July 1914: Countdown to War
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17. Sazonov to Grigorevich, 30 June 1914, no. 24 in IBZI, vol. 4. “They considered an offensive against Constantinople inevitable”: Sazonov, 126–127.
Notes to Chapter 3Paris and London: Unwelcome Interruption
1. Messimy, Souvenirs, 125–126.
2. Ahamed, Lords of Finance, 63. “A thousand kisses”: cited in Beatty, 212.
3. Citations in Beatty, 234, 237–238.
4. Quoted in ibid., 235. On Russian bribes: Fay, vol. 1, 270 and 270n79.
5. Keiger, Poincaré, 102. “Possibility of recovering our lost provinces”: cited in Beatty, 232.
6. Izvolsky to Sazonov, 21 May 1914, in LN, 267.
7. Cited in Keiger, Poincaré, 164.
8. Times citations in Neiberg, 29, 31; Fromkin, 140.
9. Cited in Marcus, 93.
10. Cited in Marcus, 192–193.
11. Grey to Goschen, 24 June 1914, reproduced in Grey, vol. 1, 294. “Question of life and death for Germany”: Jarausch, 156.
12. Tuchman, 74.
13. Benckendorff to Sazonov, 30 May/12 June 1914, in AVPRI, fond 138, opis’ 467, del’ 462. Imperial Russia used the Julian calendar, which in 1914 was thirteen days behind the Gregorian one used today. For all Russian documents dated by the Julian calendar, I have given the Gregorian date after a slash, as here.
14. “Probably irreversible”: Jannen Jr., 51. “Master of the complex art”: Marcus, 70.
15. Churchill, The World Crisis, 65.
Notes to Chapter 4Berlin: Sympathy and Impatience
1. Cited in Fay, vol. 2, 39.
2. Cited in Balfour, Kaiser and His Times, 125.
3. Stone, World War One, 11.
4. Bülow, Memoirs, vol. 3, 148–149.
5. Cited in McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 102. “Friend for all time”: Wilhelm II, “Tischrede in Damaskus (8 November 1898),” in Johann, ed., Reden des Kaisers, 81.
6. Cited in Hull, Entourage, 263.
7. Cited in Fay, vol. 2, 207.
8. Tschirschky to Bethmann, 30 June 1914, with Kaiser’s marginalia, no. 7 in DD, vol. 1.
Notes to Chapter 5The Count Hoyos Mission to Berlin
1. Hoyos’s report of conversation with Naumann, no. 3 in Geiss, July 1914.
2. Cited in Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, 206.
3. Citations in Hantsch, 566. See also Albertini vol. 2, 132.
4. Cited in Hantsch, 562.
5. Memorandum of the Austro-Hungarian Government, presented to the German government 5 July 1914, in DD, no. 14, 30.
6. Franz Josef I to Kaiser Wilhelm II, handwritten note presented on 5 July 1914, in DD, no. 13, 19–20.
7. Cited in Hantsch, 573.
8. Erenyi, 247.
9. Szögyény to Berchtold, 5 July 1914, no. 6 in Geiss, July 1914.
10. Ibid.
11. Plessen diary, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 142.
12. Falkenhayn to Moltke, 5 July 1914, no. 7 in Geiss, July 1914.
13. Cited in Jannen Jr., 32. “Surprise attack without preliminary preparation . . . partition of her territory”: cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 143.
14. Cited in Beatty, 227.
15. Szögyény to Berchtold, 6 July 1914, no. 27 in Geiss, vol. 1.
16. Citations in Albertini, vol. 2, 142.
Notes to Chapter 6War Council in Vienna (I)
1. Conrad, vol. 4, 36–37.
2. Potiorek to Biliński, 5 July 1914, HHSA, P.A.I. Liasse Krieg, Karton 811.
3. Citations in Hantsch, 572.
4. Conrad, vol. 4, 42.
5. Ibid.
6. Citation in Hantsch, 575.
7. Tisza’s confession that he was “mistaken” was actually made in private to Berchtold shortly before the ministerial meeting, although he repeated the gist of it to the larger group, too. Cited in Hantsch, 575.
8. Transcript of the 7 July 1914 war council in Vienna, reproduced as no. 39 in Geiss, vol. 1.
Notes to Chapter 7Radio Silence
1. Szögyény to Berchtold, 9 July 1914, no. 58 in Geiss, vol. 1. “Everyone here awaits with impatience . . . not easily repeat itself”: Szögyény to Berchtold, 8 July 1914, no. 46 in Geiss, vol. 1. “Emphasize enough . . . without striking a blow”: Berchtold to Tisza, 8 July 1914, cited in Hantsch, 583.
2. Williamson Jr., Austria-Hungary, 199–200; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 142–143.
3. Conrad, vol. 4, 61.
4. Cited in Hantsch, 583.
5. Tisza memorandum, 8 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 169.
6. Cited in Hantsch, 588. “Concrete demands on Serbia”: Tschirschky to Jagow, 10 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19865.
7. Tschirschky to Jagow, 10 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19865.
8. Giesl to Berchtold, 11 July 1914, no. 10193 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
9. Cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 277.
10. Giesl to Berchtold, 13 July 1914, in HHSA, P.A.I. Liasse Krieg, Karton 810.
11. Cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 175.
12. Wiesner report, 13 July 1914, reproduced in Conrad, vol. 4, 81.
13. Tschirschky to Jagow, 13 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19865.
14. Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, 14 July 1914, no. 91 in Geiss, vol. 1.
15. Tschirschky to Bethmann Hollweg, 14 July 1914, no. 92 in Geiss, vol. 1.
Notes to Chapter 8Enter Sazonov
1. Shebeko to Sazonov, 16 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 185.
2. Tisza to Hungarian Diet, 15 July 1914, cited in Erenyi, 253.
3. Cited in Hantsch, 595.
4. de Bunsen to Sir Arthur Nicolson, 17 July 1914, no. 56 in BD, vol. 11.
5. de Bunsen to Sir Edward Grey, 16 July 1914, no. 50 in BD, vol. 11.
6. de Bunsen to Grey, 18 July 1914, no. 59 in BD, vol. 11, no. 59. “Strong note . . . to be sent in the next week probably not acceptable to Serbia”: Berta de Bunsen diary, 18 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 72.
7. Shebeko memoirs, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 185.
8. Shebeko to Sazonov, 3/16 July 1914, no. 247 in IBZI, vol. 4.
9. Albertini, vol. 2, 185.
10. Entry for 3/16 July 1914, in Schilling, 25–26.
11. Entry for 4/17 July 1914, in Schilling, 26.
12. Entry for 5/18 July 1914, in Schilling, 26–27.
13. Szapáry to Berchtold, 18 July 1914, no. 10365 in Oe-U, vol. 8. For “docile as a lamb”: Russian Foreign Ministry log for 5/18 July 1914, no. 272 in IBZI, vol. 4.
14. Buchanan to Grey, 18 July 1914, no. 60 in BD, vol. 11.
15. Tsar Nicholas II, marginal note on 16 July 1914 Shebeko telegram from Vienna, Peterhof 6/19 July 1914, no. 247 in IBZI, vol. 4.
Notes to Chapter 9War Council in Vienna (II)
1. Fay, vol. 2, 249.
2. All quotations from the meeting of the council on 19 July are from the transcript of 19 July Ministerial Council, chaired by Berchtold, no. 10393 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
3. Conrad, vol. 4, 92.
4. Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, submitted 23 July 1914, reproduced as no. 155 in Geiss, vol. 1.
5. Berchtold to Macchio, 21 July 1914, cited in Fay, vol. 2, 253.
6. Jagow to Tschirschky, 11 July 1914, and Jagow to Tschirschky, 15 July 1914, nos. 31 and 46 in DD, vol. 1.
7. Berchtold circular to diplomats, 20 July 1914, no. 10400 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
Notes to Chapter 10Poincaré Meets the Tsar
1. Citations in Jannen Jr., 66–67; “Murderous heat” and “tropical Africa”: Viviani, As We See It, 90–91.
2. Cited in Turner, 89.
3. Paléologue, vol. 1, 13.
4. Cited in Turner, 89.
5. Poincaré, vol. 2, 165–166. “Brilliance of the uniforms . . . black coat was a drab touch”: Paléologue, vol. 1, 14.
6. Toast of Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, no. 293 in IBZI, vol. 4.
7. Toast of Poincaré, President of France, no. 294 in IBZI, vol. 4. On Viviani’s visible discomfiture during this and other ceremonies in Petersburg, see Poincaré, vol. 2, 165 and passim.
/> Notes to Chapter 11Sazonov’s Threat
1. Poincaré, vol. 2, 168–169.
2. Paléologue, vol. 1, 16–17.
3. Poincaré, vol. 2, 170. “Create some incident that would furnish . . . a pretext for attacking [Serbia]”: Buchanan to Grey, 22 July 1914, no. 76 in BD, vol. 11.
4. Paléologue, vol. 1, 18–19.
5. Szapáry to Berchtold, 21 July 1914, no. 10461 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
6. Paléologue, vol. 1, 19.
7. Citations in Schmidt, 75, 78.
8. Pourtalès to Bethmann by courier, 21 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19867 (emphasis added).
Notes to Chapter 12Champagne Summit
1. Poincaré, vol. 2, 174–176.
2. Paléologue, vol. 1, 21–22. “Interminable lane of troops . . . traditional shout”: Poincaré, vol. 2, 177.
3. Tuchman, 332.
4. Paléologue, vol. 1, 22–23.
5. Barrère (from Rome) to Bienvenu-Martin, 21 July 1914, passed on to Paléologue, 22 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 77. “Plied [him] unceasingly with questions . . .”: Poincaré, vol. 2, 178.
6. Poincaré diary, cited in Schmidt, 81.
7. Paléologue, vol. 1, 23.
8. Ibid., 24–26.
Notes to Chapter 13Anti-Ultimatum and Ultimatum
1. Krupenski to Sazonov, 22 July 1914, no. 329 in IBZI, vol. 4.
2. Sazonov to Shebeko, 4 AM on 23 July 1914, no. 322 in IBZI, vol. 4.
3. Viviani to Dumaine, by way of Bienvenu-Martin, 24 July 1914, in QO Autriche-Hongrie, vol. 32. “Only with reluctance”: Poincaré diary entry dated 23 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 80.
4. Albertini, vol. 2, 589.
5. Dispatch from the chargé d’affaires in Vienna, cited in diary entry for 13/26 July 1914, in Schilling, 38.
6. Jagow to Tschirschky, 22 July 1914, no. 201 in Geiss, vol. 1.
7. Berchtold to Giesl, 23 July 1914, no. 10518 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
8. Conrad, vol. 4, 108. San Giuliano’s quid pro quo: cited in Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 144.
9. Crackanthorpe to Grey, 17 July 1914, no. 53 in BD, vol. 11.
10. Berchtold to Giesl, 23 July 1914, no. 10519 in Oe-U, vol. 8. “Receive him in my place”: cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 285.
11. Giesl to Berchtold, 23 July 1914, no. 10526 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
12. Giesl, as told to Albertini, in Albertini, vol. 2, 285.
13. Tagesaufzeichnung des russischen Aussenministeriums, 23 July 1914, no. 245 in Geiss, vol. 1.
Notes to Chapter 14Sazonov Strikes
1. Albertini, vol. 2, 290; and Sazonov, 152.
2. See diary entry for 11/24 July 1914, in Schilling, 28–29.
3. Szapáry from Petersburg, 24 July 1914, no. 10619 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
4. Dobrorolskii, 17–18.
5. PBM, box 1, chapter 7, 5–7 (emphasis added).
6. Kokovtsov, 346–347 (emphasis added).
7. Dobrorolskii, 17–19.
8. Buchanan to Grey, 24 July 1914, no. 101 in BD, vol. 11.
9. PBM, box 1, chapter 7, pp. 9–10 and passim.
10. Sonderjournal des russischen Ministerrats, 24 July 1914, no. 286 in Geiss, vol. 1.
11. Prince Regent Alexander to Tsar Nicholas II, 24 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 352.
12. Spalaiković to Belgrade, 24 July 1914, cited (with commentary) in Albertini, vol. 2, 353–354.
13. Ibid.
14. Szapáry from Petersburg, 24 July 1914, no. 10620 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
15. Pourtalès letter by courier to Bethmann from Petersburg, 25 July 1914, no. 19 (204) in Pourtalès, 104–105.
16. Pourtalès telegram to Jagow, 25 July 1914 (1:08 AM), no. 283 in Geiss, vol. 1.
17. Entry for 11/24 July 1914, in Schilling, 31.
18. Pourtalès, 19; see also Albertini, vol. 2, 301.
19. Entry for 11/24 July 1914, in Schilling, 32. Conversation as recorded by Paléologue, in vol. 1, 33.
Notes to Chapter 15Russia, France, and Serbia Stand Firm
1. Dobrorolskii telegram, 25 July 1914, cited in Hoeniger, Russlands Vorbereitung zum Weltkrieg, 80.
2. Minutes of the Russian Council of Ministers held on 25 July 1914, cited in Fay, vol. 2, 314 and passim.
3. Cited in Fay, vol. 2, 308 (emphasis added).
4. Cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 305.
5. Chelius to Berlin from Krasnoe Selo, 13/26 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19871 (emphasis added).
6. Buchanan to Grey, 25 July 1914 (8 PM), no. 125 in BD, vol. 11.
7. Paléologue from Petersburg, 25 July 1914, 6:22 PM, in QO Autriche-Hongrie, vol. 32.
8. Dupont to Laguiche, 25 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 330.
9. Poincaré diary entries, 25 July 1914, cited in Schmidt, 81.
10. Crackanthorpe to Grey, 25 July 1914 (12:30 PM), no. 114 in BD, vol. 11.
11. Boppe to Bienvenu-Martin, cited in Albertini vol. 2, 359.
12. Serbian reply to the Austrian “note with a time limit,” 25 July 1914 (6 PM), reproduced (with accompanying Austrian commentary) in Albertini, vol. 2, 364–371 (emphasis added).
13. Griesinger to Jagow, 24 July 1914, nos. 158 and 159 in DD, vol. 1.
14. As told to Albertini, in vol. 2, 363.
15. Giesl from Belgrade, 25 July 1914 (1 PM), no. 10645 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
16. Giesl recollection, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 373.
17. Fay, vol. 2, 349.
18. Conrad, vol. 4, 122.
19. Berchtold to Giesl, 23 July 1914 (11:20 PM), no. 10521 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
20. Berchtold to Giesl, 26 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 379.
21. Chelius to Berlin from Krasnoe Selo, 13/26 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19871.
22. Paléologue, vol. 1, 35 (emphasis added).
23. Grey circular to ambassadors, 24 July 1914 (1:30 PM), no. 91 in BD, vol. 11.
24. Grey to Bertie, 24 July 1914, no. 98 in BD, vol. 11.
25. Grey to Rumbold, 24 July 1914 (7:45 PM), and accompanying “Communication by the German Ambassador,” nos. 99–100 in BD, vol. 11.
26. Rumbold to Grey, 24 July 1914 (3:16 PM), no. 122 in BD, vol. 11.
27. Grey to Buchanan, 25 July 1914, no. 132 in BD, vol. 11.
Notes to Chapter 16Russia Prepares for War
1. Journal of the Committee of the Russian General Staff, night of 12/25 July 1914, no. 79 in IBZI, vol. 5, and note 1.
2. Hoeniger, Russlands Vorbereitung zum Weltkrieg, 19; and Stone, Eastern Front, 41.
3. Fay, vol. 2, 317 and passim.
4. Pourtalès, 22–23.
5. Pourtalès to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (3:15 PM), no. 23 in Pourtalès, 107–108.
6. Szapáry to Berchtold, reporting on a conversation the afternoon of 26 July 1914 (sent off at 2:15 AM on 27 July 1914), no. 397 in Geiss, vol. 2; see also Fay, vol. 2, 398n85, for elucidation of the timing of the interview and dispatch (the original was incorrectly labeled 2:15 PM, 27 July; Geiss, no. 397, has 2:15 PM, 26 July; in fact the dispatch was sent off at 2:15 AM on 27 July).
7. Ibid.
8. Pourtalès to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (10:10 PM), no. 29 in Pourtalès, 113.
9. Sazonov to Shebeko, evening of 26 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 406n1.
10. Paléologue, vol. 1, 36.
11. Pourtalès to Jagow, passing on Eggeling, 26 July 1914 (3:25 PM), no. 22 in Pourtalès, 107.
12. Szapáry to Berchtold, reporting on a conversation the afternoon of 26 July 1914.
13. Nicolson to Grey (“Communication from the German Ambassador”), 26 July 1914, no. 146 in BD, vol. 11 (emphasis added).
14. Lichnowsky to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (8:25 PM), no. 236 in DD, vol. 1.
15. Lichnowsky to Grey (postscript to note), 26 July 1914, no. 145 in BD, vol. 11.
16. Szögyény to Berchtold, 25 July 1914 (2:15 PM), no. 10656 in Oe-U, vol. 8.
17. Conrad, vol. 4, 131–132; gist of conversation also in Tschirschky to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (4:50 PM), no. 213 in DD, vol. 1.
18. Ibid.
19. Tsch
irschky to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (4:50 PM), no. 213 in DD, vol. 1.
20. Sazonov to Shebeko, evening of 26 July 1914.
21. Shebeko to Sazonov, 26 July 1914, no. 451 in Geiss, vol. 2.
22. Paléologue from Petersburg, passing on Laguiche, 26 July 1914, 1:55 PM (received Paris 4 PM) in QO Autriche-Hongrie, vol. 32.
23. Pourtalès from Petersburg, 9:30 PM, 26 July 1914, in PAAA, R 19871.
24. Eggeling to Berlin, 26 July 1914, cited in Turner, 101.
Notes to Chapter 17The Kaiser Returns
1. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 25 July 1914 (10:45 PM), no. 191 in DD, vol. 1.
2. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 26 July 1914 (1 PM), no. 197 in DD, vol. 1.
3. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 26 July 1914 (8 PM), no. 221 in DD, vol. 1.
4. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s marginal notes on Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, no. 221 in DD.
5. Ibid.
6. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 27 July 1914 (11:20 AM), no. 245 in DD, vol. 1.
7. Bülow, Memoirs, vol. 3, 161 (emphasis added).
8. Kaiser’s marginal note on Baron von Schoen to Jagow, 24 July 1914 (8:05 PM), no. 154 in DD, vol. 1.
9. Schoen to Jagow, 26 July 1914 (9:50 PM, deciphered Berlin 1:55 AM 27 July). For interpretation, see Jannen Jr., 115.
10. Bethmann to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 27 July 1914 (11:20 AM), no. 245 in DD, vol. 1.
11. Moltke to his wife, 27 July 1914, cited in Turner, 102.
12. Plessen diary, 27 July 1914, cited in Albertini, vol. 2, 438.
13. Müller diary, 27 July 1914, cited in Turner, 102.
14. Grey to Buchanan, 27 July 1914 (3:30 PM), no. 177 in BD, vol. 11.
15. Brück to Jagow from Warsaw, 27 July 1914 (3:45 PM), no. 276 in DD, vol. 1. For Dvina river mined/rolling stock commandeered: Pourtalès to Jagow, passing on Chelius, passing on the Swedish consul in Riga, 27 July 1914 (7:17 PM), no. 274 in DD, vol. 1. For Kiev: Pourtalès to Jagow, passing on Kiev consul, 27 July 1914 (7:43 PM), no. 275 in DD, vol. 1.
16. Tschirschky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (3:20 PM, arrived Berlin 4:37 PM), no. 257 in DD, vol. 1.
17. Goschen to Grey, 27 July 1914 (6:17 PM), no. 185 in BD, vol. 11.
18. Jagow to Kaiser Wilhelm II, 27 July 1914 (9:30 PM), first marked on by the Kaiser 28 July 1914, nos. 270 and 271 in DD, vol. 1, n2 and n3.
19. See Lichnowsky to Jagow, 27 July 1914 (arriving in Berlin 4:37, 8:40, and 8:40 PM), nos. 258, 265 and 266 in DD, vol. 1. The two telegrams received from the German naval attaché in London on 28 July are reproduced in Churchill, vol. 1, 222–223.