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Photo Credits
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS: Mob on Calcutta street, August 1946.
Margaret Bourke-White/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images: Corpses on Calcutta street, August 1946; corpses on cart; refugees fleeing Calcutta; Sikh with sword; Jinnah, smoking pipe; Gandhi at prayer meeting; Nehru, leaning against bookcase; Sikh convoy on road; Punjab canal with bodies; Wāli of Swat with fighters.
AP Photo/Max Desfor: Nehru beside car with broken windshield.
Dinodia/The Image Works: Gandhi, seated in boat, Noakhali district.
AP Photo/MD: Rubble of Lahore’s Old City.
Keystone/Getty Images: Non-Muslim police officers attacked by League demonstrators; Delhi riot soldier in helmet.
Dinodia Photos/Getty Images: Sardar Patel, seated.
© Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos: Dickie Mountbatten, in uniform.
AP Photo: Derailed train.
© Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos: Seated Muslim refugees, Lahore.
Jack Birns/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images: Rifles in Hyderabad.
Index
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Page numbers in italics refer to maps.
A
Abbottabad, 186, 190, 197
Abdullah, Sheikh Mohammed: India’s fight over Kashmir and, 191–92, 201, Kashmir emergency administration and, 192, 207, 215–17, 227, 239, Kashmir partition and, 211, National Conference and, 118, 180, 191, 204, Nehru and, 118–19, 179–81, 184, 191, 204, 256, Partition and, 118–19
Abell, George, 66
Afghanistan, xx, 36–37, 184, 211, 236, 258–59
Aga Khan, 37, 42
Ahmed, Ishtiaq, 109, 144
Aiyar, C. P. Ramaswami, 115–17
Akali Dal: politics and, 73, 77, 83–84, 98, sectarian violence and, 84, 98, 108, 120, 126, 135, 139, 154, 156, 159, 166–68, 170, 176
Ali, Chaudhry Rahmat, 36–37
Allahabad, 1, 4, 31
Alwar, 149
Amritsar: Partition and, 130–32, refugees and, 165, 168, sectarian violence and, 78, 81–82, 84, 108, 120, 124, 126, 131, 134–35, 136
Anwar, Khurshid, 63, 85, 95, 180, 182, 184–85, 187, 196, 199–200, 207, 214
Asian Relations Conference, 89–90
Assam, 41, 47–48, 68–69, 79–80, 111
Attlee, Clement: British aid request and, 171, British compromise and, 65–66, 68, end of the Raj and, 75–76, 85–86, 90, Hyderabad and, 172, on Indo-Pakistani tensions, 222, Nehru and, 5–6, Partition and, 116, Punjab and, 174, 189
Auchinleck, Claude “the Auk,” 124–26, 134, 136, 150–51, 171, 194–95, 214
Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam, 156
B
Bahawalnagar, 142–43
Bahawalpur, 121, 127, 140–42
Baluchistan, 36–37, 45, 47–48, 68, 80, 245
Bangladesh, xx, 257
Bannu, 186
Baramulla, 199, 201–5, 207
Barbariawad, 170–71, 173, 206
Bengal: British compromise and, 47–48, elections and, 35, 47, official languages and, 236–37, Pakistan demand and, ix, 37, 47–48, Partition and, 92, 96–97, 111, 130, 236–37, Quit India and, 40, sectarian violence in, 51–60, 62, 64, 69–70, 257. See also Calcutta
Bharatpur, 149
Bhutto, Shah Nawaz, 162–63, 206
Bihar, 40, 59–64, 66–67, 82, 134–35, 157
Birla, G. D., 223, 226
Birnie, Col. E. St. J., 213
BOAC, 153–54
Bombay, xx, 107, 134, 148
Boundary Commission, 107, 122–23, 129–31, 137, 180–81, 211, 276, n.16
Boundary Force. See Punjab Boundary Force
Bourke-White, Margaret, 19, 49, 165–66, 168, 213, 228
Brendon, Patrick, 101–2
Bristow, R. C. B., 137–38
British Commonwealth, 87, 93, 95–96, 161. See also Great Britain
British Empire. See Great Britain
Bucher, Roy: Bihar riots and, 61, Great Calcutta Killing and, 15–18, Indo-Pakistani tensions and, 220, Jinnah and, 235–36, 242, 268, n.43; Kashmir and, 205, 211, Noakhali riots and, 53, 55
Buddhism, 130, 179–80, 211
Burrows, Frederick, 16, 18
C
Calcutta: Direct Action Day and, 12–14, 19–20, 49, economy of, 92, independence day and, 134, Partition announcement and, 107, sectarian violence and, 16–20, 95, 147–48, 168, n.43; 168, nn.58–59. See also Bengal
Calcutta-Lahore Mail, 136–37
Campbell-Johnson, Alan, 90, 105, 116–17, 125
Cariappa, K. M. “Kipper,” 95, 232
Caroe, Olaf, 51–52, 74, 183
Carter, Archibald, 175
Chandpur, 53–54
Chaudhuri, Nirad C., 27, 251
Chittagong, 130
Churchill, Winston: Cotton and, 233, Frontier tribesmen and, 38, 184, Hindus and, 67, India’s role in Tory politics and, 67, 69, Iron Curtain and, 47, Jinnah and, 68–70, 93, 95, 104, Mountbatten and, 86, Pakistan and, 67, 70, 93, 95, Quit India resolution and, 38–40, sectarian violence and, 67, 148
civil disobedience, 3, 12, 26–27, 31, 36, 71–73, 85, 95. See also satyagraha
Cold War, xvii, 258. See also Soviets (USSR or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Communism, 8, 234, 241, 258
Congress.
See Indian National Congress
Conservative Party, 38, 67–70, 95, 98–99, 104, 115
Cotton, Sidney, 232–35, 237, 243–44, 247–48, 251–52
Cranston, William, 192
Cunningham, George, 183, 185–88, 194–97, 219, 232, 236
D
Dalmia, Seth, 117
Das, Durga, 172
Delhi: camps for refugees in, 155, 158–59, 169, Hindus and, 110–11, 223, 225, 226, Muslims and, 41, 149–50, 153–57, 223, Pakistan Special from, xvi, 123, 126, Partition and, 67, 83, police actions and, 154–56, refugees and, 110, 148–49, 155–56, 158–59, 169, 174, 223, 225–26, RSSS and, 153–54, 223, sectarian violence and, 149–51, 153–57, 159–60, Sikhs and, 153–57, 223, 225–26
Dir, 230–31
Direct Action Day, 12–14, 19–20, 49
Dogras, 144, 179, 181, 183, 195, 209
Douglas, Lewis W., 103
Duke, C. B., 186, 197, 231–32, 239
Dwarkadas, Kanji, 29
E
East Bengal, x–xi, 147, 237, as East Pakistan, 257. See also specific cities and states
East Punjab: government of, 140, Indian Army in, 165, 201, 221, 232, Muslims and, 121, 164–65, 174, 231, Partition and, 121, 130, 135, population statistics and, 148, refugees and, 141, 164–67, 174, sectarian violence, 139–45, 163, 231, Sikhs and, 121, 124, 166–67
Edwardes, Michael, 120
El-Edroos, Syed Ahmed “Peter,” 172, 234–35, 237, 243, 247, 251
F
Faridkot, 83–84, 126–27, 139
Faridkot, Harinder Singh of, 98–99, 120, 126, 139–40, 167
Ferozepore, 130–31, 136–37
G
Gandhi, Mohandas K.: ashrams of, 4, 26, 57, assassination and, 226–29, Bihar riots and, 63, British compromise and, 70, celibacy vow and, 57, 70, civil disobedience and, 3, 12, 26–27, 31, 36, 39, Congress and, 28, Delhi and, 223–29, fasts and, 148, 224–26, on feminine virtue, 57, Hindu-Muslim amity and, 133–34, 147, 156, homes of, 4, 26, 57, 161, independence day and, 134, jail and, 40, 42, Jinnah and, 230, Kashmir and, 119, 180, 230, Khilafat movement and, 27–28, nationalism and, 2–4, 28, Nehru and, 2–4, 31, 70, 169, 224–25, 229–30, Noakhali and, 56–57, 69–70, Patel and, 66, 169, 224–25, 228, political rise of, 26–27, on politics and religion, 27–28, Quit India and, 40, refugees and, 109–11, 159, Roosevelt and, 39, self-rule/independent India and, 8, 21, 31, World War II and, 36