A Gambling Man: Charles II's Restoration Game

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by Uglow, Jenny


  10 Thurley, Whitehall 115

  11 Pepys III 87, 21 May 1662

  12 Schellinks, Journal 85–6

  13 CII to Hyde 21 May 1662, BL Lansdowne MS 1,236, f. 124

  14 Burnet I 315

  15 Letters 126; Hartmann, Madame 43

  16 Letters 126–7

  17 Reresby 41

  18 Wood II 440

  19 Schellinks, Journal 90

  20 King’s Works 153

  21 Evelyn III 321, 30 May 1662

  22 Pepys III 87, 21 May 1662

  23 Ibid.

  24 Clar. Life 173

  25 Ibid. 180

  26 Ibid. 177

  27 Hartmann, Madame 49

  28 Lister III 202

  29 Clar. Life III 184–5

  30 See Willis Bund, ed., Diary of Henry Townshend (1920) 92–3

  31 King’s Works 141–5

  32 Evelyn III 300–1, 313, 6 October 1661, 24 January 1662

  33 450,000 whole bricks, and 750,000 brickbats: King’s Works 145

  34 Evelyn III 331, 17 August 1662

  35 Ibid. 333, 23 August 1662

  36 Pepys III 175, 23 August 1662

  37 Edward Weston to his wife, 15 November 1662, Capt. Stewart MSS, HMC 10th Report, App. IV, 111

  11 Land

  1 Cal. Clar. SP 3 Feb 1663; Bod. Clar SP v. 79

  2 Lucy Worsley, Cavalier (2007)

  3 Whitaker 244

  4 McClain, Beaufort 116

  5 See E. A. Wrigley and R. Schofield, Population History of England 1541–1871: a Reconstruction (1989)

  6 See Thirsk and Cooper 490, ‘Wool Smuggling on the Kent Coast’ 1669, House of Lords report

  7 Alice Clark, The Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century (1982 edn) 66–9

  8 H. C. Darby, A New Historical Geography of England after 1600 (1978)

  9 Worlidge, Systema Agriculturae: see D. Macdonald, Agricultural Writers 1200–1800 (1908) 116

  10 J. V. Beckett, Coal and Tobacco: the Lowthers and the economic development of East Cumberland (1980); for towns see Holmes 47, 54–5

  11 J. Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales (1985), V ii 315

  12 Cavendish, Life 136

  13 Darby, op. cit. 28

  14 See Paul Hartle, ODNB; A. I. Dust, ed., Charles Cotton: Works 1663–65 (1992); J. Beresford, ed., Poems of Charles Cotton (1923) 260

  15 Margaret Cavendish, Sociable Letters (1664), 167; Whitaker 245–6

  12 Tender Consciences

  1 Published 1666, POAS 303

  2 Schellinks, Journal 72

  3 Peter Holman, Four and Twenty Fiddlers: the Violin at the English Court, 1540–1690 (1993); Pepys I 195, 275–6, 8 July, 14 October 1660

  4 Pepys IV 393–4, 22 November 1663

  5 Evelyn III 347, 21 December 1662

  6 E. H. Plumptre, Thomas Ken (1888) I 157–8

  7 Burnet I 158–9, 475; II 22

  8 See J. R. Jones, The Restored Monarchy (1979) 33, and I. M. Green, The Re-establishment of the Church of England (1978)

  9 An Act for Retaining the Queen’s Subjects in their Due Obedience. See A Relation of the Imprisonment of Mr John Bunyan

  10 Keeble R, 144, quoting Grace Abounding

  11 Proclamation 10 January 1661

  12 Magalotti 49

  13 Reliquiae Baxterianae, quoted in Keeble, Richard Baxter: Puritan Man of Letters (1982) 184–5

  14 Pepys I 174, 7 September 1661

  15 George Wild, Bishop of Derry to John Bramhall, Archbishop of Armagh, Hastings MSS IV, 131

  16 Evelyn, 310–12,12 January 1662; Mercurius Publicus 16 Jan 1661/2, 31

  17 Pepys III 15, 22 January 1662; CJ VIII 349

  18 CSPD 1661–2, 281

  19 Pepys III 39, 18 February, n. 1, citing Rugg II f 12r. See also Mirabilis annus secundes (1662) and A full and certain account of the last great wind (1661/2)

  20 Rawdon Papers, ed. Ed Berwick (1918), 138

  21 For the Commissioners, see LJ 25 March 1661. The copy of the King Edward the Sixth Book of Common Prayer, 1604, and the small book with the six hundred manuscript alterations, which had both been thought lost, turned up in a cupboard during building work in the House of Lords in the nineteenth century. HMC 1st Report (1874) 3

  22 Letters 124, 1 March 1662

  23 Seaward, Cavalier Parliament 180

  24 Holmes 149

  25 George Fox, Summ of Such Particulars as are Charged against George Fox (1660), quoted in Keeble, Restoration 144

  26 Halifax, Works 139

  13 All People Discontented

  1 Thomason Coll 669, f. 25, in William E. Burns, An Age of Wonders: Prodigies, Politics and Providence and in England, 1657–1727 (2002) 23

  2 Ogg 98

  3 Leviathan and the Air-pump 288

  4 POAS I xxxiii

  5 Keeble, Restoration 148–50

  6 See D. F. Mackenzie, ‘Printing and Publishing 1557–1700: Constraints on the London Book Trade’, in History of the Book 553–67

  7 POAS I xxxiii

  8 See Michael Winship, Seers of God; Puritan Providentialism in the Restoration and early Enlightenment (1996), also, generally, Ian Green and Kate Peters, ‘Religious Publishing in England 1640–1695’, in History of the Book 67–93

  9 Truth and Loyalty Vindicated, 56–8; Ariel Hessayon, ODNB. See also Frank Smith’s Narrative (1680); State Trials VI 520–70; CSPD 1662, 1663–4. In 1660 the Baptist bookseller and minister Francis Smith (Bunyan’s publisher, known as Elephant Smith, for his shop near Elephant and Castle) had been imprisoned three times for publishing The Lord’s Loud Call to England, a list of providential signs reasserting the need for a republic.

  10 Pepys III 127, 30 June 1662

  11 Wood II 465

  12 Baxter, Autobiography 176

  13 Evelyn III 331, 17 August 1662

  14 Schellinks, Journal 127

  15 M. R. Watts, The Dissenters: from the reformation to the French revolution (1978) 219

  16 Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil 112–29. See Marshall, Intelligence 142–50

  17 Hutton, Restoration Ch. 2; Jackson, Scotland passim

  18 Anne Creighton, ‘The Remonstrance of December 1661 and Catholic Politics in Restoration Ireland’, Irish Historical Studies XXXIV, No. 133 (May 2004) 16–41

  19 Bunyan, Christian Behaviour (1663), Keeble, Restoration 137

  20 Pepys IV 372, 9 November 1663

  21 Letters 140, 18 February 1663

  22 Ailesbury I 93; Burnet, Supplement 50

  23 Ollard, Image 109; Halifax, Works II 490

  24 Carte IV 111

  25 Ollard, Image 107–8

  26 Jusserand 116, 12 April 1663

  27 Magalotti, 28

  14 The King Street Gang

  1 Carte MSS 33, f. 118, O’Neill to Ormond [July 1662]

  2 See Painted Ladies 116–35

  3 Ibid. 40

  4 Clar. Life II 256

  5 Sir William Temple, Works (1814) II 492

  6 Burnet I 182

  7 Carte MSS 32, f. 3, O’Neill to Ormond, 2 September 1662

  8 Carte MSS 32, f. 26, O’Neill to Ormond, 13 September 1662

  9 Ibid.

  10 Pepys III 227, 17 October 1662

  11 CSPD 1661–2, 545–6, 561

  12 RA 84770–94, Cash book 1662–3, February 1663. For the queen and queen mother’s circle and the drawing room, see Keay 126–30

  13 Lister III 244

  14 Letters 140, 18 February 1663

  15 J. P. Kenyon, The Stuart Constitution (1966) 403–6. For the Lords’ proviso, see HMC 7th Report, Appendix 162–3

  16 Carte MSS 47 f. 52, 6 June

  17 Clar. Life III 258

  18 Jusserand 107, Cominges to Lionne, 8 October 1663

  19 Ollard, Clarendon 242; Hutton, Restoration 193

  15 Governed As Beasts

  1 McClain, Beaufort 72; BL M287 (Alnwick MSS) 18, f. 71

  2 Carte II 261

  3 Keeble, Literary Culture 72

 
4 Clar. Life 279. For the northern rebellions see Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil, and Marshall, Intelligence 107–14

  5 Reresby 49

  6 Pincus 234; CII to Sir Godfrey Copley, 24 February 1664, PRO, SP 44/17, 11

  7 Ibid. 233; Humphrey Gyfford to George Oxenden, 25 March 1664

  8 Ibid. 151; Geoff Kemp, ODNB

  9 George Kitchin, Sir Roger L’Estrange (1913) 113

  10 CSPD 1664, 587, 15 May 1664

  11 Bunyan, Miscellaneous Works, ed. Roger Sharrock (1975) VI 42. See Keeble, Literary Culture 78–92, 203; also Kate Peters, Print Culture and the Early Quakers (2005), and History of the Book IV 60–75; and for the continuing struggle between L’Estrange and the radical press, see Weber, and Richard L. Greaves, Enemies Under his Feet: Radicals and Nonconformists in Britain 1664–67 (1990) 167–84

  12 Milton, Paradise Lost, XII 587

  13 Carte MSS 45, f. 151

  14 Act to Prevent and Suppress Seditious Conventicles (16 Car II c. 4)

  15 CSPD 1664, 487

  16 Act for Restraining Non-Conformists from inhabiting in Corporations (17 Car II c. 2) For legislation and context see Keeble, Restoration; Harris, Seaward and Goldie; and Spurr, Restoration Church and Post-Reformation

  16 The Spring Of The Air

  1 Aubrey 231

  2 Leviathan and the Air-pump 97–8

  3 Boyle, ‘Prenomial Essay’, Leviathan and the Air-pump 68

  4 Gordon Cragg, From Puritanism to the Age of Reason (1950) 100; Worden, ‘The question of secularization’, Houston and Pincus 22

  5 Robert Hooke, Micrographia (1665) Preface

  6 Declaration, Kenyon 357

  7 Evelyn III 260–1, 1 November 1660

  8 See Jardine, Going Dutch, 267–90

  9 Aubrey 232

  10 Jardine, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution (1999)

  11 Marjorie Hope Nicolson, ed. Conway Letters: The Correspondence of Anne Viscountess Conway, Henry More, and their Friends, 1642–1684 (1930). For the women more generally, see L. Hunter, ‘Sisters of the Royal Society; the circle of Katherine Jones, Lady Ranelagh’, and Frances Harris, ‘Living in the neighbourhood of science: Mary Evelyn, Margaret Cavendish and the Greshamites’, in L. Hunter and S. Hutton, eds, Women, Science and Medicine 1500–1700 (1997)

  12 Ibid. 27; Boyle to John Dury, 3 May 1647, Boyle I xxxix. The intellectual ferment is described in C. Webster, The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform 1626–60 (1975)

  13 Jardine, Wren 118–19

  14 Jardine, Wren 64–8; Tinniswood, Wren 28; W. Pope, Seth, Bishop of Salisbury (1697) 29

  15 Evelyn III 110–11, 13 July 1654

  17 Royal Society

  1 Samuel Sorbière, A Journey to England…Also Observations on the Same Voyage by Dr Sprat (1709) 35

  2 Jardine, Wren 166

  3 Ibid. 142

  4 Evelyn, library catalogues, BL Add. MS 78632

  5 Sprat 53

  6 Hunter, New Science 35; Birch I 3. See also Hunter’s other books: Science and Society in Restoration England (1981) and The Royal Society and its Fellows 1660–1700: The Morphology of an early Scientific Institution (1999), and Lisa Jardine, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution (1999)

  7 Tinniswood, Wren 68–9; see also Wood, Life and Times I, 201, 472–3

  8 Birch I 8

  9 Pepys II 21–2, 23 January 1661

  10 Evelyn III 268, 16 January 1661

  11 Pepys III 9, 12 January 1662

  12 Jardine, Going Dutch 200–3

  13 Evelyn III 272, 6 March 1661; Birch I 37–41

  14 Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chemist, in Boyle, Works II 208, 211

  15 Stephen Wren, Parentalia (1750, repr. 1965), 210–11; cit. Jardine, Wren, 176

  16 Birch I 10,17

  17 Evelyn III 288, 14 May 1661

  18 Ibid. 330, 13 August 1662

  19 Birch I 271

  20 Ibid. 272

  21 Ibid. 289

  22 Sorbière, Voyage 39–40

  23 Ibid. 36–8. Louis XIV judged that Sorbière had been indiscreet in making libellous remarks about British ministers and banished him to Brittany, and Charles asked that he should be pardoned. Charles also stopped the society from framing an answer which would spark more Anglo-French animosity.

  24 See Keeble, Restoration 202–3

  25 Hunter, New Science 85. See Peck, Ch. 8, 311–45, on the Royal Society and luxury goods, and on Henry Howard and North Africa 143–51

  26 Oldenburg Corr. III 525

  27 Quoted in Shapiro 74

  28 Sprat 111–13

  29 Ian Roy, ODNB

  30 Birch I 281

  31 Ibid., quoted in D. C. Martin, ‘Sir Robert Moray’ in Sir Harold Hartley, ed., The Royal Society: Its Origins and Founders (1960) 246–7

  32 Pepys V 32–3, 1 February 1664; Hunter, Science and Society (2002 edn) 131

  33 Birch II 463, 1671. See Middleton, ‘What did Charles II call the Fellows of the Royal Society?’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society 32 (1977) 13

  34 Leviathan and the Air-pump 33

  18 Card Houses

  1 Pepys III 191, 7 September 1662

  2 Evelyn III 347, 1 December 1662

  3 Pepys III 297, 29 December 1662; Evelyn III 349; Mercurius Publicus 5 Jan 1663, 13–16

  4 Ibid. 293, 25 December 1662

  5 Ibid. 301, 31 December 1662; Grammont 171; Evelyn III 346

  6 Jusserand 91

  7 Grammont 126

  8 Thurley, Lost Palace 42–4

  9 Pepys IV 1, 1 January 1663

  10 Grammont 116

  11 Pepys IV 37–8, 8 February 1663

  12 Grammont 190

  13 Ibid. 344

  14 C. H. Hartmann, La Belle Stuart (1924) 55

  15 Grammont 339

  16 Jusserand 89; Grammont 297

  17 Savile Corr. 6, Henry Savile to Lady Dorothy Savile, May 1665

  18 Pepys IV 136–7, 15 May 1663

  19 Ibid. 216, 4 July 1663

  20 Ibid. 230, 13 July 1663

  21 Newes 14 July, Intelligencer 18 July

  22 Pepys V 209, 15 July 1664

  23 Hartmann, La Belle Stuart 150

  24 Letters 145

  25 Earl of Anglesey to Ormond, HMC Ormonde NS III 78, 174–5; Carte MSS 221, f. 77, Bennet to Ormond, 22 August 1663, 143, 175–6. For the economies, see CSPD 1663–4, 264. See Andrew Barclay, ‘Charles II’s Failed Restoration: Administrative Reform Below Stairs, 1660–64’, Stuart Courts 164–5

  26 Moneys received and paid for the Secret Service of Charles II and James II, CS, 1851, vi–viii

  27 Cash book, 1663–4, RA 84770–94

  28 HMC Hastings, 142–3. For the tour, see Hutton, CII, 210; CSPD 1663, 264, 271; Carte MSS 33 ff. 69,118; Intelligencer 31 August, 7, 28 September, 5 October; The Newes 10 September, 1 October. For Avebury, John Aubrey, Topographical Collections, ed. Jackson (1862), 316; For the Herberts, see McClain 68: Wilts RO 1300/503 Duchess of Devonshire

  29 Schellinks, Journal 105

  30 Oldenburg to Evelyn, 16 April 1663, quoted in Jardine, Wren 215

  31 This version from Brown’s Miscellanea Aulica (1702) 306: Grammont, n. 153

  32 Jusserand 88

  33 Fraser 213; Strickland 560; Pepys IV 339, 19 October 1663

  19 Beauties

  1 Jusserand, Lionne to Cominges, 5 August 1663; for language, see 52

  2 Grammont 106

  3 Ibid. 115

  4 Norrington 80, CII to Minette, 2 June 1664

  5 Sonya Wynne, ‘The Brightest Glories of the British Sphere’, in Painted Ladies 37–8

  6 Norrington 53–4, Minette to CII, 4 January 1662

  7 Keay 132

  8 Ibid.

  9 Diana Dethloff, ‘Portaiture and Concepts of Beauty in Restoration Painting’, in Painted Ladies, 25

  10 Horace Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting (1762) II 27

  11 Grammont 117

  12 Norrington 72, CII to Minette, 10 December 1663<
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  13 Jusserand 85, 90

  14 Pepys IV 4, 5 January 1663

  15 Grammont 214

  16 King’s Works 15

  20 Performance

  1 Wood II 476

  2 Pepys IV 209, 17 July 1663

  3 Pepys III 34, 22 February 1662; 36, 25 February 1662

  4 Harold Love, ODNB; Matthew Prior, Poems on Several Occasions (1718)

  5 Burnet I 485

  6 Magalotti 77. Sermon from the Canticles, Pepys IX 264, 18 July 1668

  7 Dryden, Works (Essay of Dramatic Poesie), XVII 39

  8 Summers 82–3

  9 Etherege, She wou’d if she cou’d (1668); Summers 45

  10 Proclamation 1663; Summers 50–1

  11 See Nancy Klein Maguire, Regicide and Restoration: English tragicomedy 1660–1671 (1992)

  12 Dryden, Works XVII 35

  13 Orrery to Ormond, 23 January 1662, Winn 146

  14 Dryden, Works XVII 56

  15 John Barnard, ODNB

  16 28 March 1663, Summers 16

  17 Grammont 86–90

  18 Jeremy Collier, Short View of the Profaneness of the English Stage (1698) 13; Howe 93

  19 John Barnard, ed., Etherege, The Man of Mode III i

  20 Cibber, Apology (1925 edn) I 79

  21 Pepys VII 76–7, 19 March 1666

  22 Halifax, Works II 495

  23 Remarques on the Humours and Conversations of the Town (1673)

  21 Money-Men And Merchants

  1 Ogilby, Entertainment 107; Weiser 121

  2 ‘The Royal Exchange’, Old and New London I (1878) 494–513

  3 Fraser 218. See Roth 167–96

  4 Minutes to 1665, BL Add. MS 25,115

  5 PRO, CO 389–1, in Weiser 128

  6 Weiser 137–8

  7 Josiah Child, Brief Observations; in Bernstein 130

  8 See R. D. Richards, The Early History of Banking in England (1929) 23–64, and for the goldsmiths’ dealings with the Treasury and Exchequer, 65–91

  9 Dorothy K. Clark, ‘A Restoration Goldsmith-Banking House: the Vine on Lombard Street’, Essays in Modern History in Honour of Wilbur Cortez Abbott (1941) 7

  10 RBS EB1/1/1663 ff. 84, 137

  11 RBS CH/194/1–6

  12 Holmes 58

  13 See, for example, David Harris Sacks, The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450–1700 (1991)

  14 Dudley North, Observations and Advices Oeconomical (1669); Adrian Tinniswood, The Verneys (2007) 302

  15 See ‘The Levant Trader’, Tinniswood, Verneys

  16 Bernstein 152

  17 Weiser 147

  18 William Dalrymple, White Mughals (2002) 22, and illustration. See the earlier study by S. A. Khan, The East India Trade in the Seventeenth Century: its Political and Economic Aspects (1923), and John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the East India Company (1991)

 

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