by Angela Saini
Fine, Cordelia. “Gender Differences Found in Brain Wiring: Insight or Neurosexism?” Popular Science, December 5, 2013. https://www.popsci.com/article/gender-differences-found-brain-wiring-insight-or-neurosexism.
Joel, Daphna, and Ricardo Tarrasch. “On the Mis-presentation and Misinterpretation of Gender-Related Data: The Case of Ingalhalikar’s Human Connectome Study.” Letter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 6 (2014).
Joel, Daphna, and Ricardo Tarrasch. “On the Mis-Presentation and Misinterpretation of Gender-Related Data: The Case of Ingalhalikar’s Human Connectome Study.” PNAS 111, no. 6 (February 11, 2014), https://www.pnas.org/content/111/6/E637.full?keytype2=tf_ipsecsha&ijkey=4183bcb77bcb8782c9324a9abf711223af7bbe9f.
Tan, Anh, et al. “The Human Hippocampus Is Not Sexually-Dimorphic: Meta-Analysis of Structural MRI Volumes.” NeuroImage 124 (2016): 350–66.
Cahill, Larry. “Equal ≠ The Same: Sex Differences in the Human Brain.” Cerebrum, April 2014.
——. “A Half-Truth Is a Whole Lie: On the Necessity of Investigating Sex Influences on the Brain.” Endocrinology 153, no. 6 (2012): 2541–43.
Short, Nigel. “Vive la Différence.” New in Chess, February 2015. https://en.chessbase.com/post/vive-la-diffrence-the-full-story.
Halpern, Diane F., et al. “Education Forum: The Pseudoscience of Single-Sex Schooling.” Science 333 (2011): 1706–7.
O’Connor, Cliodhna, and Helene Joffe. “Gender on the Brain: A Case Study of Science Communication in the New Media Environment.” PLOS ONE 9, no. 10 (2014).
Maguire, Eleanor A., Katherine Woollett, and Hugo J. Spiers. “London Taxi Drivers and Bus Drivers: A Structural MRI and Neuropsychological Analysis.” Hippocampus 16 (2006): 1091–101.
May, Arne. “Experience-Dependent Structural Plasticity in the Adult Human Brain.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, no. 10 (2011): 475–82.
Fine, Cordelia, et al. “Plasticity, Plasticity, Plasticity. . .and the Rigid Problem of Sex.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17, no. 11 (2013): 550–51.
Miller, David I., and Diane F. Halpern. “The New Science of Cognitive Sex Differences.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18, no. 1 (2014): 37–45.
Joel, Daphna. “Male or Female? Brains Are Intersex.” Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 5, no. 57 (2011).
Joel, Daphna, et al. “Sex beyond the Genitalia: The Human Brain Mosaic.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Published online November 30, 2015. https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/11/24/1509654112.
Shors, Tracey J., Chadrick Chua, and Jacqueline Falduto. “Sex Differences and Opposite Effects of Stress on Dendritic Spine Density in the Male versus Female Hippocampus.” Journal of Neuroscience 21, no. 16 (2001): 6292–97.
Dubb, Abraham, et al. “Characterization of Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Corpus Callosum.” NeuroImage 20 (2003): 512–19.
Chapter 5: Women’s Work
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
——. The Langurs of Abu: Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Prüfer, Kay, et al. “The Bonobo Genome Compared with the Chimpanzee and Human Genomes.” Nature 486 (2012): 527–31.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009.
Rosenberg, Karen, and Wenda R. Trevathan. “Birth, Obstetrics and Human Evolution.” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 109 (2002): 1199–206.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. “The Past, Present, and Future of the Human Family.” The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, University of Utah, February 27–28, 2001.
Magurran, Anne. “Maternal Instinct.” New York Times, January 23, 2000. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/23/books/maternal-instinct.html?pagewanted=all.
Craig, Michael. “Perinatal Risk Factors for Neonaticide and Infant Homicide: Can We Identify Those at Risk?” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97, no. 2 (2004): 57–61.
Bribiescas, Richard. Men: Evolutionary and Life History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Sear, Rebecca, and David A. Coall. “How Much Does Family Matter? Cooperative Breeding and the Demographic Transition.” Population and Development Review 37 (2011): 81–112.
Scommegna, Paola. “More U.S. Children Raised by Grandparents.” Population Reference Bureau, March 2012. https://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2012/US-children-grandparents.aspx.
Muller, Martin N., Frank W. Marlowe, Revocatus Bugumba, and Peter T. Ellison. “Testosterone and Paternal Care in East African Foragers and Pastoralists.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276, no. 1655 (2009): 347–54.
Walker, Robert S., Mark V. Flinn, and Kim R. Hill. “Evolutionary History of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 45 (2010): 19195–200.
Lee, Richard B., and Irven DeVore, eds. Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine, 1968.
Washburn, Sherwood, and Chet Lancaster. “The Evolution of Hunting.” In Man the Hunter, edited by Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore, 293–303. Chicago: Aldine, 1968.
Ardrey, Robert. The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man. New York: Atheneum, 1976.
Slocum, Sally. “Woman the Gatherer: Male Bias in Anthropology.” In Toward an Anthropology of Women, edited by Rayna R. Reiter, 36–50. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975. Originally published under the name Sally Linton in 1971.
——. “Women as Shapers of the Human Adaptation.” In Woman the Gatherer, edited by Frances Dahlberg, 75–120. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
Zihlman, Adrienne. “The Real Females of Human Evolution.” Evolutionary Anthropology 21, no. 6 (2012): 270–76.
——. “Engendering Human Evolution.” In A Companion to Gender Prehistory, edited by Diane Bolger. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
O’Connell, James F., Kristen Hawkes, K. D. Lupo, and N. G. Blurton Jones. “Male Strategies and Plio-Pleistocene Archaeology.” Journal of Human Evolution 43, no. 6 (2002): 831–72.
Hawkes, Kristen, James F. O’Connell, and James E. Coxworth. “Family Provisioning Is Not the Only Reason Men Hunt: A Comment on Gurven and Hill.” Current Anthropology 51, no. 2 (2010): 259–64.
Gurven, Michael, and Kim Hill. “Why Do Men Hunt? A Reevaluation of ‘Man the Hunter’ and the Sexual Division of Labor.” Current Anthropology 50, no. 1 (2009): 51–74.
Kaplan, Hillard S., Paul L. Hooper, and Michael Gurven. “The Evolutionary and Ecological Roots of Human Social Organization.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (2009): 3289–99.
Piantadosi, Steven, and Celeste Kidd. “Extraordinary Intelligence and the Care of Infants.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition, approved for publication March 30, 2016. https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/05/18/1506752113.abstract.
Zuk, Marlene. Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us About Sex, Diet, and How We Live. New York: W. W. Norton, 2013.
O’Connor, Anahad. “A Marathon Runner Delivers a Baby.” New York Times, October 11, 2011. https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/a-marathon-runner-delivers-a-baby/?_r=0.
Estioko-Griffin, Agnes. “Women as Hunters: The Case of an Eastern Cagayan Agta Group.” In The Agta of Northeastern Luzon: Recent Studies, edited by P. Bion Griffin and Agnes Estioko-Griffin. Cebu City, Philippines: University of San Carlos, 1985.
Estioko-Griffin, Agnes, and P. Bion Griffin. “Woman the Hunter: The Agta.” In Woman the Gatherer, edited by Frances Dahlberg, 121–51. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
Goodman, Madeleine J., et al. “The Compatibility of Hunting and Mothering Among the Agta Hunter-Gatherers of the Philippines.” Sex Roles 12, no. 11 (1985): 1199–209.
Dyb
le, Mark, et al. “Sex Equality Can Explain the Unique Social Structure of Hunter-Gatherer Bands.” Science 348, no. 6236 (2015): 796–98.
Hill, Kim, et al. “Hunter-Gatherer Inter-band Interaction Rates: Implications for Cumulative Culture.” PLOS ONE 9, no. 7 (2014): 1–9.
Bliege Bird, Rebecca. “Fishing and the Sexual Division of Labor Among the Meriam.” American Anthropologist 109, no. 3 (2007): 442–51.
Bliege Bird, Rebecca, and Brian F. Codding. “The Sexual Division of Labor.” In Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by R. A. Scott et al. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, May 15, 2015.
Hurtado, Ana Magdalena, et al. “Female Subsistence Strategies among Ache Hunter-Gatherers of Eastern Paraguay.” Human Ecology 13, no. 1 (1985): 1–28.
Morbeck, Mary Ellen, Alison Galloway, and Adrienne L. Zihlman. The Evolving Female: A Life History Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Chapter 6: Choosy, Not Chaste
Clark, Russell D., and Elaine Hatfield. “Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers.” Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 2, no. 1 (1989): 39–55.
——. “Love in the Afternoon.” Psychological Inquiry 14, nos. 3 and 4 (2003): 227–31.
Bateman, Angus J. “Intra-Sexual Selection in Drosophila.” Heredity 2 (1948): 349–68.
Trivers, Robert L., “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection.” In Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, edited by Bernard Campbell, 136–79. Chicago: Aldine, 1972.
Symons, Donald. The Evolution of Human Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Geertz, Clifford. “Sociosexology.” New York Review of Books, January 24, 1980. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1980/01/24/sociosexology/.
Buss, David M. The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Pinker, Steven. “Boys Will Be Boys,” Talk of the Town. New Yorker, February 9, 1998, 30–31.
——. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking, 2002.
——. “Sex Ed.” New Republic, February 14, 2005. https://newrepublic.com/article/68044/sex-ed.
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Freudian Slip.” Natural History, no. 96 (1987): 14–21.
Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man: Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray, 1871.
Miller, Geoffrey. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. London: Vintage, 2000.
Reich, Eugenie Samuel. “Symmetry Study Deemed a Fraud.” Nature, May 3, 2013. https://www.nature.com/news/symmetry-study-deemed-a-fraud-1.12932.
Starin, Dawn. “She’s Gotta Have It.” Africa Geographic (May 2008): 57–62.
Tang-Martínez, Zuleyma. “Bateman’s Principles: Original Experiment and Modern Data For and Against.” In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, edited by M. D. Breed and J. Moore, 166–76. London: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2010.
Symons, Donald. “Another Woman That Never Existed.” Review. Quarterly Review of Biology 57, no. 3 (1982): 297–300.
——. “Empathy, Polyandry, and the Myth of the Coy Female.” In Feminist Approaches to Science, edited by Ruth Bleier, 119–46. New York: Pergamon Press, 1986.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. “The Evolution of Human Sexuality: The Latest Word and the Last.” Quarterly Review of Biology 54, no. 3 (1979): 309–14.
Bluhm, Cynthia, and Patricia Adair Gowaty. “Social Constraints on Female Mate Preferences in Mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, Decrease Offspring Viability and Mother Productivity.” Animal Behaviour 68, no. 5 (2004): 977–83.
Milius, Susan. “If Mom Chooses Dad, More Ducklings Survive.” Science News 156, no. 1 (1999): 6.
Drickamer, Lee C., Patricia Adair Gowaty, and Christopher M. Holmes. “Free Female Mate Choice in House Mice Affects Reproductive Success and Offspring Viability and Performance.” Animal Behaviour 59, no. 2 (2000): 371–78.
Scelza, Brooke. “Choosy but Not Chaste: Multiple Mating in Human Females.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22, no. 5 (2013): 259–69.
Walker, Robert S., Mark V. Flinn, and Kim R. Hill. “Evolutionary History of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 45 (2010): 19195–200.
Brown, Gillian R., Kevin N. Laland, and Monique Borgerhoff Mulder. “Bateman’s Principles and Human Sex Roles.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24, no. 6 (2009): 297–304.
Baranowski, Andreas M., and Heiko Hecht. “Gender Differences and Similarities in Receptivity to Sexual Invitations: Effects of Location and Risk Perception.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 44, no. 8 (2015): 2257–65.
Gowaty, Patricia Adair, Rebecca Steinichen, and Wyatt W. Anderson. “Mutual Interest Between the Sexes and Reproductive Success in Drosophila pseudoobscura.” Evolution 56, no. 12 (2002): 2537–40.
Gowaty, Patricia Adair, Yong-Kyu Kim, and Wyatt W. Anderson. “No Evidence of Sexual Selection in a Repetition of Bateman’s Classic Study of Drosophila melanogaster.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 29 (2012): 11740–45.
Trivers, Robert L. “Sexual Selection and Resource-Accruing Abilities in Anolis garmani.” Evolution 30, no. 2 (1976): 253–69.
Janicke, Tim, et al. “Darwinian Sex Roles Confirmed Across the Animal Kingdom.” Science Advances 2, no. 2 (2016).
Tang-Martínez, Zuleyma. “Rethinking Bateman’s Principles: Challenging Persistent Myths of Sexually Reluctant Females and Promiscuous Males.” Journal of Sex Research, Annual Review of Sex Research Special Issue. Published online April 13, 2016.
Chapter 7: Why Men Dominate
“Classification of Female Genital Mutilation.” World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/overview/en/.
“Prevalence of FGM.” World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/.
Wardere, Hibo. Cut: One Woman’s Fight Against FGM in Britain Today. London: Simon & Schuster, 2016.
Foreman, Amanda. “Why Footbinding Persisted in China for a Millennium.” Smithsonian Magazine, February 2015. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-footbinding-persisted-china-millennium-180953971/?page=i.
Tapscott, Rebecca. “Understanding Breast ‘Ironing’: A Study of the Methods, Motivations, and Outcomes of Breast Flattening Practices in Cameroon.” Feinstein International Center, May 2012.
Strassmann, Beverly I., et al. “Religion as a Means to Assure Paternity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 25 (2012): 9781–85.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
“Delhi Rapist Says Victim Shouldn’t Have Fought Back.” BBC News, March 3, 2015. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31698154.
Sherfey, Mary Jane. The Nature and Evolution of Female Sexuality. New York: Vintage Books, 1973.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. “Raising Darwin’s Consciousness: Female Sexuality and the Prehominid Origins of Patriarchy.” Human Nature 8, no. 1 (1997): 1–49.
Troisi, Alfonso, and Monica Carosi. “Female Orgasm Rate Increases with Male Dominance in Japanese Macaques.” Animal Behaviour 56, no. 5 (1998): 1261–66.
Pavlicev, Mihaela, and Günter Wagner. “The Evolutionary Origin of Female Orgasm.” Journal of Experimental Zoology (2016).
Lerner, Gerda. The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. Mother Nature: Natural Selection and the Female of the Species. London: Chatto & Windus, 1999.
Watkins, Trevor. “From Foragers to Complex Societies in Southwest Asia.” In The Human Past–World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 201–33. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.
Smuts, Barbara. “The Evolutionary Origins of Patriarchy.” Human Nature 6, no. 1 (1995): 1–32.
Andics, Attila, et al. “Voice-Sensitive Regions in the Dog and Human Brain Are Revealed by Compara
tive fMRI.” Current Biology 24, no. 5 (2014): 574–78.
Muller, Martin N., et al. “Male Coercion and the Costs of Promiscuous Mating for Female Chimpanzees.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2074 (2007): 1009–14.
Stanford, Craig. “Despicable, Yes, but Not Inexplicable.” Book review. Scientific American, November-December 2009. https://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/despicable-yes-but-not-inexplicable.
——. “The Social Behaviour of Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Empirical Assumptions and Shifting Evidence.” Current Anthropology 39, no. 4 (1998): 399–420.
Kemper, Steve. “Who’s Laughing Now?” Smithsonian Magazine, May 2008. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/whos-laughing-now-38529396/?no-ist.
De Waal, Frans B. M. “Bonobo Sex and Society.” Scientific American, June 1, 2006. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bonobo-sex-and-society-2006–06/.
Parish, Amy R., and Frans B. M. De Waal. “The Other ‘Closest Living Relative’: How Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Challenge Traditional Assumptions about Females, Dominance, Intra- and Intersexual Interactions, and Hominid Evolution.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 907 (2000): 97–113.
White, F. J., and K. D. Wood. “Female Feeding Priority in Bonobos, Pan paniscus, and the Question of Female Dominance.” American Journal of Primatology 69, no. 8 (2007): 837–50.
Ralls, Katherine. “Mammals in Which Females Are Larger Than Males.” Quarterly Review of Biology 51, no. 2 (1976): 245–76.
Parish, Amy Randall. “Sex and Food Control in the ‘Uncommon Chimpanzee’: How Bonobo Females Overcome a Phylogenetic Legacy of Male Dominance.” Ethology and Sociobiology 15, no. 3 (1994): 157–79.
Gowaty, Patricia Adair, ed. Feminism and Evolutionary Biology: Boundaries, Intersections and Frontiers. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997.
Chapter 8: The Old Women Who Wouldn’t Die
The inspiration for this chapter was an article on menopause published by the author in the Observer on March 30, 2014. Available online at https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/mar/30/menopause-natures-way-older-women-sexually-attractive.