Zika
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100The eyes are privileged: Denise Grady, “After Nearly Claiming His Life, Ebola Lurked in a Doctor’s Eye,” New York Times, May 7, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/08/health/weeks-after-his-recovery-ebola-lurked-in-a-doctors-eye.html.
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102a nurse-practitioner: Dyan J. Summers et al., “Zika Virus in an American Recreational Traveler,” Journal of Travel Medicine, May 21, 2015, doi:10.1111/jtm.12208.
106It was a good call: Henri-Pierre Mallet, “Emergence du virus Zika en Polynésie française” (PowerPoint presentation at national infectious disease conference, Bordeaux, France, June 11–13, 2014).
CHAPTER 9
112A 2008 study: Celia W. Dugger, “Study Cites Toll of AIDS Policy in South Africa,” New York Times, Nov. 25, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/world/africa/26aids.html.
115The rumor about a larvicide: Production Team REDUAS, “Report from Physicians in the Crop-Sprayed Towns regarding Dengue-Zika, Microcephaly, and Massive Spraying with Chemical Poisons,” Red Universitaria de Ambiente y Salud, Feb. 9, 2016, http://www.reduas.com.ar/informe-de-medicos-de-pueblos-fumigados-sobre-dengue-zika-y-fumigaciones-con-venenos-quimicos/.
119I dug through: “Microcephaly—Brazil,” WHO Disease Outbreak News, Dec. 15, 2015. http://www.who.int/csr/don/15-december-2015-microcephaly-brazil/en/.
120Then, on February 3: Vinod Sreeharsha, “Birth Defects in Brazil May Be Overreported amid Zika Fears,” New York Times, Feb. 3, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/world/americas/birth-defects-in-brazil-may-be-over-reported-amid-zika-fears.html.
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125Scientists in Latin America: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Proof of Zika’s Role in Birth Defects Still Months Away, W.H.O. Says,” New York Times, Feb. 19, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/20/health/zika-virus-microcephaly-birth-defects-proof-who.html.
126“Based on observational”: “Zika Situation Report,” WHO Emergencies, March 31, 2016, http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/31-march-2016/en/.
126Then on April 13: Pam Belluck and Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Zika Virus Causes Birth Defects, Health Officials Confirm,” New York Times, April 13, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/health/zika-virus-causes-birth-defects-cdc.html.
127A series of small studies: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “6 Reasons to Think the Zika Virus Causes Microcephaly,” New York Times, updated May 3, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/01/health/02zika-microcephaly.html.
127Separate teams of doctors: Jernej Mlakar, MD, et al., “Brief Report: Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly,” New England Journal of Medicine, Feb. 10, 2016, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1600651.
127One particularly grim: Rita W. Driggers et al., “Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities,” New England Journal of Medicine, March 30, 2016, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1601824.
128There was also “biological”: Hengli Tang et al., “Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth,” Cell Stem Cell, March 4, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.016.
128But the most convincing: Patrícia Brasil et al., “Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro—Preliminary Report,” New England Journal of Medicine, March 4, 2016, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1602412.
130A study done by the CDC: Michael A. Johansson et al. “Zika and the Risk of Microcephaly,” New England Journal of Medicine, online, May 25, 2016, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1605367.
130The stack of evidence: Sonja A. Rasmussen, MD, et al., “Special Report: Zika Virus and Birth Defects—Reviewing the Evidence for Causality,” New England Journal of Medicine, April 13, 2016, doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1604338.
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136Then El Salvador proposed: Azam Ahmed, “El Salvador’s Advice on Zika Virus: Don’t Have Babies,” New York Times, Jan. 25, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/26/world/americas/el-salvadors-advice-on-zika-dont-have-babies.html.
136They began with: Anastasia Moloney, “Advice to Delay Pregnancy Due to Zika Virus Is Naïve, Activists Say,” Reuters, Jan. 22, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-americas-health-zika-idUSKCN0V100H.
137Sara Garcia: Moloney, “Advice.”
137American activists: Moloney, “Advice.”
138NPR’s Morning Edition: Renee Montagne, “Is It Realistic to Recommend Delaying Pregnancy during Zika Outbreak?,” NPR’s Morning Edition, aired Jan. 27, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/27/464533090/is-it-realistic-to-recommend-delaying-pregnancy-during-zika-outbreak.
138Almost immediately, Time: Charlotte Alter, “Why Latin American Women Can’t Follow the Zika Advice to Avoid Pregnancy,” Time, Jan. 28, 2016, http://time.com/4197318/zika-virus-latin-america-avoid-pregnancy/.
138Emma Saloranta, a founder: Emma Saloranta, “Zika Virus and the Hypocrisy of Telling Women to Delay Pregnancy,” Huffington Post, Jan. 29, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/emma-saloranta/zika-virus-and-the-hypocrisy-of-telling-women-to-delay-pregnancy_b_9090476.html.
143I also learned: Eliza Berman, “How a German Measles Epidemic Stoked the Abortion Debate in 1965,” Time, Feb. 2, 2015, http://time.com/3692652/measles-abortion-1960s/.
144On February 5: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Growing Support among Experts for Zika Advice to Delay Pregnancy,” New York Times, Feb. 5, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/09/health/zika-virus-women-pregnancy.html.
149Pope Francis had: Simon Romero and Jim Yardley, “Francis Says Contraception Can Be Used to Slow Zika,” New York Times, Feb. 18, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/world/americas/francis-says-contraception-can-be-used-to-slow-zika.html.
149On March 8: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “W.H.O. Advises Pregnant Women to Avoid Areas Where Zika Is Spreading,” New York Times, March 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/health/zika-virus-pregant-women-travel.html.
150I emailed him: Sabrina Tavernise, “W.H.O. Recommends Contraception in Countries with Zika Virus,” New York Times, Feb. 18, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/health/zika-virus-birth-control-contraception-who.html.
151On March 25: Sabrina Tavernise, “C.D.C. Offers Guidelines for Delaying Pregnancy after Zika Exposure,” New York Times, March 25, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/health/zika-virus-pregnancy-cdc-waiting-period.html.
156On April 14: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Health Officials Split over Advice on Pregancy in Zika Areas,” New York Times, April 14, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/health/zika-virus-pregnancy-delay-birth-defects-cdc.html.
157Houston had just: Peter J. Hotez, “Zika Is Coming,” New York Times, April 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/09/opinion/zika-is-coming.html.
157CBS News interviewed him: Jonathan LaPook, “Houston Authorities Bracing for Zika Virus Appearance,” CBS Evening News, aired April 22, 2016, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/houston-texas-authorities-bracing-for-zika-virus-arrival/.
157He had said: Hari Sreenivasan, “Is a Perfect Storm of Zika Virus Conditions Coming to the Gulf Coast?,” PBS NewsHour, aired April 18, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/is-a-perfect-storm-of-zika-virus-conditions-coming-to-the-gulf-coast/.
157PAHO was leaning: McNeil, “Health Officials.”
CHAPTER 12
160The other reason: “Locally Acquired Dengue—Key West, Florida, 2009–2010,” CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, May 21, 2010, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5919a1.htm.
160In 2009, it took only: Amesh A. Adalja et al., “Lessons Learned during Dengue Outbreaks in the United States, 2001–2011,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, April 2012, doi:10.3201/eid1804.110968.
160Even more impressive: Charles Simmins, “Rochester Patient Links to Dengue Fever Outbreak on Florida,” Examiner.com, May 22, 2010, http://www.examiner.com/article/rochester-patient-links-to-dengue-fever-outbreak-florida.
161Zik
a’s spread: “West Nile Virus in the United States,” Wikipedia, last modified Dec. 11, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus_in_the_United_States.
161West Nile is: CDC>West Nile Virus Home>Statistics and Maps, last updated June 9, 2015, http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/index.html.
162But there is no: “Estimated Range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States, 2016 Maps,” CDC>Zika Virus Home>Information for Specific Groups>Vector Surveillance & Control, updated April 26, 2016, http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html.
163A majority of Americans: “A Majority of People Say They Would Get a Zika Vaccine If It Were Available,” Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania, May 12, 2016, http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/a-majority-of-people-say-theyd-get-a-zika-vaccine-if-it-were-available/.
163At least 18: Katie Thomas, “Vaccine for Zika Virus May Be Years Away, Experts Warn,” New York Times, Jan. 29, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/business/vaccine-for-zika-virus-may-be-years-away-disease-experts-warn.html.
164The National Institutes of: Anthony S. Fauci, MD, and David M. Morens, MD, “Zika Virus in the Americas—Yet Another Arbovirus Threat,” New England Journal of Medicine, Jan. 13, 2016, doi:10.1056/NEJMp1600297.
165Meanwhile, safety testing: Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, “The Failed HIV Merck Vaccine Study: A Step Back or a Launching Point for Future Vaccine Development?,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, Jan. 14, 2008, doi:10.1084/jem.20072681.
167Viruses, on the other hand: “Faster, Easier Cures for Hepatitis C,” FDA’s Consumer Updates, July 28, 2014, http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm405642.htm.
168There is no: Devika Sirohi et al., “The 3.8 Å resolution Cryo-EM Structure of Zika Virus,” Science, April 22, 2016, doi:10.1126/science.aaf5316.
168One paper published: Eloise Mastrangelo et al., “Ivermectin Is a Potent Inhibitor of Flavivirus Replication Specifically Targeting NS3 Helicase Activity: New Prospects of an Old Drug,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, April 25, 2012, doi:10.1093/jac/dks147.
168Other papers say: Joanna Zmurko et al., “The Viral Polymerase Inhibitor 7-Deaza-2’-C-Methyladenosine Is a Potent Inhibitor of In Vitro Zika Virus Replication and Delays Disease Progression in a Robust Mouse Model Infection Model,” PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, May 10, 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004695; Marcos Carvalho Borges et al., “Chloroquine Use Improves Dengue-Related Symptoms,” Memórias do Institutio Oswaldo Cruz, Aug. 2013, doi:10.1590/0074-0276108052013010.
168Antibodies are expensive: Andrew Pollack, “Experimental Drug Would Help Fight Ebola If Supply Increases, Study Finds,” New York Times, Aug. 29, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/30/world/africa/study-says-zmapp-works-against-ebola-but-making-it-takes-time.html.
169Immunoglobulin: E. Oehler et al., “Zika Virus Infection Complicated by Guillain-Barré Syndrome—Case Report, French Polynesia, December 2013,” Eurosurveillance, March 6, 2014, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20720.
169CDC guidelines: “Clinical Guidance: Pregnant Women and Women of Reproductive Age,” CDC>Zika Virus Home>For Health, http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html.
169When microcephaly began: Catherine Saint Louis, “Microcephaly, Spotlighted by Zika Virus, Has Long Afflicted and Mystified,” New York Times, Jan. 31, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/health/microcephaly-spotlighted-by-zika-virus-has-long-afflicted-and-mystified.html.
169That time has been reduced: Rita W. Driggers et al., “Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities,” New England Journal of Medicine, March 30, 2016, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1601824.
169Because no one: “PAHO Statement on Zika Virus Transmission and Prevention,” Pan American Health Organization, Feb. 2, 2016, http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11605&Itemid=41716&lang=en.
170It also reached: “Zika Situation Report 19 May 2016,” World Health Organization Emergencies, May 19, 2016, http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/19-may-2016/en/.
170The initial worries: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “C.D.C. Is Monitoring 279 Pregnant Women with Possible Zika Virus Infections,” New York Times, May 20, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/21/health/pregnant-women-zika-virus-cdc.html.
171At the Zika summit: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Health Officials Split over Advice on Pregancy in Zika Areas,” New York Times, April 14, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/health/zika-virus-pregnancy-delay-birth-defects-cdc.html.
171Americans’ knowledge: “Half of Americans Concerned Zika Will Spread to Their Neighborhoods,” Feb. 23, 1016, http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/half-of-americans-concerned-zika-will-spread-to-their-neighborhoods/; “More Than 4 in 10 Mistakenly Think Zika Is Fatal, Symptoms are Noticeable,” March 10, 2016, http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/; “Who Does the Public Think Is Most at Risk from Zika?,” April 8, 2016, Annenberg Public Policy Center, http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/who-does-the-public-think-is-most-at-risk-from-zika/.
173But in late 2009, I met: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Flu Story: A Pregnant Woman’s Ordeal,” New York Times, Oct. 19, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/health/20pregnant.html.
Copyright © 2016 by Donald G. McNeil Jr.
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