The first Elizabeth

by Erickson, Carolly, 1943-

  293-300.

  . The Age of Catherine de' Medici. London: Jonathan Cape, 1943.

  . "The Elizabethan Political Scene." Proceedings of the British Academy, XXXIX'

  (1948), 97-117.

  . Essays in Elizabethan History. London: Jonathan Cape, 1958.

  . Queen Elizabeth I. London: Jonathan Cape, 1934, reprinted 1952.

  . "The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth." History, New series, X, No. 39 (October 1925),

  212-33.

  'Sir Nicholas Throckmorton's Advice to Queen Elizabeth on her Accession to the

  Throne." English Historical Review, LXV, No. 254 (January 1950), 91-98. Nuttall, Geoffrey F. "The English Martyrs, 1535-1680: A Statistical Review." Journal of

  Ecclesiastical History, XXII. No. 3 (July 1971), 191-97. O'Malley, C. D. "Tudor Medicine and Biology." Huntington Library Quarterly, XXXII, No.

  1 (November 1968), 1-27. Outhwaite, R. B. "Royal Borrowing in the Reign of Elizabeth I: The Aftermath of Antwerp."

  English Historical Review, LXXXXI, No. 339 (April 1971), 251-63. Owen, A. E. B. "Sir John Wolley's Letter-book as Latin Secretary to Elizabeth I." Archives,

  XI, No. 49 (Spring 1973), 16-18. Parker, Geoffrey. "Mutiny and Discontent in the Spanish Army of Flanders 1572-1607."

  Past and Present LX'III (February 1973), 38-52. Pearson, Lu Emily. Elizabethans at Home. Palo Alto. Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957. Pike, Luke Owen. A History of Crime in England. 2 vols. London: Smith, Elder and Co.,

  1873-76.

  The Plague Reconsidered: A New Look at its Origins and Effects in 16th and 1 jth Century

  England. Matlock, England: Local Population Studies, 1977. Pollen, John Hungerford. The English Catholics in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. London:

  Longmans, Green and Co., 1920. Pollitt, Ronald. "John Hawkins' Troublesome Voyages: Merchants, Bureaucrats, and the

  Origins of the Slave Trade." Journal of British Studies, XII, No. 2 (May 1973), 26-40. Prescott, H. F. M. Mary Tudor. New York: Macmillan, 1954.

  Pulman, Michael Barraclough. The Elizabethan Privy Council in the Fifteen-Seventies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. Read, Conyers. Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth. New York. Alfred A. Knopf, i960.

  . Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961.

  . The Tudors: Personalities and Practical Politics in Sixteenth Century England. New

  York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1936. Reid, R. R. "The Rebellion of the Earls, 1569." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,

  Second series, XX (1906), 171-203. Ross, Josephine. Suitors of the Queen: The Men in the Life of Elizabeth I of England. New

  York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1975. Rowse, A. L. "The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I." History Today, III, No. 4 (May 1953),

  301-10. . The Elizabethan Renaissance. Part I: The Life of the Society. Part II: The Cultural

  Achievement. 2 vols. London: Macmillan, 1971-72.

  . The England of Elizabeth: The Structure of Society. London: Macmillan, 1950.

  . Portraits and Views: Literary and Historical. London: Macmillan, 1979.

  Simon Forman: Sex and Society in Shakespeare's Age. London: Weidenfeld and

  Nicolson, 1974. Ruff, Lillian M. and D. Arnold Wilson. "The Madrigal, the Lute Song and Elizabethan

  Politics." Past and Present, XLIV (August 1969), 3-51. Ryan, Lawrence V. Roger Ascham. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press and London:

  Oxford University Press, 1963. Salgado, Gamini. The Elizabethan Underworld. London: Dent and Totowa, N. J.: Rowman

  and Littlefield, 1977. Schnucker, Robert V. "Elizabethan Birth Control and Puritan Attitudes." Journal of Interdisciplinary History, V, No. 4 (Spring 1975), 655-67. Shakespeare's England: An Account of the Life and Manners of his Age. 2 vols. London:

  Oxford University Press, 1916. Smith, Alan G. R. The Government of Elizabethan England. London: Edward Arnold, 1967. Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Elizabeth Tudor: Portrait of a Queen. Boston and Toronto: Little,

  Brown, 1975. Stopes, C. C. Shakespeare's Environment. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1914. Strickland, Agnes. Lives of the Queens of England. 8 vols. London: Henry Colburn, 1851. Strong, Roy and Julia Trevelyan Oman. Elizabeth R. London: Seeker and Warburg, 1971. Strong, Roy and J. A. Van Dorsten. Leicester's Triumph. Leiden: University Press and

  London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Strong, Roy. "The Popular Celebration of the Accession Day of Queen Elizabeth I." Journal

  of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, XXI, Nos. 1-2 (January-June 1958), 86-103. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth

  and Seventeenth Century England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971. Tillyard, E. M. W. The Elizabethan World Picture. London: Chatto and Windus, 1943. Trimble, William Raleigh. The Catholic Laity in Elizabethan England 1558-1603. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964. Tyacke, Nicholas. "Popular Puritan Mentality in Late Elizabethan England." In The English

  Commonwealth, 1547-1640: Essays in Politics and Society presented to Joel Hurstfield,

  ed. Peter Clark, Alan G. R. Smith and Nicholas Tyacke. Leicester: Leicester University

  Press, 1979. Vines, Alice G. Neither Fire Nor Steel: Sir Christopher Hatton. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1978. Walcott, Robert. The Tudor-Stuart Period of English History (1485-1 7 14): A Review of

  Changing Interpretations. Service Center for Teachers of History, Vol. LVIII. New

  York: Macmillan, 1964. Wallace, Willard M. Sir Walter Raleigh. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1959.

  Wernham, R. B. Before the Armada: The Emergence of the English Xation, 1485-1588. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966.

  . The Making of Elizabethan Foreign Policy, 1558-1603. Berkeley: University of

  California Press, 1980.

  Wiener, Carol Z. "The Beleaguered Isle: A Study of Elizabethan and Early Jacobean Anti-Catholicism." Past and Present, LI (May 1971), 27-62.

  Wiesener, Louis. La Jeunesse dElisabeth d'Angleterre 1533-1558. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1878.

  Williams, Glanmor. The General and Common Sort of People, 1540-1640. Exeter, England: University of Exeter, 1977.

  Williams, xNeville. All the Queen's Men: Elizabeth land her Courtiers. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

  . "The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I." Quarterly Review, CCXCI, No. 597 (July

  1953), 397-410-

  . Elizabeth the First: Queen of England. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1968.

  -. The Life and Times of Elizabeth I. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1972.

  Williams, Penry. The Tudor Regime. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.

  Wilson, Charles Henry. Queen Elizabeth and the Rwolt of the Xetherlands. Berkeley and

  Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1970. Wilson, E. K. England's Eliza. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939. Wilson, F. P. The Plague in Shakespeare's London. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. Woodworth, Allegra. "Purveyance for the Royal Household in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New series, XXXV, Pt. 1

  (1945), 3-89. Yates, Frances A. Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century. London and Boston:

  Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975. . "Elizabethan Chivalry: The Romance of the Accession Day Tilts." Journal of the

  Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, XX (1957), 4-25. Zagorin, Perez. "English History, 1558-1640: A Bibliographical Survey." In Changing Views

  on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1939, ed. Elizabeth C. Furber.

  Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.

  Accession Day, 273-74, 283, 403-4

  Act of Supremacy, 186

  Acts of Succession, 34, 103, 168

  Acts of Uniformity, 103, 186

  Albert, duke of Prussia, 169

  alchemy, 261

  ale, Elizabeth's tastes in, 286

  Alencon, Francois, duke of, 295-307,

 
323-30, 332, 339> 347 Cambrai conquered by, 325 Cecil's support of, 297, 299, 307 character of, 298, 328 death of, 344 description of, 297-98 as Elizabeth's suitor, 295, 300,

  304-6, 315-16, 321, 325-29 in England, 303-6, 325-29 as military leader, 298-99, 304,

  323-24, 325 in Netherlands rebellion, 298-99,

  304, 323-24 nicknamed Frog, 304 opposition to marriage of Elizabeth

  and, 299-301, 304, 306-7,

  312-16, 321, 325 Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo,

  duke of, 143, 274 as military leader, 242, 318 Amsterdam, Dudley in, 344

  Anglicanism, see Reformation,

  English Anjou, Francois, duke of, see

  Alencon, Francois, duke of Anne of Austria, 317-18 Anne of Cleves, 48-49, 60, 110 Anne of Denmark, queen of England

  and Scotland, 406 anti-Catholicism, 184-85, 201, 331-38, 367, 390 legalization of, 186, 332 in Scotland, 201 Antwerp, Spanish capture of, 344 architecture:

  of country houses, 289-90, 293 of Hampton Court, 222 of Kenilworth, 279 of Woodstock, 132-33 Aristotle, 76

  Armada, Spanish, see Spanish Armada Arthur, King, legend of: Kenilworth and, 279 New World and, 322 Arundel, Henry Fitzalan, earl of, 160, 171, 190, 205, 213, 259, 314 conspiracy of, 243-44 as Elizabeth's suitor, 176-77, 188 Ascham, Roger, 45, 56, 58, 69, 75-77, 104

  429

  Ascham, Roger, continued character of, 75-76 court criticized by, 230-31 description of, 75 dismissed from Elizabeth's

  household, 99, 152 Elizabeth's intelligence respected

  by, 76-77 Elizabeth's readings in Greek with,

  76, 152-53 Ashley, John, 42, 56, 76, 99, 152 Ashley, Kat (Catherine

  Champernowne Ashley), 62, 65, 76, 99, 152, 187, 204 background of, 40-41 death of, 263 Elizabeth's devotion to, 41-42,

  87-88, 91-92, 182 Elizabeth's education and, 42,

  46-47, 55 imprisonment of, 41, 85-86, 88,

  154 as Thomas Seymour's intermediary, 69-74, 79> 82, 87, 89 Ashridge, 40, 113 astrology: Armada disaster predicted by, 365 births predicted by, 13, 18, 19 comets used for predictions in, 160,

  276, 313, 355 Edward's horoscope and, 103 Elizabeth's horoscope and, 207,

  236, 356 end of the world predicted by,

  355-56 navigation science and, 322 Audley End, 289 Aylmer, John, bishop of London, 93,

  336

  Bacon, Nicholas, 171

  banquets, banqueting houses, 227,

  281-82 in Amsterdam, 344 at Whitehall, 321-22 Barnard Castle, 246-47 bear-baiting, 280, 404 beards and mustaches, 228-29, 382 Bedford, countess of, 206 Bedford, Francis Russell, 2nd earl of,

  183-84, 215, 263, 291 Bedford, John Russell, 1st earl of,

  95

  Bedingfield, Sir Henry, 131-40,

  145-46 Berkeley Castle, 291 Bertie, Catherine, duchess of Suffolk,

  168 Berwick, Treaty of, 361 Berwick Castle, 95, 185, 202, 238,

  3 21 Bess of Hardwick, see Talbot,

  Elizabeth Blount, Bessie, 13

  Boleyn, Anne, mother of Elizabeth I, 76, 120, 179, 194, 243, 266 character of, 15-16, 25 charges against, 28-29, 32-35 clothing of, 12, 13 coronation of, 11-13 description of, 12 execution of, 28-31, 36-37, 129 incest attributed to, 28, 33 as marquess of Pembroke, 13, 17,

  24 Mary Stuart compared to, 362 miscarriages of, 27-28 pregnancies of, 12, 14, 16-18,

  27-28 reputation of, Elizabeth affected by,

  25, 36-37, 4i, 46, 50, 70, no,

  113, 148, 195, 268 unpopularity of, 12, 15-16, 19, 143 wedding of, 14 Boleyn, Edmund, 100 Boleyn, George, 28, 33, 50 Boleyn, Mary, 17, 29, 100, 266 Boleyn, Thomas, earl of Wiltshire,

  16, 20 Bond of Association, 359, 362 Book of Common Prayer, 94, 103,

  186, 309 Bothwell, James Hepburn, 4th earl of,

  229-30, 243 Bourne (conspirator), 122 Bowes, Sir George, 247, 249-50 Brandon, Charles, duke of Suffolk, 16,

  18, 208 Brandon, Frances, 203 Brandon, Mary, duchess of Suffolk,

  208 Breuner, Baron von, 191 bribery, in court life, 349-50 bride-ales, 281 Browne, Lady, 86, 88 Bruges, Spanish capture of, 344

  Bryan, Lady, 25-26, 37-38 Bryant, Alexander, 331-32, 337-38 Buckhurst, Thomas Sackville, Baron, 293

  Cacafuego, 322

  Cadiz, Drake's raid on, 365

  Calais:

  Henry VIII in, 13 struggle for control of, 158, 162, 169-70, 185, 206, 328 Calvin, John, 275 Calvinists:

  in Netherlands, 298-99 in Scotland, 176 Cambrai, Alencon's conquest of, 325 Cambridge University, intellectual

  trends at, 56, 75, 310 Camden, William, 230, 273, 296 Campion, Edmund, 331-32, 336-38 Cardano, Girolamo, 103 card-playing, 226, 345 Carew, Peter, 114 Carey, George, 17, 100 Carey, Henry, Baron Hunsdon, see Hunsdon, Henry Carey, 1st Baron Carey, Mary Boleyn, 17, 29, 100, 266 Castiglione, Count Baldassare, 144,

  152, 154 Catherine de' Medici, 206, 239, 263,

  265, 297, 298, 305, 324, 325 Catholics, Catholicism: conformity of, 308 persecution of, 184-85, 201,

  331-38, 367, 390 rebellion of, in northern England,

  235-38, 244-50 recantation of, 336 recusant, 333-38, 340, 346, 367 resurgence of, 333-38 see also Reformation, English Cecil, Robert, 133, 385-87, 393, 396,

  400, 404-6 Cecil, Thomas, 280 Cecil, William, 168, 187, 192-96, 198-99, 217, 220-21, 254, 280, 294, 333, 35i, 360, 385-86 Alencon favored by, 297, 299, 307 character of, 171, 172, 315 as council member, 171-73, 207-8,

  314-15 death of, 395-96, 398

  Cecil, William, continued description of, 172 diary of, 172 Dudley opposed by, 190 Dudley as rival of, 193, 195-96 Elizabeth protected by, 196 as Elizabeth's host, 292-93 Elizabeth's marriage promoted by,

  190, 258

  Elizabeth's mental capacity as viewed by, 175-76

  Essex opposed by, 387

  health of, 326, 347, 382

  home of, 289, 292-93

  New Year's gift of, 226

  opposition to, 244, 254

  power of, 184, 196, 202, 210, 214

  Puritans favored by, 311

  war feared by, 242, 249-50, 340 chamberers, duties of, 346-47 Champernowne, Catherine, see

  Ashley, Kat Chandos, Lord, 133 Chapuys, Eustace, 23, 32, 33, 35 Charles, archduke of Austria, 189-90,

  191, 256, 259

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 22, 32, 33, 49, 50, 59

  Mary supported by, 101

  power of, 68 Charles IX, king of France, 239, 263 charms, against plague, 327 Chateauneuf, Mile., 266 Cheke, John, 55-57, 69 Cheshunt, 74 children, 42-47

  abuse of, 43-44

  clothing of, 42

  Erasmus on, 44-45

  female, education of, 46-47

  hazards to, 22

  Puritan, 308

  Tudor theories about, 42-45

  wet nursing of, 21-22 christenings:

  of Edward, 41

  of Elizabeth, 20-21 Cicero, 56, 76, 136 Clanricarde, earl of, 333 Clarencieux, Susan, 111-12, 170 Clement VII, Pope, 15, 23 Clifford, Margaret, 203 Clifford, Rosamund, 132-33

  Clinton, Admiral, 213 Clinton, Lady, 161 clocks, at Elvetham, 293 "close stools," 223-24 clothing, 45, 93, 226, 290

  of Anne Boleyn, 12, 13

  of children, 42

  for coronation ceremony, 162-63, 169, 177

  for courtiers, 228-30, 257, 285, 309, 323, 348, 382

  of Elizabeth, 92-93, 100, 177, 186, 218, 231, 324, 346-47, 374> 383-84, 389, 399

  French, 12

  French vs. English, 186, 229

  of Mary I, 109

  men's vs. women's, 228-29

  poisoned, 196

  "progress," 285

  of Puritans, 309 cloth manufacturing, 23, 278 Cobham, Lady, 264 coins, double rose on, 275 Comedy of Errors, A (Shakespeare),

  387

  comets, superstitious reactions to, 160,

  276, 313, 355 Congregation (Scotland), 201 contortionists, at Kenilworth, 281 Cooke, Anthony, 58, 168 Cooke, Mildred, 77 Cornwall, riots in, 95 Cornwallis (gentleman usher), 133,

  136

  coronations:

  of Anne Boleyn
, 11-13

  clothing for, 162-63, 169, 177

  of Elizabeth, 163, 168-69, l ll~19

  of Man I, 110-11, 178

  pageantry at, 178-79

  of Philip II, 317 correspondence, doctrine of, 362 cosmetics, 345-46

  men's use of, 228-29, 263, 382 council, royal, 171-73, 212-13, 241, 339-40, 347

  Alencon opposed by, 299-300, 304, 313-14

  Bond of Association drafted by,

  359 Parliament vs., 253 counter-evangelism, 336

  country folk, plays and pageants of,

  277-79, 281 court, court life, 223-30, 345-50

  banqueting houses at, 227, 321-22

  corruption in, 349-50, 394

  of Edward VI, 66, 67, 92-93

  entertainment at, 67, 186, 219-20, 227, 274, 281, 296, 321-22, 387, 390, 399

  factions in, 257, 387

  favoritism at, 350

  flirtation in, 349

  food division at, 224, 281-82

  hazards of, 227-28

  intrigue in, 66

  masking at, 227, 282

  pastimes of, 226-27, 280-82, 309

  Puritans at, 309, 311

  rituals of, 225-26

  see also household, royal; progresses Courtenay, Edward, 112-14, 121-22,

  155-56 courtiers:

  clothing of, 228-30, 257, 285, 309, 323, 348, 382

  debts of, 394

  mansions of, 289-93

  men as, 347-48

  on progresses, 285, 288, 291

  wit of, 265

  women as, 345-47, 350 Coventry, Mary Stuart in, 247 Coverdale, Miles, 79 Cox, Richard, 55 Crab-Joint, 343 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of

  Canterbury, 14, 32, 35 crime:

  attendance at mass as, 186, 332

  increases in, 98, 168

  in London, 168

  as travel hazard, 285 Crofts, James, 114, 120, 128 Cromwell, Thomas, 25-26, 28-29, 34, 37-38, 386

  church reform and, 27 Cyprian, Saint, 76

  dancing, 226-27, 399

  Elizabeth's skill in, 219-20, 226,

  267, 268, 304, 309, 390, 401 morris, 281, 308 novelty in, 349

  dancing, continued

  professional vs. amateur, 349

  Puritan objections to, 308, 309, 349 Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, see

  Stuart, Henry Davison, William, 350-52, 361, 363

  imprisonment of, 372 Dee, John, 152, 322 Demosthenes, 56, 76, 152-53 Denny, Sir Anthony, 74 De Ojficiis (Cicero), 136 De Quadra (Spanish ambassador), 184, 189, 190, 193-94, 198^9, 204, 214