 79; satirized, 79; on Social Circle, 89; admires Rousseau, 93; on misuse of words, 103; in Coppet, Switzerland, 106, 153–4, 329–31, 342, 352, 354; child (Albert) by Narbonne, 107, 137, 153–4; represented in pack of cards, 122; on Brissotin ministry, 124; witnesses king’s last public appearance, 129; aids Narbonne’s escape from revolutionaries, 138–9; plan to save royal family, 139; arranges release of Lally-Tollendal and Jaucourt, 142, 145; detained on attempting to flee, 145–6; succeeds in reaching Switzerland, 147; visits Juniper Hall, Surrey, 154; disavows public activities, 217; influence on Thérésia Cabarrus, 277; on Robespierre, 297; favours Tallien, 308; Narbonne withdraws from, 329–30; returns to Paris (1795), 329, 332–3; helps escaping friends, 330; mother’s death, 332; leaves Paris for Montmorency’s chateau, 335; political involvement, 335, 388; returns to Switzerland (1796), 336; arrives in Paris (May 1797), 343; pregnancy and birth of daughter, 343; intrigues, 344, 349, 354; and Talleyrand’s return from USA, 344; Barras dines with, 348; and Fructidor coup, 349; helps royalist friends after Fructidor, 349–50; adulation of Napoléon, 350–2, 370; and French annexation of Switzerland, 352–3; illicit visits to Paris, 354, 367; friendship with Juliette Récamier, 362–4, 374, 382; and Brumaire coup, 368–9; and Constant’s appointment as tribune, 370; attacked in press, 371; on former lovers, 371; ostracized by society, 372; on Talleyrand’s marriage, 373; and battle of Marengo, 375; Napoléon dislikes, 376; formally exiled from France, 378, 389; demand for women’s rights, 385, 389; influence under restoration, 390–1; secret marriage (1811), 390; travels, 90; withholds support for Napoléon, 390; death, 391; Corinne, 13, 365; Delphine, 363, 371, 378; How Can We Determine What is the Opinion of the Majority of the Nation?, 79; Letters on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 16, 68, 362; On Germany, 382, 390; On the Influence of Passions on the Happiness of Individuals and Nations, 330; On Literature, 13, 374; Reflections on Peace Addressed to Mr Pitt and to the French, 332; Reflections on the Trial of the Queen, by a Woman, 245
Stuart, Andrea, 253
Sul
eau, François, 123, 133
Suspects, Law of, 231
Sutherland, Elizabeth, Countess of, 21, 67
Swiss Guards: murdered, 132
Switzerland: France annexes, 352
Tableau de Paris, 340
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, marquis (later prince de Benevento): relations with Mme de Staël, 3, 10, 14, 106; helps compose constitution, 25; and Théroigne, 55; celebrates fall of Bastille, 74; on Mme de Genlis, 76; shares mistress with Gouverneur Morris, 80; visits French émigrés in England, 153; Manon Roland corresponds with, 168; returns to France from USA, 343; appointed Foreign Minister, 344; and Thérésia Cabarrus, 346; awareness of intrigues, 348; Barras dines with, 348; on Mme de Staël’s help for friends, 350; gives ball for Joséphine, 351–2; introduces Napoléon to Luxembourg audience, 351; proposes Egyptian expedition to Napoléon, 352; on failure of Directory, 367; alliance with Barras and Sièyes, 368; and Brumaire coup, 369; alliance with Napoléon, 370–1; portrayed in Mme de Staël’s Delphine, 371; marries Catherine Grand, 373
Tallien, Clémence (Thérésia Cabarrus’s daughter), 372
Tallien, Jean-Lambert: membership of clubs, 62; relations with Thérésia Cabarrus, 81–2, 150, 265–71, 273, 276–8, 287, 307–8; founds Fraternal Society of the Minimes, 118; and Théroigne, 120; denounces Condorcet, 124; helps Mme de Staël leave Paris, 146–7, 151; elected to National Convention, 149; popular following, 150; political views, 151, 266; defends existing laws, 162; in campaign against Roland, 163; calls for death of Louis XVI, 165; denies impending famine, 172; Mme La Tour du Pin appeals to for help, 172–3, 268–9, 349; as représentant in Bordeaux, 264–5, 268–70, 273–5; background, 266; attacked in street, 269; returns to Paris, 279–80; appeals for moderation, 280–1; elected president of Convention, 281; Robespierre opposes, 281, 296; survives purge of dantonistes, 282; Jullien denounces for liaison with Thérésia Cabarrus, 285; under investigation, 287; protected by bodyguard, 288; meets Thérésia Cabarrus at Fontenay-aux-Roses, 289; and arrest of Thérésia Cabarrus, 291; writes to Robespierre, 296; plots and speaks against Robespierre, 297–8, 300–1; condemns Terror, 300; and Fréron, 305; friendship with Thérésia Cabarrus after release, 307; assassination attempt on, 308; hated by Jacobins, 308; marriage to Thérésia Cabarrus, 310–12, 323–4, 347–8, 353; daughter by Thérésia Cabarrus, 314; avarice, 319; and death sentences on returned emigrants, 322–3; sanctions death of royalists, 323; eloquence, 324; resents adulation of Thérésia, 324; excuses behaviour under Terror, 334; attacked for political views, 335; witnesses Napoléon-Joséphine wedding, 338; leaves France on Egyptian expedition, 353–4, 386; letters from Thérésia Cabarrus in prison, 357; divorce from Thérésia, 377; as consul in Alicante, 379; on Thérésia’s marriage to Chimay, 380