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INDEX
Figures are indicated by italics.
Adelsohn Liljeroth, Lena, 95, 97
advertising: impact on society, 105–6; before the internet, 173–75; role in search results, 11, 16, 24, 36, 38, 54. See also commercial interests; search engine optimization
advertising companies, 5, 50, 123; bias, 89, 105–6, 116; profit motive, 36, 124; role in search results, 24, 38, 40–41, 56. See also Google Search
affirmative action, 12, 174
African-American community, hair salon, 173–74
African sexuality, 94–95
Airbnb rental discrimination, 163
algorithmic oppression, 1–2, 4, 10, 80, 84, 173
algorithms: big data bias, 29, 31, 36; conceptualizations, 24; democratic practices online debunked, 49; discriminatory effect, 6, 13, 28, 85, 173, 175–76; perception of neutrality, 37, 44, 56, 171; “racist algorithms,” 9; reflection of programmers, 1, 26. See also Google PageRank; Kandis
Ali, Kabir, 80
Alphabet, 34–35; cultural imperialism, 86; expansion into surveillance technologies, 28
Anderson, Benedict, 136
Angwin, Julia, 27
Anonymous (hacker group), 112, 194n4
Anti-Defamation League, 42, 44, 157, 160
“antidiversity” manifesto, 2
Apple: labor condition in China, 164, 199n43; profiling in store, 163
Arreola, Veronica, 155
artificial intelligence, 1–2, 148; financial and housing crisis of 2008 role, 27; future criminality predictions, 27
ArtStor, bias in metadata management, 145–47
Ascher, Diana, 29
Associated Press v. United States, 190n57
Baa
rtman, Sara, 94–96, 100
Bagdikian, Ben, 41
Bar-Ilan, Judit, 47
Barlow, John Perry, 61
Baron, Jill, 134
Battelle, John, 148
Berger, John, 58
Berman, Sanford, 139, 143–44
bias. See advertising companies; algorithms; search engines; Twitter
Bitch, 4, 181
Black, Diane, 135
Black feminism, 29–33, 92–93; antipornography rhetoric and scholarship, 100
black feminist technology studies (BFTS), 171–72
Black Girls (rock band), 69
Black Girls Code, 26, 64–65
‘black girls’ search results, 17–21, 31, 49, 64, 66–68, 103, 160, 192n5; Chicago Urban League, 191n73; first search results, 3–4, 5; improvements, 10, 181–82; pornification, 11, 86
Black Lives Matter, 165
Black Looks (hooks), 92–94
Black Scholar, 11
Blanchette, Jean-François, 125, 128
Brandeis University report, 167
Brin, Sergey, 37, 38, 40–41, 44, 47
Brock, André, 17–21, 91, 151
Brown, Ronald, 104
Cabos-Owen, Julie, 119
Chicago Tribune, 134
Chicago Urban League, 191n73
Chin, Denny, 157
classification schemes, 150; Eurocentrism, 141; misrepresentations of women and people of color, 5, 138; racial classification, 136–37, 149. See also Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
Coalition for Immigration Reform, Equality and DREAMers (CoFired), 135
Cohen, Nicole, 154
commercial influences, 16, 104
commercial interests, 32, 36, 157, 179; gaming the system, 40–41; influence on journalism, 154; transparency, 50, 104
ComputerWorld, 127
comScore Media Metrix consumer panel, 35, 53
ConsumerWatchdog.org, 56
copyright, 50, 120, 129
Crawford, Kate, 26
critical race theory, 6, 61, 136, 138, 143, 150
crowdsourcing, 188n27
Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, 120
Cyber Racism (Daniels), 116
cyberspace, 61–62; #Gamergate comments, 63; mirror of society, 90–91; social identity, 104–5
Algorithms of Oppression Page 24