Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor
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120 Sailors slept sixty: Rose, The Ship That Held the Line, pp. 4–5, 24–27.
120 “The food on carriers”: Mears, Carrier Combat, p. 22.
120 “There was always noise”: Ibid., p. 21.
121 “Remember Pearl Harbor”: Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, p. 109.
121 Doolittle arrived first: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 254.
121 “Lieutenant Colonel Doolittle, Captain”: Griffin, A Ship to Remember, pp. 52–53.
121 “You’ll be holding”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, pp. 260–61.
121 “All right with me, Jim”: Ibid., p. 255.
121 By the afternoon of April 1: John M. Clark to Assistant Chief, Air Service Command, April 2, 1942, Iris #00142923, AFHRA.
121 He had instructed his pilots: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 254.
122 “What do you think?”: This exchange comes from Emmens oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 8–9, 1982.
122 “How much time”: Ibid.
122 “The moment York introduced me”: Robert G. Emmens, Guests of the Kremlin (New York: Macmillan, 1949), p. 2.
122 “What about flying”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 30.
123 “As I put the flaps down”: Ibid.
123 “Damn!”: Ted W. Lawson, “Thirty Seconds over Tokyo,” pt. 1, Collier’s, May 22, 1943, p. 80.
123 “Is everything okay?”: This exchange comes from Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 30.
123 “It was an eye-opener”: Sims, First over Japan, p. 18.
123 “I don’t think any of us”: Bower oral history interview with Edwards, Oct. 27, 1971.
123 “My heavens”: Ibid.
124 “postage stamp”: Greening, Not As Briefed, p. 19.
124 “We knew we were going”: Hoover oral history interview with Hasdorff, June 20–21, 1988.
124 “She was a great sight”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 31.
124 “Don’t tell the Navy boys”: Ibid.
124 “You know, I talked”: This exchange comes from The Reminiscences of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller, vol. 1, p. 37.
124 “My, don’t those fellows”: John F. Sutherland oral history interview with the Navy, May 14, 1943, Box 26, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946, NARA.
124 “I think our initial reaction”: The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, pp. 456–57.
124 “I’ve done everything I can”: Ibid., pp. 461–62.
125 four thousand people: “Knox Praises Men Lost on the Kearny,” New York Times, Oct. 21, 1941, p. 5.
125 “I never saw such a small”: Hoover oral history interview with Hasdorff, June 20–21, 1988.
125 The Army’s enlisted men: Jacob Eierman, “I Helped Bomb Japan,” Popular Mechanics, July 1943, p. 65; AFHRA oral histories with Holstrom, Emmens, Macia, and McCool.
125 “I was a First Lieutenant”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 32.
125 “You had to go down the hall”: Cole oral history interview with Hasdorff, Dec. 12–13, 1988.
125 In addition to the Hornet: The compilation of ships present is drawn from the April 1–2, 1942, deck logs of the Hornet, Cimarron (Box 2044), Vincennes (Box 9371) and Nashville (Box 6158), all found in RG 24, Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Deck Logs, 1941–1950, NARA.
125 A high-pressure area: “Aerology and Naval Warfare: The First Raid on Japan,” Chief of Naval Operations, Aerology Section, Feb. 1947.
125 With the bombers: Hornet deck log, April 1, 1942.
125 “All right, everyone is free”: Emmens oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 8–9, 1982.
126 “Understand you’re moving”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 257.
126 “His remark proved”: Ibid.
126 “We had enough time”: Knobloch oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 13–14, 1987.
126 “It was a beautiful night”: Charles L. McClure, tape transcription, Dec. 1987, Box 4, Series II, DTRAP.
126 the bombers silhouetted: “A Trip to Japan,” Time, May 3, 1943, p. 30.
126 The Navy had put out the story: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 261.
126 “Just putting the aircraft”: Macia oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 15–16, 1987.
126 “We had some concerns”: Potter oral history interview with Hasdorff, June 8–10, 1979.
126 The Hornet swayed: Hornet deck log, April 2, 1942.
127 “Hear sundry rumors”: James Doolittle Jr. to James Doolittle, April 4, 1942, Box 64, Series IX, DPUT.
127 “I’ll be out of the country”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 257.
127 “We had many separations”: Ibid., p. 258.
127 Doolittle returned to the carrier: Ibid., pp. 260–61.
127 “You will be constantly”: George Marshall to James Doolittle, March 31, 1942, Microfilm Roll #169, HHAP.
127 “When I learned”: Ernest King handwritten memo to James Doolittle, in Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 261.
128 “Doolittle?”: This exchange is ibid., pp. 261–62.
128 The light cruiser Nashville: Hornet and Nashville deck logs, April 2, 1942; Nashville war diary, April 2, 1942 (Box 1249), Gwin war diary (Box 914), and Cimarron war diary (Box 731), all found in RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, NARA.
128 The Hornet with its guests: Hornet, Vincennes, and Cimarron deck logs, April 2, 1942; Report of Major Harry Johnson Jr., Adjutant, B25B Project, undated, Box 516, RG 18, Army Air Forces, Central Decimal Files, Oct. 1942–1944, NARA. The Hornet action report states that 70 Army officers and 130 enlisted men boarded the carrier, a figure higher than the 70 officers and 64 enlisted men cited in Johnson’s report. Given Johnson’s position as the mission’s adjutant, I considered his report more accurate.
128 The ships steamed: Vincennes deck log, April 2, 1942.
128 The mission had finally begun: Rose, The Ship That Held the Line, pp. 52–53.
128 “It was quite a thrill”: William Bower diary, April 18, 1942, Box 1, Series II, DTRAP.
128 “Our send off”: Kenneth Reddy diary, April 2, 1942.
128 “As we passed”: George Larkin diary, April 2, 1942, Papers of George Elmer Larkin Jr., 1918–1942, Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Ky. A copy of Larkin’s diary is also on file in Box 4, Series II, DTRAP.
129 “For the benefit”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 33.
129 “We all had a whoopee”: Jeff Wilkinson, “Spied by Japanese, Raiders Take Off Early,” State, April 8, 2002, p. 1.
129 “I can’t tell you”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 33.
129 “All of the training”: Holstrom, “General Recollections,” p. 31.
129 “Douglas MacArthur was having”: Emmens oral history interview with Hasdorff, July 8–9, 1982.
129 “Now, we’re going”: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 33.
129 “Now hear this”: Griffin, A Ship to Remember, p. 54.
129 “This ship will carry”: Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, p. 117.
129 “Cheers from every section”: Marc Mitscher to Chester Nimitz, April 28, 1942, Report of Action, April 18, 1942, with Notable Events Prior and Subsequent Thereto,” Box 1038, RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II Action and Operational Reports, NARA.
129 “It was the biggest thrill”: “A Tokyo Raider Tells Just Part of That Great Story,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 21, 1943, p. 11.
130 “I don’t know who was more excited”: Robert Bourgeois to Ross Greening, Individual Histories questionnaire, undated (ca. 1950).
130 “It froze everybody”: Field, “With the Task Force,” Life, May 3, 1943, p. 90.
130 “Carry me back”: Ibid.
130 “Hi-ho, hi-ho”: Ibid.
130 The task force would follow: “Aerology and Naval Warfare: The First Raid on Japan,” Chief of Naval Operations, Aerology Section, Feb. 1947.
130 “We went north”: Sutherland oral history interview with the Navy, May 14, 1943.
130 Shore-based planes: Marc Mitscher to Chester Nimitz, April 28, 1942, “Report of Action, April 18, 1942, with Notable Events Prior and Subsequent Thereto”; Hornet deck log, April 2, 1942.
131 “Our new assignment”: R. M. Ihrig, “A War Message to All Hands,” included with Cimarron war diary, April 3, 1942.
131 To prepare for such threats: “Battle Instructions No. 1,” included with Cimarron war diary, April 3, 1942, and “Battle Instructions No. 2,” April 4, 1942.
131 “Don’t think of the Japs”: Ihrig, “A War Message to All Hands.”
131 “I have served six years”: Ibid.
131 Lawson passed out: Lawson, Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, p. 34.
131 “Well, Hank”: This exchange comes from The Reminiscences of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller, vol. 1, p. 38.
132 He told the skipper: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 263.
132 “Well, Miller”: The exchange comes from The Reminiscences of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller, vol. 1, p. 38.
132 “I’m a Lieutenant now”: Henry Miller, “Doolittle Tokyo Raid,” unpublished narrative, Box 2, Series IX, DTRAP.
132 “The hell with them”: Ibid.
133 The lightning successes: John J. Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun: Japan’s Plans for Conquest after Pearl Harbor (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984), pp. 95–96; Yasuji Watanabe interview, Jan. 7, 1965, Box 6, Series 7, GWPP.
133 “We shall be able to finish”: Matome Ugaki diary Jan. 5, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 68.
133 War planners debated: Background on the planning of the Midway operation, unless otherwise noted, is drawn from the following sources: Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral, pp. 293–98; Fuchida and Okumiya, Midway, pp. 48–63; Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun, pp. 89–121; H. P. Willmott, The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June 1942 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1983), pp. 31–80; Prange, Goldstein, and Dillon, Miracle at Midway, pp. 1–29; Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully, Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2005), pp. 19–38.
133 “We want to invade Ceylon”: Willmott, The Barrier and the Javelin, p. 79.
133 “It’s annoying to be passive”: Matome Ugaki diary, March 11, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 103.
133 Japan had anticipated: Interrogation of Captain Mitsuo Fuchida, Oct. 10, 1945, in USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, vol. 1, pp. 122–31; Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral, p. 264; Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, pp. 65, 166.
133 Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo should have: Chester Nimitz, “Pearl Harbor Attack,” undated observations, Naval War College Library, Newport, R.I.
134 That threat had first: Publication Section, Combat Intelligence Branch, Office of Naval Intelligence, Early Raids in the Pacific Ocean, February 1 to March 10, 1942: Marshall and Gilbert Islands, Rabaul, Wake and Marcus, Lae and Salamaua (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1943), pp. 1–34, found in Box 5, RG 38, Records of the Chief of Naval Operations, Records of the Office of Naval Intelligence, Security-Classified Publications of the Office of Naval Intelligence, Combat Narratives, 1942–1944, NARA; Morison, History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 3, pp. 261–65; Matome Ugaki diary, Feb. 1, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 81–83.
134 “They have come”: Matome Ugaki diary, Feb. 1, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 81.
134 “guerrilla warfare”: “Japanese Press Comments,” Japan Times & Advertiser, March 6, 1942, p. 2; Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun, p. 101.
134 “This attack was Heaven’s”: Layton, “And I Was There,” p. 363.
134 “ridiculous”: Matome Ugaki diary, Feb. 2, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 83.
134 “Pearl Harbor was a complete”: Matome Ugaki diary, Feb. 1, 1942, ibid., p. 82.
134 “It was fortunate”: Matome Ugaki diary, Feb. 2, 1942, ibid., p. 84.
134 “Whatever happens”: Layton, “And I Was There,” p. 363.
135 The United States followed up: Publication Section, Combat Intelligence Branch, Office of Naval Intelligence, Early Raids in the Pacific Ocean, February 1 to March 10, 1942, pp. 35–68; Morison, History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 3, pp. 265–68, 387–89; John B. Lundstrom, The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1984), pp. 85–107, 111–35; Matome Ugaki diary, Feb. 20, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 92–93.
135 “The failure to destroy”: Statement of Minoru Genda, Nov. 6, 1950, Box 19, Series 5.2, GWPP.
135 “Don’t swing such a long”: Mitsuo Fuchida interview, March 1, 1964.
135 Halsey’s attack: Matome Ugaki diary, March 4, 1942, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 101.
135 “If real enemy planes”: Matome Ugaki diary, March 12, 1942, ibid. p. 104.
135 “How shall we defend”: Yoshitake Miwa diary, Feb. 1, 1942, Box 3, Series 7, GWPP.
136 “the sentry for Hawaii”: Stephan, Hawaii under the Rising Sun, p. 109.
137 “One wonders whether”: Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral, p. 296.
137 “The success or failure”: Fuchida and Okumiya, Midway, p. 60.
137 “If the C. in C.’s so set”: Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral, p. 297.
CHAPTER 8
138 “We shall not begrudge”: “The Battle off the Coast of Java,” editorial, Japan Times & Advertiser, Feb. 8, 1942, p. 6.
138 Few in the Navy: Background on Stephen Jurika Jr., is drawn from the following sources: Stephen Jurika Jr., Navy Bio, June 4, 1957, NDL; “Stephen Jurika Jr., 82, Officer and a Scholar,” New York Times, July 24, 1993, p. 27; The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, pp. 1–55, 205–7, 304–425.
139 employed a wartime peak: USSBS, Military Supplies Division, Japanese Naval Shipbuilding (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), p. 7.
139 Military police interrogated: The Reminiscences of Captain Henri Smith-Hutton U.S. Navy (Retired), vol. 1 (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1976), pp. 282–83, 321–22.
140 “Tokyo is really a city”: Stephen Jurika letter to Harry Smith, Oct. 27, 1940.
140 “As an aviator”: The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, p. 387.
140 “Each time I drove”: Ibid., p. 389.
140 “We started to fill”: Ibid.
141 “When he went”: Ibid., p. 392.
141 “By the time”: Ibid., p. 343.
141 “We know that you”: This exchange is ibid., p. 393.
142 Tokyo served: USSBS, Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1–2.
142 According to the 1940 census: Sekijiro Takagaki, ed. The Japan Yearbook, 1941–1942 (Tokyo: Foreign Affairs Association of Japan, 1941), p. 833.
142 the density in some wards: Warren Moscow, “51 Square Miles Burned Out in Six B-29 Attacks on Tokyo,” New York Times, May 30, 1945, p. 1.
142 Areas classified industrial: USSBS, Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects, Tokyo, Japan, p. 3.
142 Visitors complained: The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, p. 317; John Morris, Traveler from Tokyo (New York: Sheridan House, 1944), pp. 24–26.
142 These quirks: Background on Tokyo is drawn from Takagaki, ed., The Japan Yearbook, 1941–1942, pp. 833–38.
143 Wealthy patrons strolled: “Notes for the Traveler,” New York Times, Nov. 3, 1935, p. XX2.
143 Broadway of Tokyo: Hugh Byas, “Martial Law Rules City,” New York Times, Feb. 27, 1936, p. 1.
143 Others fl
ocked: Elmer Rice, “On the Modern Theatre of Japan,” New York Times, Nov. 1, 1936, p. X1.
143 The Imperial Palace: Background on the Imperial Palace is drawn from Otto D. Tolischus, “The Riddle of the Japanese,” New York Times, Sept. 7, 1941, p. 123; Takagaki, ed., The Japan Yearbook, 1941–1942, p. 7; USSBS, Field Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects, Tokyo, Japan, p. 3.
143 “a piece of heaven”: Otto D. Tolischus, “The Riddle of the Japanese,” New York Times, Sept. 7, 1941, p. 123.
143 A few blocks south: Hugh Byas, “New $8,500,000 Diet Will Open in Tokyo,” New York Times, Nov. 1, 1936, p. N12.
143 New arrivals accustomed: Otto Tolischus diary, Feb. 7, 1941, in Otto D. Tolischus, Tokyo Record (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1943), p. 5.
143 How could a nation: Takagaki, ed., The Japan Yearbook, 1941–1942, pp. 837–38.
143 “It is a city old and new”: Henry C. Wolfe, “Gloomy Heart of an Embattled Japan,” New York Times, Feb. 8, 1942, p. SM12.
143 nauseating odor: Otto Tolischus diary, Feb. 9, 1941, in Tolischus, Tokyo Record, p. 9.
143 “Both sides of the road”: Ibid., p. 6.
144 More than four years of war with China: Background on wartime life in Tokyo is drawn from Wolfe, “Gloomy Heart of an Embattled Japan,” p. SM12; Henry C. Wolfe, “Tokyo, Capital of Shadows,” New York Times, Oct. 26, 1941, p. SM6; Ray Cromley, “Japan’s War Economy,” Wall Street Journal, Aug. 31, 1942, p. 1; The Reminiscences of Captain Stephen Jurika, Jr., vol. 1, p. 321.
144 “I’ve seen housewives”: Cromley, “Japan’s War Economy,” p. 1.
144 Tokyo was cursed: Details on the earthquake are drawn from the following sources: “Tokio Collapsed with First Shock,” New York Times, Sept. 7, 1923, p. 1; Roderick Matheson,” Scenes of Terror as Tokio Toppled,” ibid., Sept. 9, 1923, p. 3; “Yokohama Is Wiped Out; Tokio in Ruins,” ibid., Sept. 4, 1923, p. 1; “Americans Saved Tell of Horrors,” ibid., Sept. 10, 1923, p. 1; “More Food in Tokio But New Tremors Keep People in Fear,” ibid., Sept. 11, 1923, p. 1; “Eyewitness Tells of Quake Horrors.” ibid., Sept. 23, 1923, p. 3; Henry C. Wolfe, “What the Japanese Fear Most,” ibid., April 26, 1942, p. SM6; Joshua Hammer, Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire That Helped Forge the Path to World War II (New York: Free Press, 2006), pp. 87–148.