Chasing Gold: The Incredible Story of How the Nazis Stole Europe's Bullion
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Eilertsen, Hanna, 190–190
Einsiedel, 424, 427
Einzig, Paul, 32, 114
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Bernstein and, 388
discovery of German gold and paintings and, xvi
money and gold issues and, 360–361
on Morganthau plan, 392
regulations against looting, 408, 409
request for audit of gold in Frankfurt, 410–411
responsibility for gold and, 401
tour of Room #8, 404–405
Eizenstat Commission, 416, 432, 433
El Djezaïr, 270, 272, 275, 276, 308
Elizabeth, Queen, visit to U.S., 288
El Kantara, 272, 308, 309
El Mansour, 270
Emergency Banking Act, 52
Émile Bertin, 146, 147, 148, 246, 247, 248–249, 254, 255
Empress of Australia, 286
Enabling Act (1933), 36
Engelbrecht, Erwin, 181
Enterprise, 192
Epée, 274, 275
Épervier, 148, 272
Erfurt, 396
gold in, 409
Reichsbank offices in, 399
Eriksen, Birger, 181
Eschwege, gold in, 409
Estonia, 151, 152
Soviet control over, 133, 152
Ethnic genocide, 159
Ethnic self-determination, 151
Europe, shape of post-war, 389–390
Évian-les-Bains, conference at, 260
F
Falkenhorst, Nicholaus von, Weserübung and, 174–175, 176, 183
Fall Weiss (Case White), 128
Fall Weserübung (Case Weser Exercise), 174, 175
Farinacci, Roberto, 262
Farley, James, 259
Farm Credit Administration, 51
Fascists, 8, 9
Federal Farm Board, 50–51
Federal Reserve Bank of New York City, 153, 160
Belgian gold in, 230, 231
Dutch bullion at, 207
French gold in, 241–242, 309
gold storage at, 162, 164
international role of, 5
Italian deposits in, 161
Latvia Central Bank and, 153
Reichsbank gold and, 29–30
reports on gold sales and, 166–167
resignation of McGarrah as chairman of, 81
Russian Federation account at, 337
under Strong, Benjamin, 77
Swedish shipment of gold to, 381
Vatican gold and, 264–266
Yugoslav gold at, 329–330
Federal Reserve System, 160
Feldbin, Leiba Lazarevich, 14. See also Orlov, Alexander
Feldel, Lev Lazarevice, 14
Felsennest (Rocky Eyrie), 210
Ferdinand, King of Spain, 3, 6
Ferdinand I of Austria, 369
Finland, 151
efforts to build up gold stock, 155
sale of gold and, 167
Soviet control over, 133, 156
First National Bank of Chicago, as member of Bank of International Settlements, 80
First National Bank of New York, as member of Bank of International Settlements, 80
Fischer, Franz, 67
Fischer, Louis, 16
Fischer-Tropsch method, 67
Fishguard, battle of, 322
Fishkill Farms, Morganthau, Henry, Jr., work at, 48, 49
Flanders, 227
Flanders Fields, 227
Flensburg, German attack on, 178
Florence, 324
Florina, 202
Floyar-Rajchman, Henryk, ix, 139, 140, 141, 143, 148
Flynn, Francis Cyril, 296
Fogg Museum, 403
Fokker, 61
Food Administration under Hoover, 48
Force Z, 241
Foreign Economic Administration, 389
Fort-de-France, 254, 256
Fort de Portzic, gold stored at, 270
Fort Desaix, 256, 257
Fort Eben-Emael, 231
Fortezza, 369, 370, 371, 372
Fort Knox, 158–171
gold capacity of, 169
shipment of gold to, 169–170
Fort Portzic, evacuation of gold from, 272
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), 13
Fournier, Pierre-Eugène, ix, 113, 148–149, 231, 234, 244, 251–252, 281
Four Year Plan, 38, 64–65, 66, 67, 68–69. 70, 87, 224, 317, 371, 396
France
alliance with Czechoslovia, 89, 105–106
arms purchase by, 161, 163–164, 241, 246
bullion standard of, 83
Carthaginian peace on Germany and, 24
Cash and Carry program and, 166
collapse of, 270
currency devaluation in, 240
declaration of war against Germany, 135
demand for reparations from Germany, 30
DSK confiscation of gold in Northern, 70
efforts to stop Spanish Civil War and, 12–13
fall of, 239–257
Free French Army and, 253, 307, 313, 314
German invasion of, 70, 279–280
German occupation of, 307
gold assets of, 170, 240–241
Hitler’s premise on weakness of, 88–89
inflation in, 240
interest in armistice, 253
movement of gold and, 232, 240–241, 244, 246–247
mutual defense treaty with Poland, 133, 134
obligations of, under treaty with Poland, 134
Pétain, Marshal Philippe, government of, 236–237, 253, 256, 271, 307, 315
Popular Front in, 240
refugees in, 246
resignation of Reynaud, Paul, 253
return of money to Lithuania, 155
Spanish purchase of armaments from, 13
strategic reserves of, 245
Vichy, 307, 312, 318, 368
write off of Czechoslovakia and, 89
France, Battle of, 322
Franco, Francisco, 9, 10, 90, 324
command of Army of Africa, 12
receipt of laundered German gold, 383
in Spanish Civil War, 17
Franco-Prussian War, 243, 386
reparations at end of, 30
Frank, Karl Hermann, 357
Frankfur (Oder), 396
Frankfurt
audit of gold in, 410–411
move of Merkers gold to, 402, 403, 406–410
Franzensfeste, 368, 369
Fraser, Leon, 81
Free City of Danzig, 136
Freedom Action Bavaria movement, 423
Free French army, 253, 307, 313, 314
Freetown, Sierre Leone, 290
Freising, 421
French Africa, 324
French Algieria, 308
French Antilles, 256
French Central Bank, spread of gold from, 309–310
French-held gold repatriation, 317
French National Bank
Belgian gold at, 230, 232, 272
evidence on stolen gold and, 378
gold shipment to U.S. and, 270
headquarters of, in Clermont-Ferrand, 310–311
Lorient vault of, 273
Polish gold at, 140
shipment of French gold by, 242, 275–276
French South-Atlantic Company, 250
Frères, Lazard, 5
Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft (Friends Economic Circle), 93
Frick, Wilhelm, 99
Fritsch, Werner von, 87, 89
release from duty, 90
replacement of, 119
Fritz Thyssen (steel magnate), 61–62
Frommknecht, 357, 399, 406
Fugone, 267
Fuller, J. F. C., 205
Fummi, Giovanni, 265
Funk, Walther
on Allied discovery of Merkers gold, 399–400
concentration camp valuables and, 357
at Economi
cs Ministry, 74–75, 122, 126
efforts to move gold our of Berlin, 419
Lammers, Schwedler, and, 420, 422–423
memo to Hitler, 133
on need for gold, 376
as president of Reichsbank, ix, 126, 356–357, 370, 376, 380, 394–395, 400, 401, 410
Puhl and, 418
G
Gaissau Hintersee, gold at, 417
Galatea, 185, 186, 193
Gamelin, Maurice, 243–244, 245
Gao, 316
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 421
Gazeta Polska, 140
Gegirgsjägerschule (Mountain Infantry School), 421, 422, 423–424
gold transfers between Munich and, 423–425, 427
General Electric, 78
Geneva Protocol, 322–323
George VI, King of England, 193, 218, 222, 295
visit to Canada, 290
visit to U.S., 288
German Bundesbank, 123
navy of, 131
German Democratic Party, founding of, 31
German East Africa, 88
German First Panzer Group, 330
Germany
acceptance of non-intervention accord, 13
air force of, 131
alliance with Soviet Union, 156
anger in after defeat in World War I, 24
anti-Semitism in, 27, 121
arms buildup in, 130
army divisions in, 131
aryanization of economy, 385
balance-of-payment problems of, 87
declaration of war against by Britain and France, 135
dropping of gold standard, 83
economic and ethic ties to Switzerland, 376–379
employment in, 122
explansion of population, 88
facists in, 9
financial reserves of, 387
gold of, 75
gold recovered in 1945, 444
Gross National Product in, 44
inflation in, 26–27, 28–29
iron ore in, 325–326
national consensus of people following World War I, 37
need for money, 110–111
need for raw materials, 39–40, 165, 325, 376
need to be economically self-sufficient, 88
occupation zones of, 429
production of synthetic fuels in, 67
rearmament of, 35, 42–43
Reichsbank holdings in 1938 prior to Nazi aggression, 440
on Rentenmark, 28–29
signing of nonaggression treaty with Soviet Union, 133
Spanish Civil War and, 12–13, 15–16, 90
Stalin’s desire to avoid war with, 131–132
storage of valuable goods in salt mines, 396
trade deficit of, 103
trade policies of, 41–42, 44
turnip winter of 1917 in, 37
unemployment in, 44
use of gold in achieving strategic goals, 40
Germany Is Our Problem (White), 392
Gibraltar, 324
Giral, José, in Spanish Civil War, 10, 11
Girler, William R., 426
Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 119, 209
Glaise-Morstenau, Edmund, 96
Glasgow, 185, 187, 189
Glassford, William, 320
Gleiwitz, attach on radio station in, 134
Goebbels, Josef, ix, 33–34
Allied discovery of Merkers gold and, 400–401
diary of, 34, 413
end of war and, 394
Kristallnacht and, 121
on Morgenthau Plan, 391
as propaganda minister, 75
spending by, 63
takeover of Poland and, 134
wife of, 87
Gokhran, 342, 343
Gold
allure of, as a safe haven, 437
as centerpiece of Nazi economic policy and war strategy, 6
characteristics of, 2
desire for, 1
fluctuation of price of, 437
role of, in the international economy, 435
Gold Discount Bank, establishment of, 29
Gold-earmarking service, 84
Gold for Europe (Schacht), 6, 26
Gold-for-raw-materials business, 378
Goldin, William, 14–15
Gold Is Where You Hide It (Moss), 427
Gold Reserve Act (1934), 58
Gold standard, 438
countries leaving the, 83
efforts to maintain, 436
FDR and, 52
setting of, 3–4
Gold Team, 383, 427, 432, 433
Gomel, battle of, 349
Gontier, René, 270–271, 275, 308
Gopkins, Garry, 347
Göring, Hermann, x, 370, 371, 414
ambitions of, 62
armaments program of, 119
attack on Holland and, 223
battle against Britain and, 322
belief in bullion, 6
control of Devisenschutzkommando (Foreign Exchange Protection Commando) by, 69–70
of Czechs as pygmy race, 108
Devisenshutzkommandos of, 419, 420
at dinner party with Schacht, Hjalmar, 31–32
drug addiction of, 61
early life of, 60–62
estate of, 62
Four Year Plan of, 38, 64–65, 66, 67, 68–69, 70, 87, 224, 317, 371, 396
as Fuel Commissar, 63
handling of foreign currency issues and, 63
as head of Sturmabteilung, 61
Himmler, Heinrich and, 62
as Inspector-General of the Petroleum Industry, 63
interests of, 62
on Keppler, 93
Luftwaffe and, 87
on making financial sacrifices, 34–35
marriage of, 61
meeting of Kleine Ministerrat, 65
at Munich putsch, 61
Nazi party and, 61–62
need for money, 111
obesity of, 62
occupation of Denmark and, 175
politics and, 61
power and, 60–76, 368
as Reichstag president, 62
Russian campaign and, 349
as “salon Nazi,” 61
Schacht and, 60, 62, 70, 71–72, 73, 87
slip of influence, 365
special economic assignments of, 63
takeover of Austria and, 96
takeover of office of Economics Ministry, 74
Gosbank, 153
Göthe, Johann Wolfgang von, 421
Götterdämmerung, 153, 429–433
Gourrock, 193
Gowen, William, 416
Graupner, Kurt, 384
Great Depression, 56
Great Terror, 11
Greece
citizens holding gold in, 328–329
demands for restitution, 430
gold reserves of, 328
Italian invasion of, 324–325, 327
stolen gold of, 440
Greek Credit Bank, 385
Greeley, Horace, 25
Green Folder, 349
Greenslade, John, 256
Grieg, Edvard, 184
Grieg, Nordahl, 184, 185, 187, 190–192
Gromyko, Andrei, 349
Gropius, Walter, 394
Groβraumwirtschaft, 38
Guanahani, 2
Gudbrands Valley, 185
Guderian, Heinz, 205, 206, 242, 243, 349
Gudrun, 190
Guernica, attack on, 8
Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, 34
Gutehoffnungshütte, start of dummy company and, 42
Gutt, Camille, x, 229, 230, 232, 237–238
H
The Hague, 210, 211, 214, 216–217
Hague Conventions Governing War, Article 52 of, 311
Hague Protocol (1930), 115
Håkon VII, 175, 180, 188
Halder, Franz, 109, 205, 242, 349
Halifax, Lord, 95, 245, 265, 294
; Halifax, movement of gold to, 254, 270, 287, 299
Halle
gold in, 409
Reichsbank offices in, 399
Hamar, 180
Hambro, Carl J., 179–180
Handelsgtrust West, 385
Handels- und Kreditbank (Riga), 385
Handlowy Bank, 138
Hansestadt Danzig, 178
Hapsburg Empire, 369
Hardi, 279
Harmon, Clyde, discovery of German gold and paintings and, xiv, 400
Harriman, Averill, 348, 381
Harrison, George L., x, 160, 167, 168, 264
fixing of gold prices and, 57
Norman, Montagu, and, 55
Hart, B. H. Liddell, 205
Haslund, Fredrik, x, 183–184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189–191, 194, 195, 196
Hassell, Ulrich von, 120, 127
Hastings, battle of, 322
Heath, Donald, 74
Hechler, Paul, 85, 370, 380
Heimdal, 190
Heinlein, Konrad, 106
Helsinki, suing for peace, 157
Hemingway, Ernest, 13
Hemmen, Hans Richard, 311–312, 313, 315, 317
Hendaye, 324
shipment of gold to Bank of Spain from, 383
Henderson, Sir Nevile, 107
Henschel, 396
Heraklion, 328
Hercegnovi, 332
Hermitage Museum, 341
Herresgruppenkommando 3, 112
Hess, Rudolf, 106
Heydrich, Reinhard, 68
Hill, J. A. C., 219, 220
Himer, Kurt, conquest of Denmark and, 178–179
Himmler, Heinrich, 414
concentration camp valuables and, 357
Dresdner Bank, 385, 395
gold of, 410
Göring and, 62
as head of Schutzstaffel Nazi protection squadron, 134
proposal for National Redoubt, 419
Ustaša and, 415
Himpe, Rudolf, 410
Hindenburg, Paul von, 33, 34, 35
Hitler, Adolph, x
aggressive foreign policy of, 81
as author of Mein Kampf, 5–6, 31, 63, 91, 334, 379
as author of Second Book, 39
backing of, by I.G. Farben, 38
cases of, 88
celebration of 56th birthday, 414
Chamberlain’s desire to get along with, 94–95
consolidation of power by, 63–64
contempt for economic advisors, 46
crossing of border into Austria, 98
at dinner party with Schacht and Göring, 31–32
dislike of flying, 323
evil of, 433
expansionist view of Germany of, 37–38
growth of Nazi party and, 61–62
hatred of communism, 334
Hossbach Memorandum of, 88
on importance of gold in war plans, 44–45, 64
on importance of strong economy, 46
invasion of Soviet Union, 38–39
issuance of Directive No. 1, 134
lack of economic knowledge, 5–6, 39, 65, 118–119
lack of respect for neutrality, 376–377
meetings held by, 89, 90–91
meeting with military leaders, 87, 130
Morganthau’s concerns over, 159–161