by Chris Hayes
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Fields, Karen E., and Barbara J. Fields. Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life. Reprint edition. London: Verso, 2014.
Forman, James. Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017.
Hirsch, Arnold R. Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago 1940–1960. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Leovy, Jill. Ghettoside: A True Story of Murder in America. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015.
Murakawa, Naomi. The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Philbrick, Nathaniel. Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. New York: Penguin Books, 2006.
Prince, Carl E. The U.S. Customs Service: A Bicentennial History. Washington, D.C: Dept. of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, 1989.
Self, Robert O. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Southern, Ed, ed. The Jamestown Adventure: Accounts of the Virginia Colony, 1605–1614. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, Publisher, 2011.
Stuntz, William J. The Collapse of American Criminal Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
Walvin, James. A Short History of Slavery. London: Penguin UK, 2007.
Whitman, James Q. Harsh Justice: Criminal Punishment and the Widening Divide between America and Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration. New York: Vintage, 2010.
Zimring, Franklin E. The Great American Crime Decline. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Adams, John, 56–57, 58
Afghanistan, 96, 105
Africa, Gold Coast of, 52
African Americans:
anti-colonial movements and, 31
as crime victims, 126–27, 185
fearfulness of, 121–25
in great Northern migration, 144–45
homicide rates of, 23–24, 121, 173–74
humiliation as constant in life of, 69–71
incarceration rate of, 23
police interactions with, 21, 37–38, 46, 67, 69–71
political power and, 33–35
see also nonwhites; slaves
Air Force, U.S., 96
Alexander, Michael, 33
Algeria, 75
Al Jazeera, 212
Al Qaeda, 135
Amar, Akhil, 73
American colonies:
British humiliation of, 71–72
full rights under English law denied to, 56–57
ritualized public violence in, 49, 72
tariffs in, 50–61, 75
war-zone mindset in, 84–85, 87
American colonies, smuggling in, 51–61
British crackdown on, 54–60, 72
economic importance of, 51–53
modern drug trade compared to, 52–53
Royal Navy and, 59–60
unenforceability of, 53–54
writs of assistance and, 56–58, 66
American Revolution, 27, 49, 50, 72, 183
Anderson, Michelle, 200–201, 202–3
anti-colonial movements, 30–31
see also colonialism
Archer, Gabriel, 84
Argentina, 125–26
Atlanta, Ga., 96, 124
Atlantic, 153, 199
Atwater, Lee, 145–46
authoritarian states, humiliation as tool of, 71–72
Bailyn, Bernard, 85
Baldwin, James, 83
Balko, Radley, 105
Baltimore, Md., 19–21, 38, 53, 104, 112
black political power in, 33–34, 35
Crack Years in, 121–22
crime rate in, 175
Freddie Gray death in, 20, 23, 35, 36, 37, 129, 130–31, 175
homicide rates in, 127, 128, 175
unrest in, 126, 129, 130, 220
Barry, Marion, 124
Baton Rouge, La., 103
Baylor University, 200
Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood, Brooklyn, 165, 166
Bell, Sean, 116
Bensonhurst neighborhood, Brooklyn, 146–47
bias, unconscious, race and, 115–17
Bickle, Travis (char.), 158
Bill of Rights, 72–74
Black Lives Matter, 103, 171, 177
white backlash to, 127, 130
Black Power (Carmichael and Hamilton), 31
Black Power movement, 31
Bland, Sandra, 37
Bloomberg, Michael, 170, 176
Bloomington, Ind., 195
Bolger, Jeffrey, 130
Bologna, Italy, 102
Boston, Mass., 58, 142
Boston Tea Party, 60–61
Boulder, Colo., 195
Bratton, Bill, 160, 161, 171, 176n
Brazil, 125, 126
British East India Company, 60
British Empire, 75
smuggling in, see American colonies, smuggling in
tariffs and, 50–61, 75
Brodsky, Alexandra, 193
“Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety” (Kelling and Wilson), 153–60
“broken windows” (police foot-patrol) policies, 153–62, 169
crime rate drop and, 171, 174
seediness and, 161–62, 163
as theory of urban governance, 159, 162–63, 171
as vigilantism, 157
white police vs. black residents in, 157–58
Bronx, N.Y., 53, 82, 118–19, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150–52, 163, 166, 169, 198
Crack Years in, 122–23
Brooklyn, N.Y., 146–47, 166, 206
gentrification in, 165, 167–68
Brooklyn College, 200
Brown, Michael, 28, 29, 36, 44, 48, 49, 61, 63, 64, 68–69, 99, 100, 131, 149, 150, 176, 212, 220
Brown University, 188–90, 191–92, 194, 199
Buildings Department, New York City, 168
Bush, George H. W., 111, 135, 185
Bush, George W., 17, 67
Bushwick neighborhood, Brooklyn, 170
California, 186
Cambridge, Mass., 57
Canada, 54, 172
Cantfield Apartments, 149, 151
Caribbean, 35, 52
Carifi, Paul, 90–91, 92–93, 97–98
Carmichael, Stokely, 31
Castle Doctrine, 55–56
Catholic Church, pedophile scandals of, 202
Central Park, New York City, 219
Central Park jogger case, 132
Charleston, N.C., 19
Chicago, Ill., 19, 23, 36, 53, 112, 144, 145, 169, 177, 201–2
Chile, 22
China, 181
Christie, Chris, 210
Cincinnati, University of, 198
cities:
gentrification in, 164–71
seediness of, 141–44, 146, 150–51, 152–53, 161–62, 164
cities, poor neighborhoods in:
gun violence in, 199
as war zones, 82–83, 151
City & the City, The (Miéville), 36
civil forfeiture, 59
civil liberties, 38
Ferguson police violations of, 73–75
law and order and, 30
order vs., 156–57
police abuse of, 66–68
protection from unwar
ranted searches and seizures in, 55, 73
protests and, 49–50
Richard Nixon and, 30
right to privacy as, 47, 55–56, 66
Civil Rights Act (1964), 34
Title IX of, 200
civil rights movement, 24, 34
Clery, Jeanne, 200
Clery Act (1990), 200
Cleveland, Ohio, 36, 81–83, 220
Justice Department investigation of, 82–83
Clinton, Bill, 171
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 87, 121–22
cocaine, 104, 112–13
Cocke, Bowler, 86
Coke, Edward, 56
colleges and universities, criminal justice system of, 187–204
alcohol and drug use tolerated by, 189–90, 191–93, 194–95, 196–97
campus police and, 188–90, 196–98
disorderly and anti-authoritarian behavior tolerated in, 190–91, 194–95, 198–99
impact on neighborhood life of, 195
nonwhites and, 197–98
sexual assaults and, 199–200, 201, 202–4, 205
colonialism, 35
internal, criminal justice system as, 31–32, 76
see also anti-colonial movements
Colony:
definition of, 32
see also African Americans; Latinos; poor whites
Columbia, S.C., 46
Comanches, 87
community policing, 157
see also “broken windows” policies
compliance, as social norm, 48–49
Compton, Calif., 104
conflict resolution training, 94–97
Congress, U.S., 34, 112–13, 200
Congressional Black Caucus, 124
Constitution, U.S., 49–50
Bill of Rights of, 72–74
see also specific amendments
Controlled Substances Act (CSA; 1970), 110
counterinsurgency, in warfare, 94–95
crack cocaine, 104, 112–13, 173, 209
Crack Years, 104, 120–25, 173–74
crime:
blacks as victims of, 126–27, 185
causes of, 159
Crack Years and, 104, 120–25, 173–74
falling rates of, 134–35
levels of, prison population and, 110–11
minor, excessive punishment of, 129
1960s–1980s rise in, 24–26, 121–25, 134, 135
nonwhites as victims of, 109, 121–22, 171
politics of, 185–87
post-1980s drop in, 136–37, 160–61, 166, 171–76
public misperception of role of, 136–37
racially biased view of, 185
whites as victims of, 185, 208
crime bill (1994), 124–25, 171
criminal justice system:
as built on white fear, 109, 115–37, 175
election of prosecutors in, 182
elites in, 187, 203–6; see also colleges and universities, criminal justice system of
excessive punishment of minor crime in, 129, 162–63
furlough programs in, 185–86
homicide clearance rates in, 128–29
as internal colonialism, 31–32, 76
leveling-down egalitarianism in, 183, 184, 206–7, 208
mandatory minimum sentences in, 83, 112–13, 203, 207
mercy in, 207
1960s transformation of, 24
offenders’ family and friends in, 186–87
overlapping jurisdictions in, 114
police and, see police
punishment as basis of, 205–6, 210–11
as rebirth of Jim Crow era, 33
reform of, 19, 112
U.S. vs. European, 182–84
victims and, 185, 205–6
white middle-class experience of, 16–19, 24, 37
Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 82
Dallas, Tex., 19, 103
death penalty:
in American culture, 181–82
public support for, 182
race of victims and, 129
debate, debating teams, 20–21
DeBlasio, Bill, 171, 175–76, 177, 178
Declaration of Independence, U.S., 47, 51, 61
Defense Department, U.S., 201
Democratic Party, Democrats, 124, 147, 148
Desmond, Matthew, 167
Detroit, Mich., 25, 144
Dotson, Sam, 176–77
drug addiction:
as disease vs. crime, 209–10
to opiates, 104, 111, 112–13, 173, 192, 209
of whites, 209–10
Drug Enforcement Administration, 59, 110–11
drug trade:
colonial-era smuggling compared to, 52–53
Crack Years in, 104, 120–25, 173–74
DuBois, W. E. B., 31
Dubose, Samuel, 198
Dukakis, Michael, 135
Dutch Empire, 52
Dyer anti-lynching bill, 147
Ebola, exaggerated fear of, 134
Ehrlichman, John, 111
Eighth Amendment, 74
Emanuel, Rahm, 177
England, see Great Britain
Enron, 74, 205
Estonia, 22
Europe, criminal justice system in, 182–84
European Union (EU), 182
Evicted (Desmond), 167
Fama, Joseph, 146
Fanon, Frantz, 68, 71, 72
fearfulness, 87
in American history, 84–88
of blacks, 121–25
as exculpatory, 117
as instinctive reaction to threat, 134
law and order as appeal to, 27–28, 29
of police, 83, 102, 116–17
TV news as playing on, 134
violence and, 88
of whites, see white fear
Ferguson, Mo., 19, 34, 36, 38, 61–71, 73–76, 128, 137, 151
colonial America compared to, 62, 66
fines and court fees as main source of revenue for, 64–65
history of, 62–63
housing issues in, 149–50
Michael Brown death in, 28, 29, 36, 44, 48, 61, 63, 64, 67, 68–69, 99, 100, 149, 150, 176, 212, 220
protests in, 28–29, 33, 43–48, 49–50, 67, 99–102, 211–13
shooting of police in, 103
street violence in, 100–102
white flight and, 33, 63
white political power in, 33–34, 63, 149
“Ferguson effect,” 176–77
Ferguson Police Department:
blacks’ interactions with, 67, 69–71
civil liberties abuses by, 66–68, 73–75
disproportionate ticketing of blacks by, 63–64, 65, 66, 70, 214
Justice Department investigation of, 44n, 46–47, 62, 64, 67, 74
revenue generation as focus of, 61–62, 64, 74–75, 214
Fields, Barbara, 35
Fields, Karen, 35
Fifth Amendment, 74, 204
Finland, 24, 103
First Civil Right, The: How Liberals Built Prison America (Murakawa), 207
Flanagan, Caitlin, 199
Florida, 54
Florissant, Mo., 75
Fordham University, 113
Forman, James, Jr., 123–24
Fort Apache: The Bronx (film), 82, 169
Founders, 27, 32, 54, 72
Fourteenth Amendment, 74
Fourth Amendment, 55, 66, 73, 74, 204
France, 68, 182, 183, 184, 208
empire of, 52, 75
in Seven Years’ War, 54
Franklin, Ben, 59–60
fraternities and sororities, cruel and harmful behavior in, 199
Gallup polls, 136–37
Garmback, Frank, 81
Garner, Eric, 76–77
Gates, Daryl, 104–5
Gauls, 75
Gaynes, Elizabeth, 205
gentrification, 164–71
George III, King of England, 50, 54, 59, 66, 75
Germany, 183, 184
Ghettoside (Leovy), 129
Girls (TV show), 169
Giuliani, Rudy, 160, 161, 170, 171
Gray, Freddie, 20, 23, 35, 36, 37, 104, 126, 129, 175
false rumors about, 130–31
Great Britain, 47, 50–52, 53, 55–61, 62, 66, 71–72, 182
American colonies of, see American colonies
colonial system of, see British Empire
in Seven Years’ War, 54
Greater Roland Park/Poplar Hill, Baltimore, 23
Great Recession (2007–9), 172
Greenwich Village neighborhood, New York City, 141, 144
Griffith, Michael, 146
guns:
in preservation of social order, 88
prevalence of, policing and, 98–99, 101–2, 103, 104–5
self-defense and, 104, 105
gun violence, 171, 199
Hamill, Pete, 132, 133
Hamilton, Charles V., 31
Hancock, John, 52, 53, 76
Hanover County, Va., 86
Harcourt, Bernard, 174
Harlem neighborhood, New York City, 57, 83, 118, 163–65, 169
decay in, 163–64
gentrification in, 164–65
Harvard University, 57
Hawkins, Yusef, 146
Hayes, Kate Shaw, 16–17, 18, 125–26
Hayes, Roger, 122, 123
heroin, 111, 192, 209
Hill, Anthony, 96
homelessness, as image problem vs. human problem, 142–43
homes, right to privacy in, 47, 55–56
homicides:
of blacks, 23–24, 121, 173–74
black vs. white rates of, 23–24
clearance rate for investigation of, 128–29
2015 spike in, 177
U.S. rates of, 22–23
Horton, Willie, 135, 185–86
housing:
increasing cost of, 166–67
integration of, 156
Howard Beach neighborhood, Queens, 146
humiliation:
as constant of black life, 69–71
as tool of authoritarian studies, 71–72
Hunts Point neighborhood, Bronx, 151
Hussein, Saddam, 104
Illinois, 112
incarceration:
black vs. white rates of, 23
U.S. rate of, 22–23
see also mass incarceration; prison population
Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA), 201–2
India, 35, 51
“In Heroin Crisis, White Families Seek Gentler War on Drugs” (New York Times article), 209
integration, 156, 213–14
see also segregation
Iowa, 112
Iran, 181
Iraq, 104, 181
Iraq war, 47–48, 94–95
ISIS, 135
Isnora, Gescard, 116
Italy, 98
Jackson, Jesse, 123
Jackson, Maynard, 124
Jackson, Tom, 64
Jamestown, Va., 84
Japan, 103
Jennings, Mo., 75
Jim Crow, 24, 34, 144