26. Ritzer and Jurgenson, 2010, 14.
27. See Smythe, 1981/2006.
28. See Fuchs, 2011.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 43.
31. Ibid.
32. A list of Google’s global assets and subsidiaries can be found in its SEC filings: www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/dex2101.htm.
33. See recent news coverage discussing U.S. Department of Labor data and the significant decline of Blacks, Latinos, and women in the Silicon Valley technology industries: Swift, 2010.
34. See Meyer, 2016.
35. See Glusac, 2016.
36. See Eddie and Prigg, 2015.
37. See Mosher, 2016.
38. See Fuchs, 2011.
39. See Noble and Roberts, 2015.
40. See Department of Labor, Office of the Secretary, “Notice of Final Determination Revising the List of Products Requiring Federal Contractor Certification as to Forced or Indentured Child Labor Pursuant to Executive Order 13126,” which prohibits coltan that has been produced by child labor from entering the United States.
41. Kristi Esseck covered this issue in her article “Guns, Money and Cell Phones” (2011). The United Nations also issued a report, submitted by Secretary General Kofi Annan, about the status of companies involved in coltan trafficking and the impact of investigations by the UN into the conflicts arising from such practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The report can be accessed at www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/2003/1027 (accessed July 3, 2012).
42. Coltan mining is significantly understudied by Western scholars but has been documented in many nongovernmental organizations’ reports about the near-slavery economy in the Congo that is the result of Western dependence on “conflict minerals” such as coltan that have been the basis of ongoing wars and smuggling regimes that have extended as far as Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi. See reviews in the New York Times as well as a detailed overview of the conditions in the Congo due to mining by Anup Shah, at www.globalissues.org, which asserts that an elite network of multinational companies, politicians, and military leaders have essentially kept the issues from the view of the public. See Hardenaug, 2001; Shah, 2010.
43. While less formal scholarship has been dedicated to this issue, considerable media attention in 2011 and 2012 has been focused on the labor conditions in parts of China where Apple manufactures its products. While some of the details of the journalistic reporting have been prone to factual error in location and dates, there is considerable evidence that labor conditions by Apple’s supplier Foxconn are precarious and rife with human-rights abuses. See Duhigg and Barboza, 2012.
44. See Fields, 2004.
45. Wallace, 1990, 98.
46. See Hobson, 2008.
47. See Harvey, 2005.
48. See Jensen, 2005; Brown, 2003; Burdman, 2008.
49. See Harvey, 2005.
50. The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was adopted by the FCC in 2001 and is designed to address filtering of pornographic content from any computers in federally funded agencies such as schools and libraries. The act is designed to incentivize such organizations with Universal E-Rate discounts for using filters and providing Internet safety policies. See FCC, “Children’s Internet Protection Act,” accessed August 9, 2017, www.fcc.gov/guides/childrens-internet-protection-act.
51. The Child Safe Viewing Act of 2007 is designed to regulate objectionable adult-themed material so that children cannot see it on mobile devices. The FCC is investigating the use of blocking software or devices for use on television and mobile devices through the use of a V-Chip that can allow adults to block content. See FCC, “Protecting Children from Objectionable Content on Wireless Devices,” accessed August 9, 2017, www.fcc.gov/guides/protecting-children-objectionable-content-wireless-devices.
52. The National Urban League reported in 2010 startling statistics about the economic crisis, specific to African Americans: (1) less than half of black and Hispanic families own a home (47.4% and 49.1%, respectively), compared to three-quarters of White families; and (2) Blacks and Hispanics are more than three times as likely as whites to live below the poverty line. See National Urban League, 2010.
53. See McGreal, 2010.
54. See Jensen, 2005; McGreal, 2010.
55. See Neville et al., 2012.
56. See Pawley, 2006.
57. See Tettegah, 2016.
58. See Brown, 2003; Crenshaw, 1991.
59. See Lipsitz, 1998; Brown, 2003; Burdman, 2008.
60. See Tynes and Markoe, 2010.
61. See Brown, 2003.
62. Ibid.
63. See Lipsitz, 1998; Jensen, 2005.
CONCLUSION
1. See Tate, 2003.
2. See Daniels, 2008.
3. This suppression of Kandis’s business, according to her, is not based on her lack of popularity but, rather, on her unwillingness to pay more to Yelp to have her competitors taken off her page.
4. Kandis described an experience of having two of her clients who are not regular reviewers on Yelp post positive reviews about her, only to have them sequestered from her page. She described her conversations with Yelp customer service agents, from which she deduced that these reviews were seen as “fraudulent” or inauthentic reviews that she must have solicited.
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