Marc Aronson
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“runt”: Lyndon Johnson quoted in Evan Thomas, Robert Kennedy: His Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 32 and 365.
To those who believe in conspiracies, Hoover’s resistance to going after what we now call the Mafia is a clue as bright as a blazing sun: While rumors of Hoover’s deals with the Mafia or of the blackmail evidence they had against him are widely available on the Internet, in YouTube videos taken from TV documentaries, and in books, responsible historians dismiss them. For Powers’s assessment of the rumors, see Broken, 242 and 343, and Secrecy and Power, 564, footnote 41.
Chapter Seventeen: The Descent
“Communist-inspired riot”: quoted in Powers, Secrecy and Power, 351.
“no less illegal . . . racial grounds”: quoted in Johnson, 181.
From the 1950s on, two brothers intimately involved . . . information to the Bureau: The inside information on the financing of the American Communist Party was first released to the public in Garrow, 35–43. For Garrow’s most recent look at this material, see “The FBI and Martin Luther King,” The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 290, no. 1 (July/August 2002), 80–88, http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2002/07/garrow.htm.
“does not desire to be given . . . Communist Party”: quoted in Garrow, 59.
“I know Stanley . . . have to prove it”: ibid., 61
“I for one can’t ignore the memos re King”: ibid., 68.
The excellent historian Richard Powers . . . everything his agents had been saying: Powers, Broken, 252.
“I have certainly been misled . . . attached is correct”: ibid., 252.
“The Director is correct,” “the most dangerous Negro . . . national security,” and “It may be unrealistic . . . legalistic proofs”: quoted in Garrow, 68–69.
“I am glad you recognize . . . such influence”: ibid., 74.
“a fraud, demagogue, and moral scoundrel”: quoted in Powers, Broken, 254.
“I am glad that the ‘light’ . . . or wouldn’t see it”: quoted in Garrow, 106.
It is not that devious Communists . . . civil rights movement: ibid., 99.
“information developed regarding King’s communist connections”: ibid., 73.
“neutralizing King as an effective Negro leader”: ibid., 102.
“expose King . . . first opportunity”: ibid., 103.
“destroy the burrhead”: ibid., 106.
“King, look into your heart . . . bared to the nation”: ibid., 125–126.
“they are out to break me”: ibid., 134.
“Every now and then . . . should be faithful to”: ibid., 215.
“It’s a mixture . . . within each of us”: ibid., 219.
Chapter Eighteen: COINTELPRO
Between 1965 and 1967 . . . erupted in flames: Powers, Secrecy and Power, 422.
“‘neutralize’ the effectiveness . . . liberation groups”: quoted in Rosen, 241. Rosen’s engaging history of the women’s movement was aptly suggested to me by my neighbor and friend the historian Steven H. Jaffe. Any high-school student who wants to understand the changes in the lives of American women in the last half of the twentieth century will find this book both readable and informative.
“should be viewed as . . . American values”: ibid., 245–246.
“shootings, beatings, and a high degree of unrest”: quoted in U.S. Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, 94th Congress, 2nd sess., 1976, 192, Mary Ferrell Foundation website, http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=1159&relPageId=198.
“One of the interesting aspects . . . comb it out afterward”: quoted in Rosen, 247.
“mainly concerned with . . . any investigation” and “interwoven with its goals . . . achieve these goals”: ibid., 245.
In New York City, radical black nationalists . . . the government was responsible: Peter Blauner, “The Fugitive,” New York Magazine, vol. 22, no. 31, (August 7, 1989), 34.
Soviet agents, using tactics . . . Hoover’s homosexuality: Andrew and Mitrokhin, 234–236. This is another book by a respected historian that makes use of files and contacts made available after the fall of Communism. Any student interested in the history of spying, or who wants to balance the picture of FBI deceptions with a sense of the operations of the Soviets, will find much to explore in it.
“get the point across . . . every mailbox”: quoted in Powers, Secrecy and Power, 466.
wiretapping newspaper reporters: Theoharis and Cox, 413.
tracking down who among them were homosexuals: ibid., 409.
Tom Huston, an eager aide to Nixon . . . would be repealed: The Huston plan is discussed in any book on Nixon, Watergate, and this period in American history; for Hoover’s reactions to it, see Theoharis and Cox, 417–423, or Powers, Secrecy and Power, 451–457.
Presidents back to at least Herbert Hoover had requested illegal political invasions like this: Gentry, 152–153.
“The United States must not adopt . . . important as ends”: U.S. Senate, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Epilogue, 94th Congress, 1st sess., 1975, Mary Ferrell Foundation website, http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/docset/getList.do?docSetId=1014; quoted in Mayer, 28. This recent book is an indictment of our government’s actions after 9/11. It shows how quickly and easily we returned to Hoover’s policies and actions when we faced a new threat.
Epilogue: Master of Deceit, Then and Now
those on the left insisted that McCarthy picked up men: Oshinsky, 310–311.
those on the right spread questionable rumors about the Democrat Adlai Stevenson: Gentry, 402.
Key court rulings in 1965 . . . because of their sexual orientation: Johnson, 202–209.
Immediately after the September 11 attacks . . . no ties to terrorism: Morgan, 598.
“The President could argue . . . had authorized it”: Mayer, 152.
“All life is an experiment,” “in the competition of the market,” and “be eternally vigilant . . . save the country”: Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, November 10, 1919, FindLaw website, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=/us/250/616.html.
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IMAGE CREDITS
Courtesy of Universal Studios Licensing LLC. You Can’t Get Away with It! copyright 1936 by Universal Pictures.
Courtesy of Dr. David Garrow.
Courtesy of the Tim Davenport collection.
Courtesy of Réunion des Musées Nationaux /Art Resource, NY.
Courtesy of the Tim Davenport collection.
National Archives, Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Box 6, Folder 297.
National Archives, FBI, Box 6, Folder 337.
National Archives, FBI, Box 6, Folder 297.
National Archives, FBI, Box 6, Folder 297.
National Archives, FBI, Box 1, Folder 5.
National Archives, FBI, Box 5, Folder 260.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, LC-USZ62-136235.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-B2-5289-11.
Courtesy of the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan.
(left): Cartoon from the Chicago Tribune, reprinted in The Literary Digest, June 28, 1919.
(right): Cartoon from the Brooklyn Eagle, reprinted in The Literary Digest, November 15, 1919.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-75418.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Harris & Ewing Collection, LC-H25-3316.
Motion Picture Herald, February 4, 1939, courtesy of University of Minnesota Special Collections.
National Archives, FBI, Box 3, Folder 138.
National Archives, FBI, Box 11, Folder 694.
National Archives, FBI, Box 6, Folder 301.
National Archives, FBI, Box 14, Folder 832.
National Archives, FBI, Box 6, Folder 335.
National Archives, FBI, Box 6, Folder 308.
National Archives, FBI, Box 8, Folder 431.
National Archives, FBI, Box 14, Folder 846.
National Archives, FBI, Box 3, Folder 177.
National Archives, FBI, Box 14, Folder 874.
Courtesy of Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images.
Image courtesy of the National Archives, NWL-287-J1(14)11-D58.
Hollands, The Magazine of the South, June 1936, courtesy of Post Toasties.
National Archives, FBI, Box 5, Folder 272.
National Archives, FBI, Box 4, Folder 215.
Courtesy of Stork Club Enterprises.
National Archives, FBI, Box 3, Folder 182
Courtesy of Universal Studios Licensing LLC. You Can’t Get Away with It! copyright 1936 by Universal Pictures.
National Archives, FBI, Box 10, Folder 628
National Archives.
National Archives, FBI, Box 5, Folder 246.
National Archives, FBI, Box 4, Folder 228.
Photograph by Margaret Bourke-White, courtesy of the Masters Collection, Getty Images.
Museum of Democracy.
Courtesy of the Tim Davenport collec
tion.
National Archives, FBI, Box 3, Folder 146.
National Archives, FBI, Box 1, Folder 59.
National Archives, FBI, Box 1, Folder 5.
National Archives, FBI, Box 14, Folder 849.
Courtesy of MPI, Archive Photos Collection/Getty Images.
Illustration by William Hopper, courtesy of Craig Hopper, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-43324.
Courtesy of Otto Bettman/Corbis.
(left): Courtesy of the Tamiment Library, New York University, Printed Ephemera Collection on Organizations, PE #036.
(right): Courtesy of the Tamiment Library, New York University, Reference Center for Marxist Studies Pamphlet Collection, PE #043.
National Archives, FBI, Box 3, Folder 142.
Courtesy of Doheny Memorial Library, Special Collections, University of Southern California.
Courtesy of AP Images.
National Archives, FBI, Box 4, Folder 206.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Collection, LC-USZ62-111262.
National Archives.
National Archives, FBI, Box 6, Folder 339.
Photograph by Georgi Zelma, courtesy of the Hulton Archive/Getty Images.
Courtesy of the David King Collection, London.
Yurki Druzhnikov archives.
National Archives, FBI, 208-NS-3848-2.
National Archives, RG65-HM-11 Box 2.
National Archives.
National Archives, 80-G-396229.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, New York-World Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Collection, LC-USZ62-122631.
Radio Free Europe.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Collection, LC-USZ62-117772.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Collection, LC-USZ62-123068.
Courtesy of David Johnson.
Courtesy of MGM Media Licensing. Kiss Me Deadly copyright © 1955 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. All rights reserved.
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National Security Agency.
Library of Congress, New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Collection, LC-USZ62-114977.