GPS Declassified

by Richard D. Easton

  263. Dee Ann Divis, “GPS Community Confronts LightSquared Move into L1 Spectrum ,” Inside GNSS, March–April 2011, http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2508.

  264. GPS.gov, “National PNT Advisory Board Recommendations: Letter to FCC Regarding LightSquared ,” August 3, 2011, http://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/recommendations/

  2011-08-lightsquaredlettertofcc.pdf; FCC.gov, “LightSquared Subsidiary LLC: DA 11-133 ,” http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/

  attachmatch/DA-11-133A1.pdf (accessed September 2, 2012).

  265. Divis, “GPS Community Confronts LightSquared Move. ”

  266. Divis, “GPS Community Confronts LightSquared Move. ”

  267. John Aloysius Farrell and Fred Schulte, “Politically Connected Light-Squared Pushes Wireless Internet Plan despite GPS Concerns ,” Center for Public Integrity, http://www.publicintegrity.org/2011/07/19/5253/politically-connected-lightsquared-pushes-wireless-internet-plan-despite-gps (updated October 6, 2011).

  268. Tim Warren and Adam Bender, “Senators Voice Concerns over Potential LightSquared Interference ,” Communications Daily, April 18, 2011, LexisNexis Academic; Turner.House.gov, “House Passes Turner Language in NDAA which Protects Military’s Use of GPS ,” http://turner.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=272611 (accessed September 3, 2012).

  269. PR Newswire, “‘Coalition to Save Our GPS’ Launched ,” news release, March 10, 2010, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/coalition-to-save-our-gps-launched-117737113.html.

  270. Farrell and Schulte, “Politically Connected LightSquared Pushes Wireless Internet Plan. ”

  271. Josh Smith, “Obama Budget Targets LightSquared ,” National Journal, February 13, 2012, http://techdailydose.nationaljournal.com/2012/02/obama-budget-would-target-ligh.php.

  272. Greg Bensinger, “LightSquared Defends Technology in National Ads ,” Wall Street Journal, September 26, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204

  831304576594822726900418.html; PR News-wire, “LightSquared Forms Rural Initiative to Ensure LightSquared and GPS Co-existence ,” news release, July 7, 2011, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lightsquared-forms-rural-initiative-to-ensure-lightsquared-and-gps-co-existence-125137189.html.

  273. FCC.gov, “Final Report 6/30/2011 LightSquared Subsidiary LLC ,” http://apps.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7021690471 (accessed September 4, 2012); PR Newswire, “LightSquared Solution to GPS Issue Will Clear Way for Nationwide 4G Network ,” news release, June 20, 2011, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lightsquared-solution-to-gps-issue-will-clear-way-for-nationwide-4g-network-124198384.html.

  274. Reuters.com, “From LightSquared: GPS Industry’s Failure to Comply with Department of Defense and International Standards for GPS Receivers Cause of Interference ,” news release, August 11, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/11/idUS235128+11-Aug-2011+PRN20110811.

  275. FCC.gov, “Status of Testing in Connection with LightSquared’s Request for ATC Commercial Operating Authority ,” public notice, September 13, 2011, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-11-1537A1.pdf.

  276. PR Newswire, “Statement from Curtis Lu, General Counsel of Light-Squared ,” news release, October 1, 2011, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statement-from-curtis-lu-general-counsel-of-lightsquared-130921943.html; PR Newswire, “Statement by Jeff Carlisle, Executive Vice President for Regulatory Affairs and Public Policy at LightSquared ,” news release, October 27, 2011, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/statement-by-jeff-carlisle-executive-vice-president-for-regulatory-affairs-and-public-policy-at-lightsquared-132733343.html.

  277. PR Newswire, “Former FCC Chief Engineer and LightSquared Question Validity of Test Results Rigged by GPS Industry Insiders ,” news release, January 18, 2012, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/former-fcc-chief-engineer-and-lightsquared-question-validity-of-test-results-rigged-by-gps-industry-insiders-137565598.html.

  278. NTIA.gov, “NTIA Letter to the FCC Regarding LightSquared Request ,” September 13, 2011, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/

  ntia_lettertofcc_09132011.pdf.

  279. FCC.gov, “Statement from FCC spokesperson Tammy Sun on Letter from NTIA Addressing Harmful Interference Testing Conclusions Pertaining to LightSquared and Global Positioning Systems ,” news release, February 14, 2012, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/

  attachmatch/DOC-312479A1.pdf.

  280. PR Newswire, “LightSquared Response to FCC Public Notice ,” news release, February 15, 2012, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lightsquared-response-to-fcc-public-notice-139393213.html.

  281. Phil Goldstein, “Harbinger, LightSquared Face Investor Lawsuit, $56 Million Payment ,” FierceWireless.com, February 21, 2012, http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/harbinger-lightsquared-face-investor-lawsuit-56m-payment/2012-02-21.

  282. Mike Dano, “LightSquared’s Ahuja Jumps Ship, Company Remains Committed to Network Buildout ,” FierceWireless.com, February 28, 2012, http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/lightsquareds-ahuja-jumps-ship-company-remains-committed-network-buildout/2012-02-28.

  283. Sprint Nextel, “Sprint Elects to Terminate Spectrum Hosting Agreement with LightSquared ,” news release, March 16, 2012, http://newsroom.sprint.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=2211; Business Wire, “LightSquared Implements Voluntary Chapter 11 Restructuring ,” news release, May 14, 2012, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/

  20120514006605/en/LightSquared-Implements-Voluntary-Chapter-11-Restructuring.

  284. GPS.gov, “National PNT Advisory Board Recommendations: White Paper on GPS Jamming ,” November 4, 2010, http://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/recommendations/2010-11-jammingwhitepaper.pdf.

  285. Pham, Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use, 2.

  286. Pham, Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use, 15.

  287. Dee Ann Divis, “PNT Advisory Board Seeks Details on Economic Benefits of GPS ,” Inside GNSS, August 20, 2012, http://insidegnss.com/node/3170.

  10. Going Forward

  1. Henry Petroski, Pushing the Limits: New Adventures in Engineering (New York: Vintage, 2005), 255.

  2. Marquis and Shaw, “GPS III. ”

  3. Marquis and Shaw, “GPS III. ”

  4. Marquis and Shaw, “GPS III. ”

  5. Marquis and Shaw, “GPS III. ”

  6. U.S. General Accountability Office, DOD Faces Challenges in Fully Realizing Benefits of Satellite Acquisition Improvements, GAO-12-563T (Washington DC, March 21, 2012), 24, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-563T.

  7. Lockheed Martin, “Global Positioning System: Lockheed Martin’s GPS Heritage ,” http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/gps.html (accessed September 10, 2012).

  8. Lockheed Martin, “U.S. Air Force Awards Lockheed Martin Contract for Third and Fourth GPS III Satellites ,” news release, January 12, 2012, http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2012/january/0112_ss_gps.html.

  9. U.S. Air Force, “GPS III Fact Sheet ,” http://www.losangeles.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=18830&page=1 (accessed September 10, 2012); NASA.gov, “Search and Rescue (SAR)/Distress Alerting Satellite System (DASS) ,” https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/spacecomm/

  programs/search_and_rescue.cfm (accessed September 10, 2012).

  10. Marquis and Shaw, “GPS III. ”

  11. Marquis and Shaw, “GPS III. ”

  12. Dee Ann Divis, “Air Force Proposes Dramatic Redesign for GPS Constellation ,” Inside GNSS, http://www.insidegnss.com/node/3569 (updated June 3, 2013).

  13. IS-GPS-200F, Global Positioning System Directorate, 4.

  14. David Last and Sally Basker, “Bread of Heaven ,” Navigation News, March–April 2012, 11–13.

  15. GPS.gov, “National PNT Advisory Board Recommendations: White Paper on GPS Jamming. ”

  16. Callan James, “Precision Approaches ,” Avionics, November 2011, 26–31.

  17. GPS.gov, “National PNT Advisory Board Recommendations: White Paper on GPS Jamming. ”

>   18. James, “Precision Approaches ”; GPS.gov, “National PNT Advisory Board Recommendations: White Paper on GPS Jamming. ”

  19. Federal Communications Commission, FCC Encyclopedia, s.v. “Jammer Enforcement ,” http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/jammer-enforcement (accessed September 15, 2012).

  20. Steve Herman, “North Korea Appears Capable of Jamming GPS Receivers ,” Voice of America News, October 7, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.

  21. Kim Young-jin, “NK Jams GPS Signals to Disrupt Exercises ,” Korea Times, March 6, 2011, LexisNexis Academic.

  22. Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), “North Korea Continues to Disrupt South’s Air, Maritime Traffic ,” BBC Worldwide Monitoring, May 14, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  23. Song Sang-ho, “S. Korea, China to Cooperate on N.K. GPS Jamming ,” Korea Herald, May 14, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  24. UPI.com, “North Korea Denies Jamming GPS Signals ,” May 18, 2012, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/05/18/North-Korea-denies-jamming-GPS-signals/UPI-65891337368638.

  25. Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, “Iran Hacked GPS, Hunted U.S. Drone ,” news release via Iran Government News (Plus Media Solutions), December 20, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  26. David A. Fulghum, “Iranian Account of RQ-170 Loss Challenges Physics ,” Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, December 19, 2011, LexisNexis Academic.

  27. Geoffrey Ingersoll, “The U.S. Deliberately Crashed a Predator Drone into an Afghanistan Mountain ,” blog at BusinessInsider.com, September 8, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/drone-piloted-by-ohioans-deliberately-crashed-in-afghanistan-2012-9.

  28. Ingersoll, “U.S. Deliberately Crashed a Predator Drone. ”

  29. Melissa Mixon, “Todd Humphreys’ Research Team Demonstrates First Successful GPS Spoofing of UAV ,” University of Texas at Austin, news archive, June 2012, http://www.ae.utexas.edu/news/archive/2012/todd-humphreys-research-team-demonstrates-first-successful-gps-spoofing-of-uav (accessed September 21, 2012); Michael Holden, “GPS Attacks Risk Maritime Disaster, Trading Chaos ,” Reuters, February 21, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/22/security-gps-idUSL5E8DK7G720120222.

  30. Mixon, “Todd Humphreys’ Research Team Demonstrates First Successful GPS Spoofing of UAV ”; Bill Sweetman, “Student Spoofing of GPS Raises Questions ,” Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, July 3, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  31. Holden, “GPS Attacks Risk Maritime Disaster. ”

  32. Royal Academy of Engineering, Global Navigation Space Systems: Reliance and Vulnerabilities (London, March 2011), 14, http://www.raeng.org.uk/gnss.

  33. Royal Academy of Engineering, Global Navigation Space Systems.

  34. Trudy E. Bell and Tony Phillips, “A Super Solar Flare ,” NASA.gov, May 6, 2008, http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/06may_carringtonflare.

  35. Royal Academy of Engineering, Global Navigation Space Systems.

  36. Dick Selwood, “What Happens When Your GPS Fails? ” Electronic Engineering Journal, November 9, 2011, http://www.eejournal.com/archives/articles/20111109-gps/?printView=true.

  37. Bell and Phillips, “Super Solar Flare ”; Royal Academy of Engineering, Global Navigation Space Systems.

  38. U.S. Department of Defense and National Intelligence Agency, National Security Space Strategy (Washington DC, January 2011), 1, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2011/

  0111_nsss/docs/NationalSecuritySpace

  StrategyUnclassifiedSummary_Jan2011.pdf.

  39. U.S. Department of Defense and National Intelligence Agency, National Security Space Strategy, 1.

  40. Dan Elliott, “New U.S. Satellite to Monitor Debris in Earth Orbit ,” Associated Press, July 3, 2010, LexisNexis Academic.

  41. Naval Research Laboratory, “NRL Scientists Propose Mitigation Concept of LEO Debris ,” news release, June 20, 2012, http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/2012/nrl-scientists-propose-mitigation-concept-of-leo-debris.

  42. U.S. Department of Defense and National Intelligence Agency, National Security Space Strategy, 2; Brian Weeden, “2009 Iridium-Cosmos Collision Fact Sheet ,” Secure World Foundation website, http://swfound.org/media/6575/2009%20iridium-cosmos%20collision%20factsheet.pdf (updated November 23, 2010).

  43. Weeden, “2009 Iridium-Cosmos Collision Fact Sheet ”; Elliott, “New U.S. Satellite to Monitor Debris. ”

  44. Weeden, “2009 Iridium-Cosmos Collision Fact Sheet. ”

  45. Lisa Daniel, “Defense, State Agree to Pursue Conduct Code for Outer Space ,” American Forces Press Service, January 18, 2012, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=66833.

  46. Daniel, “Defense, State Agree to Pursue Conduct Code. ”

  47. James W. Canan, “Stepping Up Space Surveillance ,” Aerospace America, April 2007, 33, LexisNexis Academic; Fred Stakelbeck, “Red Skies ,” MonstersAndCritics.com, January 3, 2007, http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/

  features/article_1239273.php/Red_Skies.

  48. Roftiel Constantine, GPS and Galileo: Friendly Foes? (Maxwell AFB AL: Air University Press, May 2008), 41.

  49. U.S. Department of Defense and National Intelligence Agency, National Security Space Strategy, 2.

  50. William Choong, “A Pearl Harbor in Space ,” Straits Times (Singapore), March 24, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.

  51. Robert Burns, “Pentagon Concludes Navy Missile Hit Satellite’s Fuel Tank and Destroyed Toxic Chemicals ,” Associated Press, February 25, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.

  52. Walter Holemans, “Hydrazine Case Not So Hot ,” letter to the editor, Aviation Week & Space Technology, April 28, 2008, 8, LexisNexis Academic; Dave Ahearn, “Critics Assail U.S. Satellite Shoot-Down, but Stop Short of Saying It Was Unneeded ,” Defense Daily, March 25, 2008, LexisNexis Academic; Jim Mannion, “Star Wars Heating Up—U.S. Blasts Rogue Satellite ,” Daily Telegraph (Australia), February 22, 2008, LexisNexis Academic; Choong, “Pearl Harbor in Space. ”

  53. U.S. Department of Defense and National Intelligence Agency, National Security Space Strategy, 2.

  54. “China May Have Launched Prototype of a Maneuvering Space-Based Anti-Satellite Weapon System: Report ,” Space & Missile Defense Report, December 22, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.

  55. Encyclopedia Astronautica, s.v. “IS-A ,” http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isa.htm (accessed September 20, 2012).

  56. RussianSpaceWeb.com, “Spacecraft: Military: IS Anti-Satellite System ,” http://www.russianspaceweb.com/is.html (accessed September 20, 2012).

  57. Encyclopedia Astronautica, s.v. “SAINT ,” http://www.astronautix.com/craft/saint.htm (accessed September 20, 2012).

  58. Brian Weeden, “China’s BX-1 Microsatellite: A Litmus Test for Space Weaponization ,” Space Review, October 20, 2008, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1235/1.

  59. Weeden, “China’s BX-1 Microsatellite. ”

  60. U.S. Department of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China (Washington DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, May 2012), www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/2011_cmpr_final.pdf.

  61. John J. Klein, Space Warfare: Strategy, Principles and Policy (New York: Routledge, 2006), 68, 77.

  62. Klein, Space Warfare, 95.

  63. Klein, Space Warfare, 68.

  64. Rajat Pandit, “After Agni-V Launch, DRDO’s New Target Is Anti-Satellite Weapons ,” Times of India, April 21, 2012, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/

  2012-04-21/india/31378237_1_asat-anti-satellite-agni-v; Global Security Newswire, “India Could Pursue Capability to Destroy Satellites ,” April 23, 2012, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/india-

  wants-capability-destroy-satellites.

  65. Pandit, “After Agni-V Launch, DRDO’s New Target Is Anti-Satellite Weapons. ”

  66. Ali Akbar Dareini, “Iran Builds New Space Center to Launch Satellites ,” Associated Press, June 2, 2012, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/iran-builds-new-space-center-launch-satellites.

  67. Yiftah Shapir, �
��Iran’s Efforts to Conquer Space ,” Strategic Assessment 8, no. 3 (November 2005), http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=160.

  68. Space.com, “Iran to Launch Satellite into Space Wednesday ,” May 22, 2012, http://www.space.com/15824-iran-launching-fajr-satellite.html.

  69. Spaceflight101.com, “Iran Suspected of Suffering Launch Failure in February ,” March 20, 2013, http://www.spaceflight101.com/iran-launch-failure-february-2013.html.

  70. Robert Christy, “Iran’s Fajr 1 Delayed … Again ,” SpaceDaily.com, May 30, 2012, http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Iran_Fajr_

  1_Delayed_Again_999.html.

  71. Choe Sang-Hun, “North Korean Missile Said to Have Military Purpose ,” New York Times, December 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/24/world/asia/north-korean-rocket-had-military-purpose-seoul-says.html?_r=0.

  72. Weeden, “China’s BX-1 Microsatellite. ”

  73. James Clay Moltz, The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuits of National Interest (Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), 336–48.

  74. Gabe Starosta, “Service Declares IOC on Space Based Space Surveillance Satellite ,” Inside the Air Force, August 24, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  75. Starosta, “Service Declares IOC on Space Based Space Surveillance Satellite. ”

  76. Elliott, “New U.S. Satellite to Monitor Debris. ”

  77. Starosta, “Service Declares IOC on Space Based Space Surveillance Satellite. ”

  78. Walter Pincus, “Hearings Show Our Dependence on Military Space Technology ,” Washington Post, March 27, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.

  79. U.S. General Accountability Office, DOD Faces Challenges, 9.

  80. U.S. General Accountability Office, DOD Faces Challenges, 4.

  81. Callan James, “What Will Follow GPS? ” Avionics, September 2012, 22–27, http://accessintelligence.imirus.com/Mpowered/book/vav12/i9/p1.

  82. DARPA.mil, “Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (Micro-PNT) ,” http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/mto/Programs/Micro-Technology_for_Positioning,_Navigation_and_Timing_%28Micro-PNT%29.aspx (accessed September 22, 2012).