The first Elizabeth
Page 57
allegory of seduction in, 324
historical themes in, 280-81
Katherine of Aragon, 17, 18, 53, 129, 194
death of, 27-28, 29, 34, 159
divorce of, 13, 14, 20, 120
jewels of, 13, 14
popularity of, 17 Kenilworth, 216, 289
architecture of, 279
Elizabeth's visit to, 279-82, 302
gardens of, 282
hunting at, 279, 280 Kent, earthquake in, 356 Keyes, Thomas, 254 "king's evil" (scrofula), 280 Knollys, Catherine, 257, 263 Knollys, Francis, 195, 197, 257, 303, 332
Elizabeth criticized by, 241
as Mary Stuart's guard, 239, 240
as Puritan, 311, 314 Knollys, Lettice, 371, 386, 387, 394
beauty of, 257
Dudley's flirtation with, 257-58, 260
Dudley's marriage to, 303, 314, 342
false rumors about, 350-51 Knox, John, 176, 179, 201
La Foret (French ambassador), 258 Laneham, Robert, 279 Lannoy, Cornelius, 261 Latimer, Hugh, 89, 92, 106 laughter, Erasmus on, 46 legitimacy issue:
Elizabeth and, 25, 29, 32-33, 50, 148, 157-58, 170, 195
Fitzroy and, 13, 17, 24
legitimacy issue, continued
Mary I and, 23-25, 29
see also succession Leicester, earl of, see Dudley, Robert
"Robin" Leicester, Lady Lettice, see Knollys,
Lettice Leicester's Commonwealth, 371 Leland, John, 57 Lennox, Margaret Douglas, countess
of, 217, 221, 262 Lennox, Matthew Stuart, earl of, 217 Lepanto, battle of, 318 Lichfield, Elizabeth's progress to, 282 Liverpool, Accession Day in, 273 Livy, 56, 76 London, Londoners:
Accession Day in, 274, 404
Alencon opposed by, 313, 321
crime in, 168
earthquake in, 356
Elizabeth supported by, 122, 130, 132, 151, 167, 178-79
Mary I supported by, 115-16 lord chamberlain:
bribery of, 349-50
duties of, 285, 290 Lorraine, Charles, Cardinal, 201 love, Vives on, 72 "love locks," 309 Lucretia the Tumbler, 46
maids of honor:
duties of, 345-46
influence of, 350 Maidstone, Accession Day in, 273 Maisse, Andre Hurault, Sieur De, 381-92, 400
Elizabeth's audiences with, 381-85. 388^2
on Essex, 386-88 Maitland, William, 215 Maltravers, Lord, 156 manners, 348
of children, 45-46
Italian influence on, 230-31 Marbury, Elizabeth, 137 Margaret, queen of Scotland, 208,
217 Marguerite de Navarre, 57 Markham, Thomas, 161 Mary, duchess of Suffolk, 208
Mary, queen of Scots, see Stuart,
Mary Mary I, queen of England, 27, 41,
54-55, 108-63, 171* !76, 203,
277, 355, 358 accession of, 105-7 character of, 17-18, 24 clothing of, 109 coronation of, 110-11, 178 death of, 163, 167, 168, 169-70,
275 descriptions of, 17, 109 education of, 57, 58 Elizabeth compared to, 29, 57 as Elizabeth's rival, 20, 23-25, 31,
33-34, 77, 101 > 1Q 7> 109-11,
149, 155, 159
false pregnancies of, 141-50, 159,
2 ° 5 , father's rough treatment of, 43-44
Hapsburg dynasty's support of, 101
health of, 17, 97, 108-9, 2 59
as "Lady Mary," 23
legitimacy of, 23-25, 29
marriage of, 101, 113-14, 119, 120,
137, 139, 141, 146, 149, 153, 158, 299, 301, 313 plots against, 114-16, 120, 128,
150, 153-55
popularity of, 24-25, 59, 101-2,
105-6, 115-16, 150 Protestants persecuted by, 143-44,
148, 168, 184, 301 religious views of, 59, 93, 100-102, 107, 108-9, 168 Mary of Lorraine, 170, 176, 201, 202 masking, 227, 282 Mason, John, 171 Mauvissiere (French ambassador),
296, 358 May-games, 227
Medina Sidonia, Alonso Perez de Guzman, duke of, 364-71, 375,
381
background of, 364
fears of, 365-66, 370
religious views of, 370 Melanchthon, 76 Melville, James, 211, 213-21 Memoirs of Sir James Melville, 215 men:
assumed superiority of, 46, 77, 176
as courtiers, 347-48
men, continued
fashions of, 228-29, 309, 348, 382
as rulers, 176, 212, 241, 388 Mendoza (Spanish ambassador), 297, 304, 314, 322-23, 326
Elizabeth's audience with, 338-41
expulsion of, 358 Mercator, Gerhardus, 322 "Metellus," 153 Michiel (Venetian ambassador), 147,
148, 154, 159 midsummer musters, 227 military forces:
in Durham rebellion, 236-38, 245-46
permanent, 395
see also navy, English monopolies, 350, 394 More, Thomas, 56, 61, 129 morris dance, 281, 308 Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Baron,
404 Mousehold Heath, battle of, 95 Muhlberg, battle of, 68 Murray, Thomas Randolph, earl of, 215, 240, 243, 249
navy, English, 187
Armada defeated by, 374-76
in Netherlands, 341
superiority of, 319, 344, 366, 370
typhus epidemic in, 376
war preparations of, 368 navy, Spanish, 344, 381
see also Spanish Armada needlework, 47, 226 Netherlands:
Alencon's role in, 298-99, 304,
323-24 Calvinists in, 298-99 Dudley in, 34i"45> 352-53 rebellion in, 298-99, 304, 319, 321
323-25, 338, 34i-45> 352-53 sovereignty refused to, 343
New World:
English interests in, 322 Portuguese interests in, 317 Spanish interests in, 317, 320, 321, 366
New Years' gifts, 226
Noailles, Antoine de, 110, 114, 149
Noailles, Francois de, 171
Nonnius, 169
Nonsuch Palace, 147, 188 Norfolk, dowager duchess of, 13,
20-21 Norfolk, dukes of, see Howard Norris, Henry, 32 Northampton, William Parr, earl of,
81, 102, 175, 255, 314 Northumberland, duke of, see
Dudley, John Northumberland, Sir Thomas Percy,
7th earl of, 236-37, 239, 244-50 Norton, Mr. (rackmaster), 338 Nottingham, countess of, 405
Oglethorpe, Owen, 169 O'Neill, Hugh, earl of Tyrone,
381-82, 396, 404, 405 On the Crown (Demosthenes),
152-53 Owen, Dr., 140 Oxford, Edward de Vere, 17th earl
of, 267, 372 Oxford University, Accession Day at,
273-74
Pacification of Ghent, 343
Page, William, 313
pageants, see plays and pageants
Paget, William, 60, 84, 120, 122, 131
Paradise Chamber, 383
Paraphrases of the Four Gospels
(Erasmus), 58 Parker, Matthew, archbishop of
Canterbury, 268-70 Parliament:
Acts of Succession passed by, 34, 103, 168
economic management by, 253
Elizabeth's conflicts with, 253
1566 session of, 253-56
1584 session of, 358-59
limited rights of, 253
Mary Stuart condemned by, 361
Puritans in, 309-10
Reformation regulated by, 253
royal council vs., 253
taxation regulated by, 253, 256 Parma, Alessandro Farnese, duke of,
325, 344 in Armada disaster, 366, 367, 370,
375
Parr, Ann, 58
Parr, Catherine, 60-62, 91
background of, 53
death of, 78-79
as Elizabeth's rival, 69-74
as Elizabeth's stepmother, 55, 57,
77-78
pregnancy of, 73, 78
Thomas Seymour and, 54, 60-62,
69-74, 77, 78 wealth of, 60-61 as wife of Henry VIII, 52-54 Parr, Maud, 53 Parr, William, earl of Northampton,
81, 102, 175, 255, 314 Parry, Blanche, 40, 99, 152, 263
death of, 382 Parry, Dr., 407
Parry, Thomas, 40, 65, 73, 99, 135-36, 152, 171, 187, 190 death of, 182
in Thomas Seymour's plot,
82-92 Parry, William, 357-58 Pasquier, M., 265 Paul IV, Pope, 161 Paulet, William, marquess of Winchester, 25-26, 123-26, 192 Pembroke, William Herbert, earl of,
see Herbert, William perfume, 196, 224, 346 Persons, Robert, 336-37 Phaedo (Plato), 58 Philip II, king of Spain and Portugal, 143, 154, 158, 169, 204, 242, 316-23, 381 Armada directed by, 364, 369-71,
375 asceticism of, 317-18 character of, 366 coronation of, 317 credit of, 323 death of, 395
description of, 148-49, 317 Dudley's negotiations with, 198 Elizabeth and, 145, 146-49, 155,
159-60, 161-62 as Elizabeth's enemy, 339-40, 366 as Elizabeth's suitor, 185 as English ally, 170, 173-74, 1 &4>
185
health of, 146, 149, 391 infidelity of, 158
Philip II. king of Spain and Portugal. continued marriage to Man.- of. 101, 113-14. 119. 12c. 13-. 139, 141. 146. 149-50. 153- 158, 299, 501. 3*3 palace of. 319-20 Portugal conquered by. 31--18 power of. 31-. 366 religious views of. 319-20. 366. 369--1 Pickering. Sir William. iSS Pilgrimage of Grace. 236 Pmkie Cleugh. battle of. Si. 2C2 pirates. 2-5. 31S. 322-23. 339. 34° plague:
charms against. 32-
fear of, 22. 69, 254, 2 ; ;. 290
|n 1543- 54-35
in 1602. 4C4 in 1603. 4c-
Plato. 56. 58
plays and pageants. 4C4 at coronations. 1-S--9 of country folk. 2—--9. 2S1 at court. 22-. 280—82. 38-. 39c Puritan obiections to. 308
poaching, by household servants. 58-39, 4 c
poison:
availability of. 196 m death of Catherine Parr. -9 in death of Edward VI. 105 in death of John Sheffield. 26-in death of Kathenne of Aragon.
-"• 34 in death of Man.' I. 1-5 Pole. Geoffrey. 112 Pole. Reginald. Cardinal. 112. 150. 161. 1S4 Ascham's relationship with. 152 death of. 162-63. 169. 1-1--2 Elizabeth avoided by. 143 Elizabeth's marriage and. 156. 15-.
i;S Elizabeth s meeting with. 15-Pope. Sir Thomas. 155 Portugal:
epidemics in, 365 New World interests oi. 31-Spanish conquest of. 31--1S, 321 priests, execution of. 331-35. 337-38 "Princely Pleasures at the Court at Kenilworth. The." 2-9
privies. 223-24
pny chamber attendants. 345-4-
progresses. 2-4. 276-94, ;oq
cost of. 293
courtiers on. 285, 288, 291
discomforts of. 2S4—5^
to East Anglia. 290
to Elvetham. 202
food supplies for. 286-87, 2 9-
to Grafton. it
hosts for. 289-^3
to Kenilworth. 2-9-S2
reasons for. 224. 2-6
routes chosen for. : ; ;x
to Worcester. 2— --9 prophecies. 1-4. 311. 354-56. 361,
365
see alsc astrology-Protestants:
anti-Catholicism of. 184 Elizabeth supported by, 144. 168 Elizabeth as symbol of. 16S. 1-9.
2-5. 310 in France. 206. 269, 298 Man' I's persecution of. 143-44.
148. i'T v . 1 V -L. 301
in Netherlands. 298-99. 304. 323-24
persecution of. 143-44. 148. 16S.
184. 235. 23-. 301, 311 in Scotland. 176, 201-2 see also Reformation. English:
religious issues; indinduc. >y;:> Puritans. 308-11
Alencon opposed by. 306--.
315-16_ clothing of. :co at court. 309. 311 dancing condemned by. 30S. 309.
349
Elizabeth criticized by, 309-10 fanaticism of. 310-11 hairstyles of. 309 in Parliament. 300-10 purveyance. 286-87, 290. 36-for Spanish Armada. 365
Raleigh. Sir Walter. 350. 3—. 3S6 Elizabeth and. 342. 34"-49
rebellions:
in Durham. 235. 2;-. 244-"^ economic issues and. 98. 354. 397 against enclosure. 94. 95
rebellions, continued
Five Wounds of Christ as symbol
of, 236, 237, 245 in Holland, 343-44 in Ireland, 318-19, 321, 340,
381-82, 396, 404 against Reformation, 95, 235, 237,
244-50 in Scotland, 176 in Zeeland, 343-44 recusants, 333-38, 340, 346, 367 Reformation, English, 26-27, 59, 75,
79, 103-4, 108^ Act of Supremacy in, 186 Acts of Uniformity in, 103, 186 counter-evangelism in, 336 excesses of, 94-95, 184 international politics and, 26,
184-86, 239, 274-75, 318-19,
366, 369-71 Mary I's suppression of, 143-44,
148, 161, 168, 178, 184 Parliamentary regulation of, 253 Puritans vs., 307-8 rebellion against, 95, 235, 237,
244-50 recusants in, 333-38, 340 Reformation, European, 156 in France, 206, 298 in Netherlands, 298 religious issues:
divorce of Henry VIII as, 15, 21,
22 Elizabeth's excommunication as,
274 in France, 206, 269, 274-75, 2 9&,
321 heretics executed for, 54, 143-44,
148, 168, 320-21 humanism as, 56 in Netherlands, 298-99 priests executed for, 331-35,
m-38
Spain's war against England as,
366, 369-71 succession and, 100-104, 110, 161,
170, 203, 208-9, 21 7> 235—38,
259 see also Reformation, English; Reformation, European; specific sects Renard, Simon, 109, 110, 117, 120-22, 130
Revelation, Book of, 355 Riccio, David, 239 Richard II, king of England, 131 Richmond Palace, 405 Ridolfi, Roberto di, 239, 274 Robsart, Amy, see Dudley, Amy
Robsart Rochford, George Boleyn, Lord, 28,
33, 50 Rochford, Lady, 50 Rosamond's Bower, 133 ruffs, use of, 229 Russell, Anne, 263 Russell, Francis, 2nd earl of Bedford,
183-84, 215, 263, 291 Russell, John, 1st earl of Bedford, 95
Sackville, Thomas, Baron Buckhurst,
293 Sadler, Sir Ralph, 246, 256 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 269,
274-75 Saintlow, Sir William, 115 St. Paul's Cathedral, 226 Sands, Elizabeth, 133, 136 sanitary conditions, at Hampton
Court, 223-24 Savoy, Emmanuel Philibert, duke of,
156, 158, 162 scandals and gossip, 266-70 about Anne Boleyn, 28, 32-33 about death of Catherine Parr, 79 about death of Don Carlos, 320 about death of Dudley's wife,
191-98, 205, 212, 257 about death of Edward VI, 105 about death of John Sheffield,
266-67 about death of Katherine of
Aragon, 27, 34 about Dudley, 180—84, 190-98, 205, 212, 257-59, 266-67, 355,
37i about Elizabeth and de Vere, 267 about Elizabeth and Dudley,
180-84, 190, 258-59, 266, 355 about Elizabeth and Hatton,
267-68 about Elizabeth and Ralegh, 349 about Elizabeth and Simier, 296 about Elizabeth and Thomas
Seymour, 70-71, 88-89 in France, 296
scandals and gossip, continued about Mary Stuart, 239-40, 251,
360 in Spain, 320 Scholemaster, The (Ascham), 230 Scotland:
anti-Catholicism in, 201 Calvinism in, 176 Congregation in, 201 England's conflicts with, 68, 81, 161, 201-2, 250, 360-61, 403 French ties with, 68, 170, 201,
239, 299 Irish rebellion supported by, 321 Protestants in, 176, 201-2 see also Stuart, Mary scrofula ("king's evil"), 280 Sea Rider, 343 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, 265,
400-401 servants:
demeanor of, 290-91 Elizabeth's, 25, 37-42, 91, 123, 136-37, 151-52, 155, 346-47 lives and duties of, 223-25, 285-88, 346-47 Seymour, Edward, duke of Somerset, 36, 41, 54, 125, 204 character of, 68-69 execution of, 102-3 as Lord Protector, 60, 66, 68, 80, 81-82, 88, 93-95, 97, 100-101 Seymour, Edward, earl of Hertford: as Elizabeth's host, 292 imprisonment of, 204, 254, 292 marriage of, 204-5, 254, 292 Seymour, Jane, 41, 49, 54, 61 description of, 31 Henry VIII's courtship of, 27, 28,
35 Seymour, Thomas, 68
Catherine Parr and, 54, 60—62,
69-74, 77, 78 character of, 53-54, 60, 65-66, 80 Elizabeth and, 60, 62, 65, 69-74,
77,79,81-83,86,89,98, 181,
195, 205 imprisonment and execution of,
90-92, 125 Kat Ashlev's support of, 69-74, 79,
82, 87, 89 plot of, 80-84
Shakespeare, William, 390, 401 Sharington, William, 80-81 Sheffield, Douglas, 262, 266-67, 3°3 Sheffield, John, Baron, 266-67 Shelton, Lady Margaret, 25, 27 Shelton, Lord
John, 25, 37-39 Shelton, Margaret, 27 Shelton, Ralph, 38-39 Sherwin, Ralph, 331-32, 337 Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Talbot,
countess of (Bess of Hardwick),
see Talbot, Elizabeth Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th earl
of, 176, 360 Sidney, Henry, 198 Sidney, Mary, 207, 210, 263 Sidney, Robert, 399 Sidney, Sir Philip, 324, 333, 342, 343.
399 death of, 352 Simier, Jean de, 295-97, 299-300,
303-4, 3i5 smallpox, 206, 252, 263, 285, 297 Smeaton, Mark, 33, 35-36, 113 sneezing, ritualistic response to, 46 Somerset, duchess of, 68, 82-83 Somerset, duke of, see Seymour,
Edward Somerset House, treasonable works
assembled at, 154 Spain:
Drake feared by, 367
England's confiscation of money of,
242, 322, 323, 339 England's war with, 364-77, 381,
39i England threatened by, 242 as English allv, 170, 173-74, 184,
185
epidemics in, 365 Inquisition in, 156, 320-21 Ireland aided by, 381-82, 396,
399-400, 404 Netherlands rebellion against,
298-99, 304, 319, 321, 323-25,
338 New World interests of, 317, 320,
321, 366 piracy's effects on economy of, 323 plots backed by, 239 Portugal conquered by, 317-18,
321
Spain, continued power of, 318 scandals and gossip in, 320
Spanish Armada, 364-77, 381 astrological forecast of, 365 battles fought by, 374-76 as religious crusade, 366, 369-71 supply problems of, 365, 369 weather difficulties of, 365-69,
375-76 starch, introduced to England, 229 Stuart, Henry, Lord Darnley, 221,
254 death of, 239 description of, 217 Riccio murdered by, 239, 251 succession claims of, 217 Stuart, Mary, queen of Scotland, 262,
264 abdication of, 240 Anne Boleyn compared to, 362 beauty of, 200, 212, 218, 240 betrothed to Edward VI, 68 bravado of, 203, 240 captivity of, 239, 247, 359-60 Catholicism of, 202-3 character of, 240-41, 360 descriptions of, 200, 218, 359 Elizabeth's attempted subjugation
of, 202-3, 240, 251 Elizabeth's decision to execute,
360-63 as Elizabeth's rival, 218-20, 359 escape to England of, 235 execution of, 372 as focus of rebellion, 235-38, 241,
274, 312, 318, 319, 359, 363 Francis II and, 170 health of, 359 height of, 200-201, 218 marriages of, 170, 230-40, 254 match with Dudley offered to,
211-17, 220-21 Norfolk's engagement to, 235,
243 opposition to, 176, 235, 359, 361 pregnancy of, 239 return to Scotland of, 200-201 scandals and gossip about, 239-40,
251, 360 succession claims of, 200, 202-3,
208
Stuart, Mary, queen of Scotland, continued trial of, 360