by Angela Saini
Seymour, Jane Katherine. “The Medical Meanings of Sex Hormones: Clinical Uses and Concepts in The Lancet, 1929–1939.” Dissertation, Wellcome Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London, 2005.
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
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Chapter 2: Females Get Sicker but Males Die Quicker
Ramesh, Randeep. “Dozens of Female Babies’ Body Parts Found in Disused Indian Well in New Delhi.” Guardian, July 23, 2007.
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John, Mary E. Sex Ratios and Gender Biased Sex Selection: History, Debates and Future Directions. UN Women, 2014.
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Lawn, Joy E., et al. “Beyond Newborn Survival: The World You Are Born into Determines Your Risk of Disability-Free Survival.” Pediatric Research 74, no. S1 (2013): 1–3.
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Buckberry, Sam, et al. “Integrative Transcriptome Meta-Analysis Reveals Widespread Sex-Biased Gene Expression at the Human Fetal–Maternal Interface.” Molecular Human Reproduction 20, no. 8 (2014): 810–19.
Austad, Steven N. “Why Women Live Longer Than Men: Sex Differences in Longevity.” Gender Medicine 3, no. 2 (2006): 79–92.
Austad, Steven N., and Andrzej Bartke. “Sex Differences in Longevity and in Responses to Anti-Aging Interventions: A Mini-Review.” Gerontology 62, no. 1 (2016): 40–6.
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Oertelt-Prigione, Sabine. “The Influence of Sex and Gender on the Immune Response.” Autoimmunity Reviews 11, no. 6 (2012): A479–85.
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Furman, David, et al. “Systems Analysis of Sex Differences Reveals an Immunosuppressive Role for Testosterone in the Response to Influenza Vaccination.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11, no. 2 (2014): 869–74.
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Goldhill, Olivia. “Period Pain Can Be ‘Almost as Bad as a Heart Attack.’ Why Aren’t We Researching How to Treat It?” Quartz, February 15, 2016. https://qz.com/611774/period-pain-can-be-as-bad-as-a-heart-attack-so-why-arent-we-researching-how-to-treat-it/.
Din, Nafees U., et al. “Age and Gender Variations in Cancer Diagnostic Intervals in 15 Cancers: Analysis of Data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.” PLOS ONE 10, no. 5 (2015).
Ropers, H. H., and B. C. Hamel. “X-linked Mental Retardation.” Nature Reviews Genetics 6, no. 1 (2005): 46–57.
Arnold, Arthur P., et al. “The Importance of Having Two X Chromosomes.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371, no. 1688 (2016).
Berletch, Joel B., et al. “Genes That Escape from X Inactivation.” Human Genetics 130, no. 2 (2011): 237–45.
Prothero, Katie E., Jill M. Stahl, and Laura Carrel. “Dosage Compensation and Gene Expression on the Mammalian X Chromosome: One Plus One Does Not Always Equal Two.” Chromosome Research 17, no. 5 (2009): 637–48.
Richardson, Sarah S. Sex Itself: The Search for Male and Female in the Human Genome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
Beery, Annaliese, and Irving Zucker. “Sex Bias in Neuroscience and Biomedical Research.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 3 (2011): 565–72.
Ah-King, Malin, Andrew B. Barron, and Marie E. Herberstein. “Genital Evolution: Why Are Females Still Understudied?” PLOS Biology 12, no. 5 (2014).
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Fadiran, Emmanuel O., and Lei Zhang. “Effects of Sex Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs and Their Impact on the Safety of Medicines in Women.” In Medicines for Women, edited by Mira Harrison-Woolrych, 41–68. Auckland, NZ: ADIS, 2015.
Heinrich, Janet. “Drugs Withdrawn from Market,” GAO-01–286R. US Government Accountability Office. January 19, 2001. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01286r.pdf.
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Rathore, S. S., Y. Wang, and H. M. Krumholz. “Sex-Based Differences in the Effect of Digoxin for the Treatment of Heart Failure.” New England Journal of Medicine 347, no. 18 (2002): 1403–11.
Flory, J. H., et al. “Observational Cohort Study of the Safety of Digoxin Use in Women with Heart Failure.” British Medical Journal Open, April 13, 2012. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/2/e000888.full#ref-1.
Greenblatt, D. J., et al. “Gender Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Zolpidem Following Sublingual Administration.” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 54, no. 3 (2014): 282–90.
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Richardson, Sarah S. “Is the New NIH Policy Good for Women?” Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, and Technoscience 1, no. 1 (2015).
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Chapter 3: A Difference at Birth
Martin, Carol Lynn, and Diane Ruble. “Children’s Search for Gender Cues: Cognitive Perspectives on Gender Development.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (2004): 67–70.
Eliot, Lise. Pink Brain, Blue Brain: How Small Differences Grow into Troublesome Gaps—And What We Can Do About It. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009.
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Baron-Cohen, Simon. “The Truth about Science and Sex.” Guardian, January 27, 2005. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/jan/27/science.educationsgendergap.
Pinker, Steven, and Elizabeth Spelke. “The Science of Gender and Science: Pinker vs. Spelke: A Debate.” Edge.org, May 16, 2005. https://edge.org/event/the-science-of-gender-and-science-pinker-vs-spelke-a-debate.
Cronin, Helena. “The Vital Statistics.” Guardian, March 12, 2005. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/12/gender.comment.
Larimore, Walt, and Barbara Larimore. His Brain, Her Brain: How Divinely Designed Differences Can Strengthen Your Marriage. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008.
Baron-Cohen, Simon. “The Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6, no. 6 (2002): 248–54.
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Wolpert, Lewis. Why Can’t a Woman Be More Like a Man? London: Faber & Faber, 2014.
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McManus, I. C., and M. P. Bryden. “Geschwind’s Theory of Cerebral Lateralization: Developing a Formal, Causal Model.” Psychological Bulletin 110, no. 2 (1991): 237–53.
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Kolata, Gina. “Sex Hormones and Brain Development.” Science 205, no. 4410 (1979): 985–87.
Van den Wijngaard, Marianne. “The Acceptance of Scientific Theories and Images of Masculinity and Femininity: 1959–1985.” Journal of the History of Biology 24, no. 1 (1991): 19–49.
Hines, Melissa. “Sex-Related Variation in Human Behavior and the Brain.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14, no. 10 (2010): 448–56.
Wallen, Kim, and Janice M. Hassett. “Sexual Differentiation of Behavior in Monkeys: Role of Prenatal Hormones.” Journal of Neuroendocrinology 21, no. 4 (2009): 421–26.
Alexander, G. M., and M. Hines. “Sex Differences in Response to Children’s Toys in Nonhuman Primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).” Evolution and Human Behavior 23, no. 6 (2002): 467–79.
Hines, Melissa, et al. “Testosterone During Pregnancy and Gender Role Behavior of Preschool Children: A Longitudinal, Population Study.” Child Development 73, no. 6 (2002): 1678–87.
Jadva, V., M. Hines, and S. Golombok. “Infants’ Preferences for Toys, Colors, and Shapes: Sex Differences and Similarities.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39, no. 6 (2010): 1261–73.
Auyeung, Bonnie, et al. “Fetal Testosterone Predicts Sexually Differentiated Childhood Behavior in Girls and in Boys.” Psychological Science 20, no. 2 (2009): 144–48.
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Grossi, Giordana, and Alison Nash. “Picking Barbie’s Brain: Inherent Sex Differences in Scientific Ability?” Journal of Interdisciplinary Feminist Thought 2, no. 1 (2007): article 5.
Fine, Cordelia. Delusions of Gender: The Real Science Behind Sex Differences. London: Icon Books, 2010.
Lutchmaya, Svetlana, Simon Baron-Cohen, and Peter Raggatt. “Foetal Testosterone and Eye Contact in 12-Month-Old Human Infants.” Infant Behavior and Development 25, no. 3 (2002): 327–35.
Lombardo, Michael V., et al. “Fetal Testosterone Influences Sexually Dimorphic Gray Matter in the Human Brain.” Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 2 (2012): 674–80.
Baron-Cohen, Simon, et al. “Elevated Fetal Steroidogenic Activity in Autism.” Molecular Psychiatry 20 (2014): 369–76.
Kung, Karson T. F., et al. “No Relationship Between Prenatal Androgen Exposure and Autistic Traits: Convergent Evidence from Studies of Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and of Amniotic Testosterone Concentrations in Typically Developing Children.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (2016). Published online July 27, 2016.
Jordan-Young, Rebecca M. Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Davis, Shannon N., and Barbara J. Risman. “Feminists Wrestle with Testosterone: Hormones, Socialization and Cultural Interactionism as Predictors of Women’s Gendered Selves.” Social Science Research 49 (2015): 110–25.
Ruigroka, Amber N. V., et al. “A Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 39 (2014): 34–50.
Chapter 4: The Missing Five Ounces of the Female Brain
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Ingalhalikar, Madhura, et al. “Sex Differences in the Structural Connectome of the Human Brain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 2 (2014): 823–28.
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Khazan, Olga. “Male and Female Brains Really Are Built Differently.” Atlantic, December 2, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/12/male-and-female-brains-really-are-built-differently/281962/.
Gray, Richard. “Brains of Men and W
omen Are Poles Apart.” Telegraph, December 3, 2013. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10491096/Brains-of-men-and-women-are-poles-apart.html.
Haines, Lester. “Women Crap at Parking: Official.” Register, December 4, 2013. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/12/04/brain_study_shocker/.
Gur, Ruben C., et al. “Age Group and Sex Differences in Performance on a Computerized Neurocognitive Battery in Children Age 8–21.” Neuropsychology 26, no. 2 (2012): 251–65.
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Sample, Ian. “Male and Female Brains Wired Differently, Scans Reveal.” Guardian, December 2, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/dec/02/men-women-brains-wired-differently.
Connor, Steve. “The Hardwired Difference Between Male and Female Brains Could Explain Why Men Are ‘Better at Map Reading.’” Independent, December 3, 2013. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-hardwired-difference-between-male-and-female-brains-could-explain-why-men-are-better-at-map-8978248.html.
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Button, Katherine S., et al. “Power Failure: Why Small Sample Size Undermines the Reliability of Neuroscience.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14 (2013): 365–76.
Rippon, Gina, et al. “Recommendations for Sex/Gender Neuroimaging Research: Key Principles and Implications for Research Design, Analysis, and Interpretation.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8, no. 650 (2014).