The Black Calhouns
Page 36
marriage to Jones, 160–161, 170, 172, 173–174
Negro identity of, 177–178, 180–181, 220
nightclub career of, 169–174, 175–177, 179, 197–200, 221–222, 229–231
parenting by, 181–182, 312–313
political views of, 5, 173, 219–229, 240–243, 245–246, 259
radio shows, 173, 194
stage career of, 247–249, 305–310
World War II war effort and, 187–189, 191–192, 214
Horne, Lottie, 79, 114, 262
Horne, Marilyn, 307
Horne, Mercedes, 235, 243, 244, 285
Hotel Raphael (Paris), 240
House, “Colonel” Edward, 75–76
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 221, 225–226, 228–229, 233–236, 240–244, 257, 287. See also Communism
Houston Street School (Gate City
Colored Public School), 53–54, 96, 201–202
Howard, Oliver Otis, 15, 17–18
Howard University, 18, 61
Howe, Julia Ward, 30, 50, 104
Howell, Clark, 96
How to Be Awake and Alive (Newman, Berkowitz), 304
Hughes, Langston, 37, 117, 133, 150, 156, 235
Hunt, Marsha, 221
Hunter-Gault, Charlayne, 268
Husing, Peggy, 191
Husing, Ted, 191
I Dood It (film), 184
“I’m Just Wild About Harry” (Sissle, Blake), 119, 120
Immigration Act of 1924, 130
In Dahomey (play), 72
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees and Motion Picture Machine Operators (IATSE), 240–241
International Council of Women of
the Darker Races, 82, 129
Irish immigrants, in New York City, 65–66, 83
Irvin, Sam, 184, 197
Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 298
Jackson, Maynard, 318–319
Jamaica (play), 247–249
jazz, “Black Peril” edict and rise of, 72–75
Jeffries, Jim, 70
Jervis, Father Paul, 127
Jim Crow laws
advent of, 46–47
in Atlanta (early twentieth century), 92–95
enactment of, in 1880s, 51
NAACP and, 108, 167–168
streetcar boycott in Atlanta, 90
Wilson and, 78
Johnson, Andrew, 15, 20, 31
Johnson, Henry, 86
Johnson, Howard “Stretch,” 259–260
Johnson, Jack, 108–109
Johnson, James Weldon, 73–74, 88, 111–112, 117, 123, 156, 183
Johnson, J. Rosamond, 112
Johnson, Lyndon, 265, 289–290, 300
Johnston, Llewellyn, 144
Jones, Edwin Fletcher “Little Teddy”
childhood of, 162, 170, 172, 173–174, 230, 249, 250
death of, 302–303
health of, 251
Jones, Louis Jordan
Horne’s marriage to, 160–161, 164, 170, 172, 173–174, 250
political views of, 251
Josephson, Barney, 172–174, 219
Jubilee Singers (Fisk University), 38–39
“Jump Jim Crow” (song), 47
Junior Follies, 152, 154
Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse (Cumming), 13–14
Kee, Salaria, 162
Kefauver, Estes, 265
Kelly, Elinor (daughter of Kathryn
Brown and Neal Kelly), 210
Kelly, Gene, 194–197, 234
Kelly, Neal, 209, 210
Kennedy, John F.
assassination of, 289
characterization of, 7
Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and, 295
early civil rights movement and, 269, 271, 279, 281–282, 283, 288
as senator, 6, 245, 251
Kennedy, Robert, 281–282, 293
Key, James L., 110
Kieran, James, 149
Kilgallen, Dorothy, 239
King, Alan, 303–304
King, Coretta Scott, 293
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 267, 291, 298
Knight, Hilary, 245
Knights of Mary Phagan, 107
KRIGWA Little Theatre Movement, 134
Ku Klux Klan (KKK). See also lynching
“Black Codes” and, 9
Detroit presence of, 212
Evers assassination by, 283
Garvey and, 139–140
Reconstruction and, 26–27, 29, 37
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church
(Birmingham, Alabama) bombing (1963) by, 283–284
Tennessee as birthplace of, 46
labor movement, African American distrust of, 149, 157. See also individual names of labor unions
Lady and Her Music, The (play), 305–310
La Guardia, Fiorello, 150
Lane, Irene, 232
Latimer, Lewis, 42
Laurents, Arthur, 176, 197, 246
Law, Oliver, 162
League of Struggle for Negro Rights, 150
Lena Horne at the Waldorf Astoria (Horne), 246
Letters Found Near a Suicide (Horne), 133, 285
Lewis, Bobby, 247
Lewis, John L., 158, 271, 298, 300
Liberal Study Group, 273
Life, 175–176, 270, 282
“Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing” (Johnson, Johnson), 112
Lincoln, Abraham, 14, 15
Lipton, James, 288
Little Troc, 174, 178–179
Liuzzo, Viola, 299
London Times, 45
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 31
Look, 299
Louis, Joe, 163, 170, 186–187
Louis Shurr (agency), 174
“Love” (Martin, Blane), 190
Lowenstein, Allard K., 274
Luau (Beverly Hills), 276
Luce, Henry, 278
Lumet, Amy, 239, 289, 303, 305
Lumet, Jenny, 289, 303, 305
Lumet, Sidney, 288–289, 303, 304–305
lynching
in 1990s, 321
antilynching bill efforts, 158, 264
of Franks, 105–108
“Moore’s Ford lynching,” 255–256
NAACP on, 71
race riot (September 24, 1906) and, 96
statistics, 51, 60, 71, 109, 139, 150, 294
statistics, first year without recorded
lynching (1952), 263
statistics, of all racially motivated
murders (1882-1968), 300
Thirty Years of Lynching in the United
States (NAACP), 88, 116
of Turner, 116
Twain on, 2
Wells-Barnett on, 109
Maceo (hotel), 64
MacVicar (hospital), 94
Madden, Owney, 155–156
Maddox, Lester, 294
Mahan, Asa, 18–19
Malcolm, Dorothy Dorsey, 255–256
Malcolm, Roger, 255–256
Mallard, Robert, 258
Man Called White, A (White), 98–100
March on Washington, 283, 296
Marshall, Burke, 281
Marshall, George C., 80
Marshall, Thurgood, 256
Marshall Hotel, 64, 73, 74
Martin, Hugh, 190
“Massacre at East St. Louis” (The
Crisis), 84
Matthews, Victoria, 68
Maxim, Hiram, 42
Mayer, Louis B., 175, 183, 191, 193, 221
McCoy, Elijah, 41–42
McDaniel, Hattie, 183
McNair, Carol Denise, 283
“Meet Dr. Homer Nash” (newspaper
article), 316–317
Melnick, Al, 174
Memphis Students, 73–74
Meredith, James, 281
Merrick, David, 247
MGM, Horne’s film career and, 174–175, 178–180, 181–185, 189–197, 231, 232
Miller, Dorie, 187
Mills, Florence, 120–12
2, 146
Minnelli, Vincente, 174, 184
minstrelsy, 38–39
missionary schools, 4–5, 17–19, 20–23, 218
Mississippi
Jackson and civil rights movement, 282–283
lynchings (1955) in, 265
Mississippi Summer voter registration project, 298
University of Mississippi and civil
rights movement, 281
Miss Lulu Bett (play), 131
Mitchell v. United States, 178
Moonlight Gardens (Cincinnati), 160
Moore, Charles Eddie, 298
Moore, Oneal, 299
Moore, William, 295
“Moore’s Ford lynching,” 255–256
“More Than You Know” (song), 174–175
Morford, Aileen, 233
Morford, Linda, 233
Morford, Reverend Richard “Dick,”
233–234
Morford, Susan, 233, 244
Morgan, Charles, 284
Morrisroe, Richard, 299–300
Morton, Oliver, 33
Moss, Carlton, 196
Motion Picture (film), 190
Motley, Constance Baker, 256
Moyers, Bill, 289–290
“My Day” (Roosevelt), 196
NAACP. See also Crisis (NAACP); White, Walter
on Atlanta public education, 109–111
Bates and, 192
on Birth of a Nation (film), 77–78
Boy Scouts and, 163
desegregation and, 256, 262–268
Detroit riot (1943) and, 213
Du Bois and, 108, 228–229 (See also
Crisis (NAACP))
Evers and, 282–283
Fight for Freedom, 263
founding of, 70–71
Garvey and, 139–140
Horne’s film career and, 175, 182–183
Johnson and, 73–74, 88, 111–112, 117, 123, 156, 183
Legal Defense Fund, 256
on lynching, 150
Pickens and, 189
Silent Protest march (July 28, 1917), 84
Spingarn Medal (1983), 310
Thirty Years of Lynching in the United
States, 88, 116
Washington and, 59
Wilkins and, 294, 297
Nail, John “Jack,” 117
Nash, Alison, 208, 319
Nash, Catherine Grave
career of, 140–141
childhood of, 137–138, 204
education and career of, 206, 252–254
marriage to Frye, 319–320
marriage to Harris, 252–254
Nash, Dorothy, 204, 208
Nash, Harriet, 204, 207, 209–210, 292, 309–310, 317
Nash, Helen, 204, 206–207, 208, 261
marriage of, 296–297
Nash, Homer, Jr., 204, 208, 261
Nash, Homer, Sr.
children of, 137–138, 204, 206–209
death of, 316, 319
legacy of, 214–215, 314–321
marriage of, 114–116
Nash, Marie (Nash, Sr.’s daughter), 137–138, 206
Nash, Marie Antoinette Graves (Homer Nash, Sr.’s wife)
Atlanta lifestyle of, 138–139
childhood of, 54, 89, 204
education of, 96, 103
marriage of, 114–116, 316, 317–318
photo of, 104–105
Nash, Sherry, 318
Nation, 49
National Afro-American League, 66
National Association of Colored
Women, 68, 129
National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing (NCDH), 234, 284–285
National Convention of Congregational Workers, 93
National Negro Baseball League, 128
National Negro Editorial Association, 58
National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students (NSSFNS), 269–275, 277
National States Rights Party, 299
Nazis
Du Bois on, 156
influence of Jim Crow on, 167–168
NBC, 173, 283, 293
Negro Problem, The (Du Bois), 91
“Negro Speaks of Rivers, The”
(Hughes), 117
New Deal
African American distrust of, 149, 167
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 150
HUAC and, 234
NAACP and, 158
Newman, Mildred, 304
New National Era (Washington), 30
New York Age, 66
New York American, 120
New York Amsterdam News, 217
New York City. See also Harlem Renaissance; individual names of nightclubs
“Black Bohemia,” 64
New York Draft Riots (1896), 64–66, 83
San Juan Hill section, 64, 119
Silent Protest march (July 28, 1917), 84
“Tenderloin,” 64–65
New York Times
on Arthur presidency, 49
civil rights coverage by, 270
on New York race riots (1896), 64–65
reviews of Horne by, 178–179
on United Colored Democracy
(“Black Tammany”), 67–68
Nhu, Madame, 279
Nimmons, William, 12
Ninety-Ninth Pursuit Squadron, 214
Noble, Jeanne, 282
Norwich Free Academy, 20, 21
Now (film), 314, 315
“Now” (Comden, Green), 286–288, 289–290, 314–315
“Nutt Family as Written by Nutt No. 5, The” (Brown), 204–209
Oakwood Friends School (Poughkeepsie, New York), 237–238
Obama, Barack Hussein, 5–6, 282, 321
Oberlin College, 18–19
O’Donnell, Kenneth, 290
O’Neill, Eugene, 130–132
Opportunity (Urban League), 132–134, 159
Ordinance of Secession (Georgia), 2, 10
organized crime
Chicago race riot (1951) and, 263
Horne, Jr. and, 147, 155, 160–161
IATSE and, 240–241
nightclub ownership and, 132, 169, 191, 221–222, 229
Original Georgia Minstrels, 39
Original Story (Laurents), 176
Osborne, Robert, 308
Othello (Shakespeare), 195–196
Packard Motor Car Company, 213
Palace (New York City), 118, 121
Pan-African Congress, 140
Panama Hattie (film), 184
“Paper Doll” (song), 190
Parker, Henry C., 117
Parker, John J., 264
Parks, Larry, 221
Paul Robeson (Duberman), 222
Pearl High School, 58
Peery, Nelson, 188
Penn, Lemuel, 298
Penn, William F., 110, 111
People’s Drug Store (Chattanooga. Tennessee), 57
People’s Voice, 223–226
Perkins, Frances, 81
Perry, Pettis, 242
Pershing, John J., 78, 79–80
Phagan, Mary, 105–108
Philadelphia Exposition (1876), 34
Phillips, Wendell, 20
Phillips and Crew, 102
Pickens, Harriet, 189
Pickens, William, 189
Pitts, Helen, 44
Pittsburgh Courier, 154, 161, 217
Plessy v. Ferguson, 5, 60, 63
Poage, George C., 69
Poetry of the Negro, The (Hughes, Bontemps), 235
Popkin brothers, 164
Porter, Cole, 180
Primeau, Ronald, 134
Princeton University, 82
Proctor, Reverend H. H.
biographical information, 93
“Circles of Ten,” 95–96
Colored Co-operative Civic League, 102
Cora Horne’s funeral, 153
Graves’ family and, 105, 115
race riot (Atlanta, 1906) and, 101–102
Washington and, 92
>
Progressive Party, 228, 259
Prohibition
Harlem and, 131–132, 155
speakeasies, 129
Temperance and, 36
Pullman Company, 178
Punch, John, 6
Quakers (Society of Friends), 237–238
Quinn, Father Bernard J., 127, 311
Quintessential Priest: The Life of Bernard J.
Quinn (Jervis), 127
race riots
Atlanta (September 24, 1906), 96–102
Chicago (July 12, 1951), 262–263
Detroit (June 1943), 212–213
East St. Louis, Illinois (June 2, 1917), 83–84
New York City Draft Riots (1896), 64–66, 83
Watts, Los Angeles, 299
Raleigh News and Observer, 62
Randolph, A. Philip, 158
Razaf, Andy, 122
Reconstruction, 8–24, 25–40, 41–62. See also Atlanta (Georgia)
African Americans in Republican Party during, 42–46, 58–59
Arthur presidency and, 49–50
in Birmingham, Alabama, 55–57, 58
in Chattanooga, Tennessee, 57
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 31–32
education during, 27–29, 37–39
education of African Americans during, 48–49, 51–54
end of, 33–37, 60–62
Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company (Freedman’s Bank), 29–31
Garfield presidency and, 42–44, 49–51
Jim Crow laws and, 46–47
KKK and, 26–27, 29, 37 (See also Ku Klux Klan (KKK))
land ownership and, 26
legacy of, 291
Northern states and Gilded Age, 41–42
Plessy v. Ferguson and, 60
political representation and, 25–26, 35, 37
Reconstruction Amendments to
Constitution, 1, 8–9, 15–16, 32–33, 37, 51, 321
spirituals and minstrelsy, 38–39
voting rights and, 25–26, 37
Reeb, James, 299
Republican Party
African Americans in (late nineteenth century), 42–46, 54, 58–59
Coolidge and, 129–130
modern-day, 321
1936 platform of, 161–162
platform (1944), 217
platform (1948), 258
during Reconstruction, 33–34, 35–37
Republican National Convention
(1880), 42–43
“stalwarts,” 42, 49
Reynolds, Karen Harris, 320
Reynolds, Silas, 12
Reynolds, Stanley, 318
Rice, Thomas “Daddy,” 47
Ricks, Cynthia, 206
Ricks, Patricia, 206
Ricks, Walter, III, 206
Ricks, Walter, Jr., 206
Rivers, Helena, 309
Roberts, Needham, 86
Robertson, Carole, 283
Robeson, Paul
in Chillun Got Wings, 131
Cora Calhoun Horne as mentor of, 82, 124, 174
early life of, 82–83
family of, 86
HUAC and, 220, 222, 235–236, 242, 243
as Lena Horne’s mentor, 174, 177–178
in Othello, 169–170, 195–196
political views of, 156, 228