by Uglow, Jenny
Summers – Montagu Summers, Restoration Theatre (1934)
Taaffe Letters – T. Crist, ed., Charles II to Lord Taaffe: Letters in Exile (1974)
Tedder – A. E. T. Tedder, The Navy of the Restoration (1916)
Thirsk and Cooper – Joan Thirsk and J. P. Cooper, eds, Seventeenth-Century Economic Documents (1972)
Thomas – Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (1971, 1991 edn)
Thurley, Lost Palace – Simon Thurley, The Lost Palace of Whitehall (1998)
Thurley, Whitehall – Simon Thurley, Whitehall Palace: An Architectural History of the Royal Apartments, 1240–1690 (1999)
Tinniswood, Wren – Adrian Tinniswood, His Invention So Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren (2001)
Tomalin – Claire Tomalin, Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self (2003)
Verney MSS – ‘The Manuscripts of Sir Harry Verney, Bart.’, HMC Seventh Report (1879)
Vincent – Revd Thomas Vincent, God’s Terrible Voice in the City (1666, 1811 edn)
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Weiser – Brian Weiser, Charles II and the Politics of Access (2003)
Whitaker – Katie Whitaker, Mad Madge: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (2003)
Williamson – W. D. Christie, ed., Letters to Sir Joseph Williamson, 2 vols, CS NS 8, 9 (1874)
Wilson – C. H. Wilson, Profit and Power: A Study of England and the Dutch Wars (1957)
Winn – James Anderson Winn, John Dryden and His World (1989)
Wood – Andrew Clark, ed., The Life and Times of Anthony Wood, 5 vols (1891–1900)
Notes
Prologue: The Republic Trumped
1 Letters 37
2 9th version, Rochester, Works 294
3 Evelyn, IV 405, 4 February 1685
4 Burnet II 480
5 Gilbert Burnet in L. von Ranke, History of England (1875 edn) VI, Appendix, Second section, III 78–9
6 Ibid.
7 Burnet I 167
8 November 1659; Tim Harris, ‘Understanding popular politics’, Houston and Pincus 130
9 J. Tillotson, Works (1798) I 95
10 See The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius, ed. Philip Hardie (2007); Paul Hammond, ‘Dryden, Milton and Lucretius’, Seventeenth Century 16 (2001) 158–76
11 Margaret Cavendish, ‘Of Many Worlds in this World’, Poems and Fancies (1653)
12 Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I, Ch. 13, 186
13 Ibid. Part II, Ch. 18, 231
14 Ibid. Part I, Ch. 5, 105
15 Thomas Hobbes, De Cive (1642), ed. H. Warrender (1983) 177–8
1 Sailing
1 Previously attributed to Marvell, but this is now generally doubted; see Smith
2 Evelyn III 149–50, 9 April 1655
3 Fox 69
4 Sandwich, Journal 75–7, reporting message from Monck
5 Pepys I 136, 13 May 1660
6 Ibid. 153, 22 May 1660
7 Quoted in Charles Fitzroy, Return of the King (2007) 198
8 Ian Roy, ODNB. For Elizabeth of Bohemia, see the project on her voluminous correspondence at CELL (Centre for Editing Life and Letters), Queen Mary, London, www.livesandletters.ac.uk; for Rupert see Rupert Kitson, Prince Rupert: Admiral and General-at-sea (1998) and Charles Spencer, Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier (2008)
9 Burnet I 52
10 Cal. Clar. SP II, Appendix lxiv
11 Burnet II 466
12 Pepys I 155, 23 May 1660
13 Ibid. 156, 23 May 1660
2 Landing
1 Pepys I 156–7, 24 May 1660
2 Jardine, Going Dutch, 172–3
3 Pepys I 157, 24 May 1660
4 Fanshawe, 140–1
5 Josselin, 17 November 1650. See Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism, passim
6 CII to Elizabeth of Bohemia, Cottrell transcripts, RA 5/2/1
7 6 March 1658, Scott 2. For background see also Geoffrey Smith, The Cavaliers in Exile 1646–60 (2003)
8 Pepys I 45, 7 February 1660
9 The Complete Prose Works of John Milton (1953) VII 353
10 Letters 83, CII to Monck, 27 March 1660
11 Letters 86–8, CII to the Speaker, Lenthall, 4 April 1660: Clar. Hist. VI 227–9. For the Declaration, see Browning, Historical Documents 57
12 Sir William Killigrew to CII, 8 April 1660, PM, R of E Box 9, 003
13 Pepys I 121, 1 May 1660
14 Rugg 79
15 Hutton, Restoration 5
16 Clar. Hist. VI 256; see Evelyn III 245, 24 May 1660
17 Pepys I 143, 16 May 1660
18 Clar. Hist. VI 262
19 Sandwich, Journal 78
20 Pepys I 158, 25 May 1660
21 Ibid. I 159. Also W. Blundell, Crosby Records, ed. T. E Gibson, 1822, 90; Margaret Blundell, Cavalier: Letters of William Blundell (1933) 92
3 How To Be King
1 Manner of the Most Happy Return (1660)
2 Cavendish, Life 127
3 CSPD 1659–60, 448, 28 May
4 CSPD 1660–1,109, 3 July
5 Letters 92, CII to Minette, 29 May 1660
6 CSPD 1659–60, 447
7 Giavarini, CSPV 1659–61,151; Fitzroy 203
8 For the procession, see Mercurius Publicus, 339–42, 24–31 May 1660; Rugg 85–6, Edward Walker, A Circumstantial Account 11–15
9 Evelyn III 246, 29 May 1660
10 Letters 92–3
11 Clar. Hist. VI 234
12 Sir Samuel Tuke, A Character of Charles II (1660); Hutton, Restoration 111
13 Tuke, op. cit.
14 Margaret Willes, Reading Matters: Five Centuries of Discovering Books (2008) 47. See also ‘News and Partisan Politics’, Weiser 95–125, and John Miller, After the Civil Wars. English Politics and Government in the Reign of Charles II (2000) Ch. 4
15 See David H. Solkin, ‘Isaac Fuller’s Escape of Charles II: A Restoration Tragicomedy’, Journal of the Warburg and Courthauld Institutes 62 (1999) 199–240
16 Evelyn III 259, 29 October 1660
17 Canon David Lloyd (often attrib. to Sir Richard Fanshawe), Eikon Basilike…or the true pourtraiture of Charles II (1660). For later parodies of these books see McKeon, Domesticity 566
18 Francis Gregory, David’s Return from His Banishment, 1660. CCL
19 See Katharine Gibson, ‘“Best Belov’d of Kings”: The Iconography of King Charles II’, PhD thesis, Courtauld Institute, University of London, 2004; Ribeiro 218
20 Mercurius Publicus, July 1660; Picard 79. See also Pepys I 182, 23 June 1660. See Keay 112–8; Raymond Crawfurd, The King’s Evil (1911); Marc Bloch, trans. J. E. Anderson, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France (1973)
21 Aubrey, Miscellanies (1890 edn) 128; Thomas 230
22 CSPV 1659–61 32, 74
23 RA, Establishment Book 1660
24 Schellinks, Journal 60
25 Thurley, Lost Palace 42
26 Magalotti 126
27 Newsletter, 9 June 1660, HMC 5th Report
28 Pepys I 222, 15 August 1660
29 CSPV 1661–4, 42
30 Establishment Book, RA EB 55/ ff. 133–47
31 Macray 11, 5 October 1660
32 Evelyn III 256, 13 September 1660
33 ‘…it has since been Disputeable among the Judicious, whether any Woman that succeeded him so Sensibly touch’d the Audience as he’. Downes, 19; Cibber 71
34 Warrant granted to Killigrew and Davenant, 21 May 1660; D. Thomas, ed., Theatre in Europe; Restoration & Georgian England (1989) 11–12. BL Add. MS 19,256, f. 47
35 Evelyn III 399–400, 9 February 1665
36 Waller, ‘On St James’s Park, As Lately Improved by His Majesty’ (1661), The Poetical Work
s of Edmund Waller and Sir John Denham, ed. George Gilfillan (1877) 75–6
37 Reresby 22
38 Randle Holme, The Academy of Armoury (1688); Picard 126–34
39 Pepys II 66, 6 April 1661
40 Holme, Academy of Armoury; see Richard Corson, Fashions in Hair (1980), 219–20
41 Pepys III 157–8, 19 August 1663
42 Carte IV 451
43 Mercurius Publicus, 28 June 166o. With thanks to Francesca Beauman, who quotes this in Shapely Ankle Preferr’d: A History of Lonely Hearts Advertisements (forthcoming 2011)
44 Ailesbury I 93
4 Three Crowns And More
1 For the administration see Aylmer, Crown’s Servants
2 Fanshawe, 140
3 Clar. Life. I 77–8
4 Burnet I 171
5 Macray 5
6 For background, see Harris, Restoration 21–38, 85–138
7 Miller, CII 137
8 Burnet I 186
9 Ibid. 205
10 For his debts, see G. E. Aylmer, ‘The First Duke of Ormond as Patron and Administrator’ in Barnard and Fenlon; also J. C. Beckett, The Cavalier Duke: a Life of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond, 1610–88 (1990)
11 Carte II 240–1
12 Macray 65
13 Ormond to Orrery, 9 September 1661, Hastings MSS IV 109
14 See David Watts, The West Indies (1990). Barbados sugar exports rose from seventy-five tons in the early 1650s to 190 tons a decade later, with an additional thirty tons from the Leeward islands and ten from Jamaica.
15 Willoughby’s report on the islands of the West Indies, CSP Col., America and W. Indies V (1661–8) 586
16 Grove 67, 277; PRO, CO1/21, ‘Memorial of the Island of Tobago’ (1667)
5 This Wonderful Pacifick Year
1 See Holmes, 27–43
2 Jusserand 100, Cominges to Louis XIV, 4 February 1664
3 Act for Confirming Judicial Proceedings 1660
4 Act to Preserve the Person and Government of the King 1661
5 Keeble, Restoration 79
6 J. Gibson, The Hearth Tax and other later Stuart Tax Lists, Federation of Family History Societies (1996). The tax was levied on households worth more than 20s, whose occupants contributed to the church tithes and poor rates.
7 Pepys IV 373–4, 9 November 1663
8 Baxter, Autobiography 92
9 Letters 85
10 Baxter, Autobiography 148
11 Ibid. 155
12 Browning, Historical Documents 365–70
13 Evelyn III 247, 4 June 1660; Weiser 55
14 Newcastle, Advice 289
15 A Character of England (1659), An Apology for the Royal Party (1659) and The Late Newes from Brussels Unmasked (1660). For Evelyn’s life see Gillian Darley, John Evelyn: Living for Ingenuity (2006)
16 Hutton, Restoration 134–5
17 Pepys III 42–3, 7 March 1662
18 Evelyn III 250, 5 July 1660; J. Tatham, London’s Glory (1660)
19 Weiser 128, PRO, CO 389, 2
6 Family Matters
1 Jardine, Wren 168; Scott 95
2 Clar. Hist. VI 95–7
3 Norrington 78, CII to Minette, 28 March 1664
4 Jardine, Going Dutch 170–1. Jardine dates the baby’s birth as 1648, revising the accepted 1650.
5 Pepys VIII 182 (reporting conversation with Evelyn), 26 April 1667
6 Taaffe Letters 21–3, 29; Jardine, Going Dutch 73
7 Halifax, ‘Character of Charles II’, Works II 490
8 Wilson 115; Taaffe Letters 39
9 Steinman 16
10 Halifax, Works II 493
11 Pepys I 199, 13 July 1660
12 Sandwich, Journal 82, 20 September 1660
13 Clar. Life I 325
14 Grammont 174–5
15 Those named included the Earl of Arran, Charles Berkeley, Harry Jermyn, Richard Talbot and Harry Killigrew. See Miller, James II 44–5
16 Pepys I 261, 7 October 1660
17 Grammont 104
18 Pepys I 265–6, 14 October 1660; IX 342, 30 October 1668.
19 Pepys II 3, 1 January 1661
20 Sir John Lawson, 26 January 1661, included in Sandwich, Journal 84
7 Blood And Banners
1 John Milton, Paradise Lost, VII, 24–8
2 ‘Astraea Redux’, Dryden, Poems I 51–2
3 See Winn, 12–53
4 Letters 100–1, Speech to the House of Lords, 27 July 1660
5 Robertson 285
6 This offence, in relation to the treason trials of the 1790s, is discussed in John Barrell, Imagining the King’s Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide, 1793–6 (2000). For the trials see Robertson 290–353; An Exact and Most Impartiall Account of the Indictment, Arraignment, Trial and Judgement… (1660); Gilbert Mabbutt, ‘A Perfect Narrative’, State Trials IV; Rugg 116–40 and the Intelligencer and Mercurius Publicus, October 1660
7 Robertson 326
8 Evelyn III 259, 17 October 1660
9 Lauderdale Papers 135, Lauderdale to Moray, 23 June 1663
10 PM, R of E Box 08, Charles II, Part I, 009
11 William Fuller to John Bramhall, Bishop of Armagh, 18 February 1661; Hastings MSS IV 103
12 Schellinks, Journal 72
13 Newcastle, Advice 44 (modernised spelling)
14 Ibid. 290
15 Jardine, Wren 31–45
16 Fraser 197; Evelyn III 276, 18 and 19 April 1661
17 Hamilton Archives; Marshall, Hamilton 88
18 Pepys II 86, 22 April 1661 (with Sir William Batten and family, and Sir William Penn and his son)
19 Elias Ashmole, Brief Narrative of His Majesties Solemn Coronation 1662, CCL H/M 12–2
20 Intelligencer 29 April 1661; see Ogilby, Relation (1661) and Entertainment (1662), Walker, Circumstantiall Account, and Rugg 173–5. For the rituals, see Lorraine Medway, ‘“The Most Conspicuous Solemnity”: the Coronation of Charles II’, Stuart Courts 141–57
21 L. G. W. Legg, English Coronation Records, 286–96 (1901). See also Roy Strong, Coronation: A History of Kingship and the British Monarch (2005) and Keay 5, who notes that the crown is still used for coronations today.
22 Ashmole, op. cit. 78
23 Ludlow, Voyce 287
24 Pepys II 87, 23 April 1661
25 Evelyn III 284, 24 April 1661
26 Margoliouth 31, Marvell to Mayor Richardson, 15 June 1661
27 Sermon, 29 May 1661, CCL H/A 5–9
28 Macray, 29 July 1661; Cal. Clar. SP III xlvi
8 Whitehall
1 Thurley, Lost Palace 40
2 Thurley, Whitehall 106
3 RA 84770–94, Cash book 1663–4
4 Hutton, CII 133
5 BL Stowe 562, 1; Weiser 26. See also Susan Foreman, From Palace to Power (1995)
6 Weiser 29: PRO, LC 5/137
7 Ibid. 39–45
8 Thurley, Lost Palace 29–33
9 Clay, Fox 30–5; Jardine, Wren 343–6
10 Pepys VIII 201; Paul Hammond, ‘The King’s Two Bodies: Representations of Charles II’, in Black and Gregory 22
11 Macray 21
12 Carte MSS 59; Aylmer, ‘The First Duke of Ormond’, 120 n.
13 CSPD 1660–1, 30–1. In May alone, 179 petitions were received for posts in the Lord Chamberlain’s and Lord Steward’s departments.
14 Neil Cuddy, ‘Reinventing a Monarchy’, Stuart Courts, 63
15 Kate Colquhoun, Taste: the Story of Britain through its Cooking (2007) 154–63; for the continental banquets see Roy Strong, Feast (2002) 211–65
16 CSPD 1660–1, 6; for the Dutch gift, see Jardine, Going Dutch, 139–45, Arthur Macgregor, Curiosity and Enlightenment, Collectors and Collecting from the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries (2008); S. Gleissner, ‘Reassembling a Royal Art Collection’, Journal of the History of Collections 6 (1994) 103–15
17 CSPD 1660–1, 190, 14 August 1660
9 Courtiers And Envoys
1 Clar. Hist. III 381
2 Ju
sserand 29
3 Evelyn III 310, 10 January 1662
4 Ailesbury 23, 86
5 C. H. Hartmann, introduction to Memoirs of the Comte de Grammont, trans. Peter Quennell (1930)
6 Ronald Hutton, ODNB; see C. H. Hartmann, The King’s Friend: A Life of Charles Berkeley, Viscount Fitzhardinge, Earl of Falmouth, 1630–65 (1951)
7 Grammont 95
8 Cal. Clar. SP II, 319, 1928 and Hyde to Nicholas 18 March 1650; Cal. Clar. SP III 13, 46, 69
9 Joseph Spence, Anecdotes, Observations, and Characters, of Books and Men (1820), 102
10 V. da Sola Pinto, Sir Charles Sedley, 1639–1701: A Study in the Life and Literature of the Restoration (1927) 54
11 Willa McClung Evans, Henry Lawes: Musician and Friend of Poets (1941), 227
12 Pepys I 297–8, 20 November 1660
13 Jonathan Keates, Purcell (1995) 20
14 Grammont 186
15 Jusserand 84, Cominges to Lionne 15 February 1663
16 Magalotti 74
17 Evelyn III 334, 1 September 1662
18 Grammont 93
19 See H. J. Habbakuk, Marriage, Debt and the Estates System; English Landownership 1650–1950 (1994)
20 Clar. Life III 118–19
21 Pepys III 170–1, 19 August 1662; see also Grammont 113
22 PM MSS, ‘The reprehension of the Lords Bridgewater and Middlesex’, endorsed by Clarendon 7 February 1663
23 Evelyn III 308, 6 January 1662
24 Jusserand 19, Louis XIV to d’Estrades, 25 January 1662
25 Quoted in Sheila Russell, ‘Restoration Londoners’, Apollo, August 2006 49. See Rugg 111
26 Ibid. 21
27 Pepys II 188, 30 September 1661
28 John Parker to John Bramhall, Archbishop of Armagh, Hastings MSS IV 113
29 Jusserand, d’Estrades to Lionne, 13 October 1661
30 Macray 42, 11 October 1661
31 Evelyn III 299, 3 October 1661
32 CSPV 1661–4, 2 June 1662
10 The Coming Of The Queen
1 Pepys II 80, 20 April 1661; II 174, 7 September 1661
2 Burnet I 299–300; for a counter to Burnet, see also ‘Vindication of General Monck’ Lansdowne, Works II 177–184
3 Macray 14
4 Schellinks, Journal 35, 21 July 1661
5 Palmer/Morice letter, Hamilton, Castlemaine 42
6 Ibid., 8 November 1661
7 Pepys III 15, 22 January 1662
8 Ibid. 60, 6 April 1662
9 [Samuel Hinde], The Lusitanicum; or the Portugal Voyage (1662). For Catherine, see also Edward Corp, ‘Catherine of Braganza and cultural politics’ in Clarissa Campell Orr, ed., Queenship in Britain 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture and Dynastic Politics (2002)