A Colony in a Nation
Page 19
criminal justice system as rebirth of, 33
Johns Hopkins University, 196
Johnson, Ron, 28
Jordan, 181
Justice Department, U.S., 65, 70, 74–75
Cleveland investigation of, 82–83
Ferguson investigation of, 44n, 46–47, 62, 64, 67, 74
Kaba, Marianne, 125, 206
Kelling, George L., 153–60, 174, 191, 193, 195, 198
Kelly (foot patrolman), 155
Kelly, Ray, 171, 175–76
Kentucky, 53
Kerry, John, 193
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 145
assassination of, 25, 26
King, Rodney, 119
Kinloch, Mo., 75
Knowles, James, 38, 149–51
Know Your IX, 193
Koch, Ed, 151, 152
Koenig, Sarah, 195
Kohler-Hausmann, Issa, 162
Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C., 142
language, racism and, 35–36
Latinos, in prison system, 38
law and order, 134, 135
as appeal to primal fears, 27–28, 29
black vs. white experience of, 37–38
civil liberties and, 26–27, 30
Richard Nixon’s call for, 25–27, 30
Law Enforcement Bill of Rights, Maryland, 204
League of Conservation Voters, 193
Lee, Umar, 63
Lehigh University, 200
Leovy, Jill, 129
Liberty Affair, 51
Locking Up Our Own (Forman), 123–24
Loehmann, Timothy, 81–82, 83
Los Angeles, Calif., 53, 105, 129, 144
Los Angeles Dodgers, 118
Los Angeles Police Department, 161
Louisiana, 208
Love, Dayvon, 19–22, 24, 36
LSD, 192
Ludwig, Jens, 174
MacDonald, Heather, 177
Madeira wine, 51
Madison, Wis., 193–95
Maine, 53
Marcus Garvey Park, Harlem, 164, 165
marijuana, 111, 112
Martinique, 71
Maryland, 204
Massachusetts, 135, 186
Superior Court of, 58
mass incarceration, 109, 174, 175, 208
crime rate drop and, 172–73
as emergent phenomenon, 114–15
growing opposition to, 137, 173
1990s explosion of, 113
prosecutorial zealousness and, 113–14
as rebirth of Jim Crow era, 33
as response to 1960s–1990s crime rise, 135–36
revenue-generation by, 214–15
McCullough, Bob, 100
McDonald, Laquan, 36
Melvin, Craig, 212
mental illness, as factor in police shootings, 96–97
mercy, in criminal justice system, 207
Mexico, 24, 69
Miéville, China, 36
Milwaukee, Wis., 167
Minnesota, 112
Miranda decision, 26
Mississippi, 145, 208
Missouri, 28
Model UN, 21
Morris, Seth, 128
Morrisania neighborhood, Bronx, 151
Morris County Sheriff’s Office, 90
Morris Park neighborhood, Bronx, 147, 151
Mosby, Marilyn, 131
Mount Morris Park, see Marcus Garvey Park
MSNBC, 29
Murakawa, Naomi, 207
NAACP, 124
Nation:
definition of, 32
see also white middle-class
Native Americans, settlers’ fear of, 84–85, 87
Navigation Acts (British), 50
Navy, Royal, in crackdown on American smuggling, 59–60
neighborhoods, stability of, 148–49
police foot patrols and, 153–62
white fear and, 145–46, 149–50
Newark, N.J., 157
white flight in, 155–56
Newburyport, Mass., 72
New England, 56
smuggling in, 53, 57–58
New Haven, Conn., 198
New Jersey, 90, 93, 97, 153, 208, 210
New Jim Crow, The (Alexander), 33
Newport, R.I., 52, 57
New York, N.Y., 19, 53, 55, 76, 112, 116, 128, 132, 158, 160–71, 175–76, 192, 213, 215, 218–20
abandoned buildings in, 151–52
author’s childhood in, 117–21, 141–44, 147, 150–52, 163–64, 169
“broken windows” policy in, 160–63
Crack Years in, 120–21
explosion of real estate values in, 166
homicide rate in, 121
post-1980s crime rate drop in, 160–61, 166, 171, 177
racist violence in, 146–49
seediness of, 141–44, 150–51, 152–53, 161–62, 164
segregation in, 218
squeegee men in, 143, 160
New York Police Department (NYPD), 94, 160, 162, 171, 176
“stop and frisk” policy of, 55, 176
New York State, 205
New York Times, 147–48, 152, 209
New York Yankees, 118
Nixon, Jay, 28, 29
Nixon, Richard, 25–27, 30, 31, 110, 111, 147
Southern Strategy of, 147–48
War on Drugs of, 110–11
nonwhites:
as crime victims, 109, 121–22, 171
white undervaluing of lives of, 126, 127–30
North:
black migration to, 144–45
racism in, 145
segregation in, 144–45
North Charleston, S.C., 37, 149
North Korea, 181
Northwest Bronx Community and Clergy Coalition (NWBCCC), 122–23
Norwood neighborhood, Bronx, 118
Oakland, Calif., 128
Obama administration, 112
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 219
order:
civil liberties vs., 156–57
maintenance of, as police function, 154, 155, 158, 169, 174, 215–16
see also law and order
Osborne, Steve, 94, 99
Osborne Association, 205
Otis, James, Jr., 58
Paris, Treaty of (1763), 54
Parkchester neighborhood, Bronx, 147
Parks, Asia, 96–97
Parliament, British, 47
Parsippany, N.J., 90
Pennsylvania, 200
Pennsylvania, University of, 198
Pennsylvania State University, 200
Percy, George, 84
Perea, Dani, 197–98
Persky, Aaron, 203, 204
Petraeus, David, 94–95
Pfaff, John, 113–14, 174
Philadelphia, Pa., 17, 198
Phillips, Kevin, 147–48
Pilgrims, 85
Pitt, William, 47
Plymouth, Mass., 84
police:
accountability of, 204–5
armaments of, 47–48, 67, 88, 100, 105, 208
author’s interaction with, 16–19, 22
blacks’ interactions with, 21, 37–38, 46, 67, 69–71
“broken windows” policies and, see “broken windows” (police foot-patrol) polices
desecration of bodies by, 68–69
“Ferguson effect” and, 176–78
gun violence against, 103
individual autonomy of, 89–94
insufficient conflict resolution training of, 94, 95–97
internal and independent investigations of, 201–2
order-maintenance function of, 154, 155, 158, 169, 174, 215–16
personal discretion of, 190
prevalence of guns as constant threat to, 98–99, 101–2, 103, 104–5
revenue-generating policies of, 61–62, 64, 66, 74–75, 214
rights of, 204
“stop and frisk” policies of, 55, 176
unconscious bias and, 116–17
whites’ interactions with, 16–19, 37
Police Foundation, 153
police simulations, author’s experiences with, 90–94, 97–98
police violence:
accountability and, 204–5
black gang violence cited as rebuttal to, 127
against black officers, 129–30
mental illness as factor in, 96–97
against unarmed blacks, 39
against whites, 39
see also specific incidents
Politics as a Vocation (Weber), 32
poor whites:
as crime victims, 208
incarceration rates of, 208
in prison system, 38–39
Portugal, 51
poverty, persistence of, 169
prison population:
blacks in, 38
crime rate and, 110–11
decline of, 173
Latinos in, 38
poor whites in, 38–39
War on Drugs and, 110–13
see also incarceration; mass incarceration
privacy, right to, 47, 55–56, 66
Prohibition, 59
prosecutors:
election of, 182
mass incarceration and, 113–14
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 218–20
ProtectAndServe (Reddit police message board), 89
protests, civil liberties and, 49–50
Providence, R.I., 188, 190
punishment, 206
in American culture, 181–82, 183, 205–6
criminal justice system as based on, 205–6, 210–11
punishment rate, 110–11
Queens, N.Y., 146
Quick Trip gas station (Ferguson), 49
race, unconscious bias and, 115–17
Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life (Fields and Fields), 35
racial equality, white fear of, 213, 215–16
racism:
language and, 35–36
in North, 145
see also white fear
rape, see sexual assault
Reagan, Ronald, 111, 112, 147, 151, 186
Reddit, 89
Republican National Convention:
of 1968, 26, 30
of 2000, 16–19
Republican Party, Republicans, 124, 145
Southern Strategy of, 147–48
Rhodesia, 31
Rice, Tamir, 36, 81–82, 83, 220
Rise of the Warrior Cop (Balko), 105
Riverdale neighborhood, Bronx,
118
Roman Empire, 75
Rowe, James, 72
Rumspringa, 190–91
Russia, 23
Ruttenberg, Raphael, 167–68
St. Louis, Mo., 33, 62
St. Louis County, Mo., 62, 63, 67, 75, 100, 150
St. Marks Place, New York City, 144
Salem, Mass., 72
San Bernardino shootings, 105–6
Sandtown-Winchester, Baltimore, 23, 131
San Francisco, Calif., 142
Saudi Arabia, 181
Scheindlin, Shira, 55
schools, integration of, 156, 213–14
Scott, Walter, 37
search and seizure, unwarranted, constitutional protections against, 55, 73
Second Amendment, 104
seediness:
“broken windows” policies and, 161–62, 163
of cities, 141–44, 146, 150–51, 152–53, 161–62, 164
in suburbs, 149
segregation, 185
in Jim Crow era, 34
in New York City, 218
in North, 144–45
political power and, 33
in post-civil-rights era, 33–34, 36–37
see also integration
Semayne’s Case, 55
Senate, U.S., 124
sentencing, mandatory minimums in, 83, 112–13, 203, 207
Sentencing Reform Act (1984), 112, 113
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 134–35, 136
Serial (podcast), 195
Seven Years’ War, 54, 56
sexual assault:
in colleges and universities, 199–200, 202–4, 205
in military, 200–201
Seychelles archipelago, 22
Shaw, Andy, 17, 18
Simi Valley, Calif., 119
sixties:
anti-colonial movements in, 30–31
crime rate increase in, 24–26
street protests in, 24, 25
transformation of criminal justice system in, 24
slaves:
revolts of, 86
white fear of, 85–88
Smith, Adam, 51
smuggling, in American colonies, see American colonies, smuggling in
social norms, of compliance, 48–49
Somalia, 181
South, 148, 208
black migration from, 144–45
black vs. white incarceration rates in, 208
segregation in, 144
white fear of slaves in, 85–88
South America, 125–26
Southern Strategy, 147–48
Soviet Union, gulag in, 23
Squanto (American Indian), 84–85
squeegee men, 143, 160
Stalin, Joseph, 23
Standish, Myles, 85
Stanford University, 203–4
Starr, Kenneth, 200
State College, Pennsylvania, 195
Staten Island, N.Y., 76
“stop and frisk” policing, 55, 176
Stoughton, Seth, 105
Stuntz, William, 182
suburbs, seediness in, 149
Superior Court of Massachusetts, 58
Supreme Court, U.S., 26, 156
Miranda decision of, 26
Swann, Cynthia, 129–30
SWAT teams, 105, 208
tariffs, British Empire and, 50–61, 75
Taxi Driver (film), 158
tear gas, 47, 48, 67, 73, 100, 102, 211–13
television news, fearmongering by, 134
Tensing, Ray, 198, 240n
terrorism, exaggerated fear of, 134–36
Texas, 37
Thanksgiving, 84, 85
Think Progress, 97
This American Life (radio show), 195
Time, 161
Times Square, New York City, 142, 178
Tompkins Square Park, New York City, 144
Torbit, William, 129–30
triangular trade, 52
Trump, Donald, 137
Turnaround: How America’s Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic (Bratton), 161
Turner, Brock, 203, 204, 205, 206
Twitter, 47
United States:
criminal justice system in, see criminal justice system
founding values of, 49
homicide rate in, 22
incarceration rate in, 22–23
University Neighborhood Housing Program, 166
urban blight, 153
see also seediness
Vaux, Calvin B., 219
victims:
blacks as, 126–27, 185
nonwhites as, 109, 121–22, 171
punishment of offenders as only compensation for, 205–6
whites as, 185, 208
Vietnam, 35
Vietnam War, 26
violence, fear and, 88
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforce-ment ACt (1994), 124–25, 171
Virginia, 84
Virginia Company, 84
Virginia Gazette, 86, 87
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 200
Voting Rights Act (1965), 34, 148
Wall Street Journal, 177
War on Drugs, 110–13, 134
black and antiwar activists as unspoken target of, 111
crime rate and, 173
racial disparity in, 112
War on
Terror, 134–36
Warren, Earl, 26, 156
Warriors, The (film), 82
Washington, D.C., 121, 124, 142, 169
Washington, George, 51
Washington Heights neighborhood, New York City, 142, 169
Washington Post, 75, 97
Watts riots, 24, 25, 145
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 51
Weber, Max, 32
Wessaguessett settlement, 85
white fear:
author’s childhood experiences of, 117–21
belief system underpinning, 126
as collective experience, 133–34
criminal justice system as built on, 109, 115–37, 175
disguised as economic concerns, 145–46
government policy based on, 136
gun sales and, 105–6
laboratory studies of, 115–16
racial equality and, 213, 215–16
rhetoric of, 132
Trump campaign and, 137
War on Terror and, 135
white privilege and, 133
White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, 111
white middle-class, criminal justice system and, 16–19, 24, 37
whites:
as crime victims, 185
drug addiction among, 209–10
homicide rate of, 23–24
incarceration rate of, 23
nonwhite lives as undervalued by, 126, 127–30
whites, poor, see poor whites
Whitman, James, 183, 184, 207
William and Mary College, 197–98
Williams, Jeffrey, 103
Wilson, Darren, 44, 100
Wilson, James Q., 153–60, 174, 191, 193, 195, 198
Wirz, Mike, 105–6
Wisconsin, 193n, 208
Wisconsin, University of, at Madison, 194–95
World Series, of 1977, 118
writs of assistance, 56–58, 66
Zillow, 166
Zimring, Franklin, 161
ALSO BY CHRIS HAYES
Twilight of the Elites
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