Anderton, H. Orsmond, 222n10
anti-Semitism, 16, 155n52, n53, 332
Antokoletz, Elliott, 44
Archer, William, 225n39
Architectural Review, 246
architecture, 227–51, 276–96; baroque, 265; modernist, 149, 232, 234–37, 240, 241, 246, 251, 276–77, 280, 282, 285–91, 293, 295–96; musical, 93, 100, 147, 271–76
Arensky, Anton, 29
art nouveau, 228, 229, 232, 234
Arts and Crafts movement, 287
Augusteo Orchestra, 165
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 15, 47, 56n146, 277
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 98, 99, 320–21, 324, 336; “Brandenburg” Concerto no. 3, 127
Balakirev, Mily, 30, 38; Islamey, 26, 52n58; Symphony no. 1, 28, 37; Tamara, 27, 29
Balch, Emily Greene, 139, 156n59
Ballets Russes, 49, 53n67, 134
Baltic region, 7–10, 138–39
Balzac, Honoré de, 352
Bantock, Granville, 126, 127, 131, 156n65
Bantock, Myrrha, 156n65
Barnett, Andrew, 86n4, 87n10
baroque, 259, 263–65, 282
Bartók, Béla, 44, 128, 183, 260, 276
Bauhaus, 277, 286, 290
Becker, Albert, 46, 100, 307; Reformation Cantata, 307; Selig aus Gnade, 307
Beecham, Thomas, 126–27
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 30, 62, 100, 132, 145, 146, 148, 150, 157n84, 163, 166, 168, 271, 273, 277, 321, 352; Adorno on, 175, 218–19, 333; death of, 4, 145; works: Cello Sonata in G Minor, op. 5, 169n6; Coriolan Overture, op. 62, 127; String Quartet in F, op. 59, no.1 (“Razumovsky”), 107; String Quartet in E-flat, op. 74 (“Harp”), 170n6; Symphony no. 6 (Pastoral), op. 68, 271, 274; Symphony no. 9, op. 125, 43, 215
Belyayev, Mitrofan, 24
Benjamin, Walter, 89, 174, 184n7
Berg, Alban, 101, 183, 281
Bergbohm, Kaarlo, 218
Berlin, 29, 72n2, 91–93, 97, 100, 104, 107, 112, 164, 222n12, 276; Sibelius’s student days in, 24, 46, 47, 62, 98, 159, 164, 259, 307–8; symphony orchestras in, 160, 161
Berlioz, Hector, 29; Les Troyens, 211
Berners, Lord, 131
Birmingham, University of, 126, 131
Birmingham Festival, 126–28
Bizet, Georges, 321
Blackfriars Theatre (London), 194
Bloch, Ernest, Sacred Service, 136, 154n44
Bloch, Ernst, 95, 215–16
Boas, Franz, 139
Bobrikov, Nikolai, 6, 12–15
Böcklin, Arnold, Isle of the Dead, 112, 119
Bolshevism, 253n35, 326, 336
Borodin, Alexander, 30, 38, 133; works: Prince Igor, 26, 32, 34; Symphony no. 1 in E-flat, 26, 26–28; Symphony no. 2, 27, 32, 33, 36, 36, 37; Symphony no. 3, 32, 33, 36, 36
Botstein, Leon, 327
Bradley, A. C., 195
Brahe, Per, 348
Brahms, Johannes, 106–9, 119–20, 145, 157n101, 215–16, 258–59, 262, 302n71; Symphony no. 1, op. 68, 56n161, 128, 215; Symphony no. 2, op. 73, 43
Branch, Michael, 9–10
Brandes, Georg, 195–96, 199, 214, 225n39
Brassin, Gerhard, 18
Breitkopf & Härtel, 111, 113
Breton, André, Manifeste du surréalisme, 119
Breuer, Marcel, 290
Brinkmann, Reinhold, 101, 115, 215, 216, 302n71
Broch, Hermann, 297n5
Bronfin, Elena, 32
Bronx Zoo, 155n53
Bruckner, Anton, 56n146, 100, 144, 154n44, 157n101, 274, 275, 302n71; Symphony no. 9, 119
Brügge, Joachim, 101, 102
Brussels String Quartet, 107
Budapest, 276, 281, 285
Bülow, Hans von, 259
Burke, Edmund, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 179
Busoni, Ferruccio, 24, 28, 38, 56n153, 98, 100, 117, 159, 259, 260, 307, 308
Cage, John, 183
Calvocoressi, Michel Dimitri, 147
Cardus, Neville, 184n13
Carpelan, Axel, 48, 56n153, 90–91, 99, 114, 188, 271
Castrén, Matthias, 10
Chadwick, George W., 162
Cherniavsky, David, 129, 142–43, 145, 148, 151, 156n74, 157n84, n85; “Special Characteristics of Sibelius’s Style,” 125
Chesterton, G. K., 149, 155n49
Chinese music, 318
Chopin, Frédéric, 52n58, 95, 100, 321
Christianity, 137, 318, 319. See also Lutheran Church
Christie, Agatha, 149
Cilea, Francisco, L’arlesiana, 160
cinema, silent, 75, 86n7
Ciurlionis, Mikalojus Konstantinas, 267–68 classicism, 37, 38, 141, 258, 266, 298n11, 334; architectural, 233–34; Hellenic, 262; modernism and, 291, 293; Viennese, 101; see also neoclassicism
Clodt, Mikhail, 19
Clodt von Jürgensburg, Pyotr, 19
Cold Harbor Project, 155n52
Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel, 162
College of the Pacific, 165
Colleoni, Bartolomeo, 351
Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), 235, 241
Converse, Frederick Shepherd, 162
Copland, Aaron, 257
Crimean War, 11
Cromwell, Mary A., 171n28
Crumb, George, 293
Cubism, 350
Daehn, Carl Woldemar von, 22
Dahlhaus, Carl, 56n147
Dahlström, Fabian, 97
Damrosch, Leopold, 111
Damrosch, Walter, 111, 113, 162
Danto, Arthur, 178
Darmstadt composers, 178
Darwin, Charles, 136, 137, 155n47, 196; The Descent of Man, 155n49; Origin of Species, 137
Darwin, Erasmus, 155n47
Davenport, Charles Benedict, 142, 155n52
Davis, Colin, 129
Dayas, William Humphrys, 159, 160, 161, 164, 169n4
Debussy, Claude, 42, 52n58, 103, 107, 108, 133, 134, 147, 194, 260, 334; Nocturnes, 56n153; Pelléas et Mélisande, 192; Préludes, 211
decadence, 134, 148, 154n35, 232; post-Wagnerian, 135, 326; Wildean, 131
Dehmel, Richard, 104, 308
Delius, Frederick, 127–28, 221n2, 333; Sea-Drift, 127
Deniker, Joseph, 138, 155n54
Diaghilev, Sergei, 20, 41, 53n67, 134
Dieren, Bernard van, 128
Dorian mode, 214
Dossenbach, Hermann, 164
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, Crime and Punishment, 19
Dowden, Edward, 195
Downes, Olin, 162, 166, 247, 272
Dvoák, Antonin, 30, 48, 161
Eastman, George, 164, 165
Eastman School of Music, 164–66
Edelfelt, Albert, 20, 349
Einstein, Albert, 167
Ekman, Ida, 159
Ekman, Karl, 17, 73n24, 159
Ekman, Karl, Jr., 164
Elgar, Edward, 126, 131, 135, 144, 221n2, 260; The Music Makers, 127, 128
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 275
Enescu, Georges, 260
Engel, Carl Friedrich, 233
England, 15, 119, 125–52, 153n9, 156n73, 157n85, 173, 186, 221n2, 269, 332; Adorno in, 175; folk music of, 136, 320; performances of Sibelius’s music in, 126–30, 151, 258, 260; racial theory in, 135–39, 146–48, 155n49; Sibelius in, 188–89
Enlightenment, 178, 262
Ervasti, A. V., Muistelmia matkalta Venäjän Karjalassa kesällä 1879, 31
Et in terra pax (Gregorian chant), 319
Euclidean geometry, 239, 241, 243, 245
eugenics, 137–40, 142–43, 146, 148, 155n49, n52, n53
Euterpist circle, 77
Evans, Edwin, 147
existentialism, symbolist, 190
Fascism, 177, 178, 332
Fauré, Gabriel, 199
February Manifesto (1899), 13, 16, 47
Feldman, Morton, 293
Fennoman movement, 15–18, 326
Fewster, Derek, 6, 9
F
igaro, Le, 229–30
Finck, Robin, 168
Finland, 24, 42, 46, 149, 173, 176, 186, 187, 268, 307, 325–26, 346; American links with, 158–59, 161–64; architecture in, 149, 228, 232–41, 247–51, 255n91, 274, 276–77, 281–88, 292, 295; folk music of, 315–17, 322–23, 324n5; identification of Sibelius with, 135, 257, 259; influence of Russian culture and arts in, 17–24, 52n59; Karelia region of, 30–31; National Archive of, 72, 188; nationalist movements in, 9, 12, 15, 17, 20, 31, 315; National Library of, 59, 65, 191, 199; New York World’s Fair pavilion of, 241–47, 242, 244, 250–51, 254n70; Paris Universal Exposition pavilion of, 16, 47–48, 227–32, 229, 230, 234, 250, 252n15, 281; in Russian Empire, 3, 5–17, 166, 230; silent cinema in, 86n7; Swedish language and culture in, 11, 15–17, 24, 31, 76, 77, 135–36, 139, 154n40, 233, 238, 239, 257, 281, 325; Swedish rule of, 7–9, 11, 15, 230; in World War II, 171n28, 238, 331, 242–43, 254n65, 353n7
Finne, Jalmari, 70, 71
Finnish-American Musical Club, 163
Finnish Civil War, 257
Finnish Diet (parliament), 11–13; of Porvoo (1809), 7–8, 11, 16
Finnish Guard, 10
Finnish Literature Society (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura), 9
Finnish National Theatre (Helsinki), 20, 163, 193, 218
Finnish Radio Orchestra, 339
Firbank, Ronald, 130
Flaubert, Gustave, 260
Fleig, Karl, 255n79
Flodin, Karl, 46, 57n181, 252n1
folk traditions, 30, 36–37, 144, 56n146, 183; in architecture, 229, 239, 281; in music, 31–33, 36, 40, 44–45, 49, 55n126, 97, 136, 315–24, 325n10
Fontane, Theodor, 260
Foreman, Lewis, 153n9
Forsman, Rabbe, 86n3
France, 7, 46–48, 77, 100, 147, 231, 277, 328; folk music in, 320, 322; impressionism in, 42, 103, 334; racial ideology and, 139, 147; Russian music in, 42, 48
France, Anatole, 229–30
Frankfurt School, 175
Franklin, Peter, 129
Freemasons, 169n2
Freud, Sigmund, 238
Frosterus, Sigurd, 232–34
Fuchs, Robert, 100, 101
Furuhjelm, Erik, 326–30
Gallen-Kallela, Akseli, 20, 21, 23, 112, 229, 230, 231, 234; Portrait of Maxim Gorky, 22
Galsworthy, John, 139; The Forsythe Saga, 156n61
Galton, Francis, 137–38, 155n47, n49
Garden, Edward, 37
Gareissen, Oscar, 164
Gauguin, Paul, 194
Genetz, Arvid, 316
Germany, 13, 53n80, 131, 137, 138, 176, 183, 262, 307, 308, 327; architecture in, 276, 277; cultural conservatism of, 46–47; folk music of, 136, 318–20, 322, 324n10; musical traditions of, 4, 38, 99, 145–47, 271 (see also specific composers); Nazi, 178, 181, 254n65, 257, 330, 331; reception of Sibelius’s music in, 5, 48, 107, 173, 175, 298n10; Strauss’s cultural chauvinism toward, 260, 262, 263
Gerschenkron, Alexander, 268
Gesamtkunstwerk (“total work of art”), 280, 282
Gesellius, Herman, 228, 229, 234
Glazunov, Alexander, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 48–49, 57n193; Symphony no. 7, 38; Symphony no. 8, 38
Glière, Reynhold, Symphony no. 3 (Il’ya Muromets), 36
Glinka, Mikhail, 41, 316, 317, 321, 322; Kamarinskaya, 39, 40; Life of the Tsar, 32, 33; Ruslan and Lyudmila, 44
Gluck, Alma, 162
Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 321
Goehr, Lydia, Elective Affinities, 178
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 146, 189, 262, 263, 280
Goldmark, Karl, 101, 108; Rustic Wedding Symphony, 271
Gorky, Maxim, 20, 21, 22 Goss, Glenda Dawn, 3, 5, 18, 38–39, 42, 186, 187, 252n1, 308, 316, 340
Gould, Stephen Jay, 137
Grant, Madison, 144, 146, 147, 155n53, n54; The Passing of the Great Race, 138–39, 141
Gray, Cecil, 4, 27, 129, 132–34, 142–44, 116, 130, 149, 151, 153n22, 154n39, n45, 156n64, n73, n80, 157n84, 184n13, 186, 331; racial arguments of, 145–48, 154n40; on Russian influences, 26, 31; on thematic construction, 54n98, 69; A Survey of Contemporary Music, 133–37, 140–41, 147
Great Northern War, 6
Greece, ancient, 141–42, 245–46, 262, 318–19, 321, 351
Gregor, Joseph, 263, 299n16
Gregorian chant, 319
Grieg, Edvard, 48, 169, 307, 327, 329
Grimley, Daniel M., 111, 267
Grinelli, Inez, 169n3
Gropius, Walter, 236, 290
Grove, George, 147
Gumilyov, Nikolay, 38
Guns N’ Roses, 168
Haas, David, 30
Hackstedt, Selma Mathilda, 238
Hadley, Henry, 162
Hale, Philip, 162
Hämeenlinna (Finland; Swedish: Tavastehus), 17, 18, 98, 112, 159, 235, 315
Hamsun, Knut, 175, 177–81, 332, 336–37, 184n9; The Last Joy, 180; Pan, 180; Sult (Hunger), 308
Hansen, Niels B., 195
Hansen, Wilhelm, 190, 191
Hanslick, Eduard, 262, 280
Hanson, Howard, 164, 171n25; Symphony no. 1, 165
Häring, Hugo, 241
Harriman, Edward Henry, 155n52
Hartley, Janet, 7–8
Hase, Hellmuth von, 113
Hauch, Gunnar, 192–93, 224n29
Hausegger, Siegmund von, 99
Haussmann, Baron Georges-Eugène, 276
Haydn, Joseph, 298n11, 321
Hegelianism, 136
Heimatkunst (“homeland art”), 281
Helsinki, 16, 42, 59, 93, 96, 98, 168, 184n9, 188, 243, 259, 337; architecture in, 149, 228, 232–35, 253n35, 281, 283, 284, 284–85, 292, 345, 346; Finnish-Americans in, 163–64; performances of Sibelius’s works in, 6, 18, 107; Russian music in, 21, 28, 36, 48–49, 54n109; Sibelius monument in, 337–39, 340, 345–46, 353n7; theater in, 76, 191, 193
Helsinki, University of, 9, 10, 21, 53n70, 91, 315, 316, 325n5; Library, see Finland, National Library of
Helsinki Music Institute, 18, 46, 159, 160, 307, 308, 315, 326
Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, 28, 47
Helsinki Press Celebrations, 157n97, 166
Henrik, Bishop of Uppsala, 6
Henriques, Fini, 159, 169n3
Hepokoski, James, 4 47, 48, 99, 149, 188, 209–10, 214, 222n12, 247, 300n29; on content-based form, 241, 309; on minimalism in Tapiola, 114, 123n70; on rotational form, 39–40, 61, 56n146, 211, 272
Heraclitus, 245, 246
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 183
Heseltine, Philip, 128
Hiltunen, Eila, 338–42, 340, 350–53
Hindemith, Paul, 107
Hintze, Dmitry, 3
Hirn, Julius (Habitué), 85
historicism, 276–77, 280
Hitler, Adolf, 254n65, 308
Høeberg, Georg, 191, 193
Hoffmann, Josef, 281
Hofmann, Ernst, 89, 90
Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 261, 263, 299n24; Jedermann, 75
Hofstätter, Hans H., 117
Holst, Gustav, 128, 221n2
Horkheimer, Max, Dialectic of Enlightenment, 178
Howell, Tim, 5, 39, 41–43, 56n144, 114, 235
Hufvudstadsbladet, 339
Hughes, Howard, 167
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 138, 139, 155n50
Ibsen, Henrik, 46
Imperial String Quartet, 18
impressionism, 42, 103, 334
Indy, Vincent d’, 100
Ingold, Tim, 220
Inha, Into Konrad, 230–31, 317
International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) Festival, 129, 153
International style, 236, 277, 286, 289, 290, 295
Italy, 28, 47, 147, 165, 319; Sibelius in, 24, 48, 91, 93
Jaatinen, Karl, 255n70
Jaatinen, Toivo, 341
Jalas, Jussi, 58, 72n4, 73n18
Jalonen, Jussi, 10
James, Burnett, 37–38
Janáek, LeoŠ, 108, 129, 183; Píhody LiŠky BystrouŠky (
The Cunning Little Vixen), 129, 153n18; ValaŠské tance, 153n17
Järnefelt, Alexander, 18
Järnefelt, Armas, 228
Järnefelt, Arvid, 18–19, 75, 228; Kuolema, Kyllikki, 72n10, 74
Järnefelt, Eero, 18–21, 24, 45, 118, 228; Summernight Moon, 19 Järnefelt, Elisabeth (née Clodt von
Jürgensburg), 18, 19
Joachim, Joseph, 159, 160
John, Duke, 6
Johnson, Harold E., 6, 37, 116
Josephson, Ernst, Gula rosor, 90
Jugendstil, 228
Jung, Bertel, 235
Kajanus, Robert, 17, 20–24, 28, 46, 47, 49, 53n70, 56n153, 57n181, n193, 228, 231, 316
Kalevala (Finnish national epic), 6, 17, 41, 56n146, 151, 232, 239, 261, 266, 267, 268, 270, 281; architectural references to, 229, 282; Lönnrot’s edition of, 7, 9, 31, 240; similarities between Russian bïlinï and, 36–37, 55n127; Tapiola and, 111–14, 116, 118
Kalinnikov, Vasily, Symphony no. 1, 32, 36 Kalyn, Andrea Sherlock, 171n25
Kant, Immanuel, Critique of Judgment, 180–81, 280
Karsh, Yousuf, 168–69
Kegan Paul publishing firm, 136
Kekkonen, Urho, 338
Keller, Gottfried, 92
Kessler, Harry, 263
Kilpeläinen, Kari, 59
Kirby, David, 11
Kivi, Aleksis, 349–50; “Bear Hunt,” 233
Kivijärvi, Harry, 341
Kivikoski, Juhani, 340, 341
Klami, Uuno, 119
Klimt, Gustav, Beethoven Frieze, 280–81
Klingenberg, Alf, 159, 164–65
Knudsen, Johan Nye, 193
Kokovstov, Vladimir, 23–24
Königliche Hochschule für Musik (Berlin), 159
Königlicher Domchor (Berlin), 307
Koskenniemi, Veiko Antero, 113
Koski, Kalle, 163
Koussevitzky, Serge, 166
Kraus, Joseph, 27, 44
Krehbiel, Henry E., 162
Kreisler, Fritz, 160
Krohn, Ilmari, 21, 22, 266, 272, 300n34, 316, 317
Kruskopf, Erik, 339, 341–42, 348–53
Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 96
Kundera, Milan, 93, 95
Kuzmin, Mikhail, 38
Lambert, Constant, 129, 132, 133, 144, 147–49, 151, 186; Music Ho! A Study of Music in Decline, 133, 145, 147, 331
Laub, Ferdinand, 18
Laufer, Edward, 70
Lawrence, D. H., 154n39
Layton, Robert, 28, 42, 154n40, 199, 327
Lechner, Ödön, 276
Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret), 235–36, 290
Legge, Walter, 120n3, 126, 156n73
Leino, Eino, 20, 349
Lembcke, Edvard, 194, 225n49
Lenngren, Anna Marie, 190
Levas, Santeri, 60, 68, 70
Life magazine, 169
Ligeti, György, 95, 114, 116; Atmosphères, 111
Jean Sibelius and His World Page 50