The Enderby Settlement
Page 27
22 Descendant Sam Sampson, Stewart Island, 2001, in response to a ‘Calling all Descendants’ appeal by the late Madelene Ferguson Allen, author of Wake of the Invercauld.
23 From correspondence with the late Hazel Lane, neé Bromley, of Taradale, great-granddaughter of the Enderby Settlement’s James Bromley.
24 Des Price (descendant), Article: Auckland Islands settlement was doomed to fail, NZ Genealogist, September/October 1999; Fraser, Conon, Beyond the Roaring Forties: New Zealand’s subantarctic islands, Government Printer, 1986, pp. 127–28.
25 Information from correspondence between the author and the late Mrs Pauline Goodger, wife of the late Leonard Mateora Goodger of Christchurch, Tom’s great-grandson.
26 Press, 21 September 1881.
27 Enderby; letter of 1 June 1868, from 48 Devonshire Street, Queen Square, to Mrs Tom Goodger. The letter was signed ‘Your very sincere friend Chas. Enderby’, with a postscript: ‘Remember me to all your family.’ This letter and other material relating to Tom Goodger is now held by the Canterbury Museum.
28 Enderby, letter to Sir William Molesworth, Secretary of State for the Colonies, from Great St Helens, London, 20 August 1855, PRO CO 209/134.7895, New Zealand. This letter was sent from the Southern Whale Fishery Company’s offices at 13 Great St Helens. The copy clerk’s handwriting is clear and meticulous, whereas Charles Enderby’s was smaller and less legible, as in his letter to Mrs Goodger (see previous note).
29 House of Commons Parliamentary Papers No. 369, London, 6 July 1855, p. 15.
30 As he was the fourth Secretary of State since the Duke of Newcastle, Molesworth could just as easily have referred to his predecessors in the plural. The Duke of Newcastle’s letter, dated 16 April 1853, reached Wellington after Enderby’s departure in July 1853. Molesworth’s immediate predecessor, Lord John Russell, had probably been just as unwilling as Molesworth to go into the matter. After Earl Grey, who held the office from 1846 to 1852, covering the period of the Enderby Settlement, there were numerous changes of Secretary of State for the Colonies. Sir John Pakington succeeded Earl Grey in 1852, to be followed by the Duke of Newcastle, also in 1852, and Sir George Grey (not to be confused with New Zealand’s Governor Grey) in 1854. In 1855, four men held the office: Sidney Herbert was followed by Lord John Russell, then Sir William Molesworth, then Henry Labouchere (pers. comm. Parliamentary Archives, Houses of Parliament, UK). The last four scarcely had time to put their nameplate on the door! It’s no wonder they were unwilling to reconsider a decision already made. The Times, 18 July 1855, summed up Molesworth’s decision to do nothing further as the end of ‘a very prolix and uninteresting correspondence’.
31 Parliamentary Papers No. 369, 6 July 1855, p. 57.
32 Ibid., pp. 58–60. Dundas to Sir George Grey 13 November 1854, and Preston to Sir George Grey 25 November 1854.
33 Ibid., pp. 56–57. Statement of Dr William Ewington.
34 Enderby, letter to Sir William Molesworth, pp. 320a–21.
35 Parliamentary Papers, 1855, p. 15.
36 Ibid., p. 68. One of the Southern Whale Fishery Company’s last attempts to salvage something from its Auckland Islands operations was to suggest that the British government might wish to establish a penal settlement there; in which case, it would be ‘prepared to surrender’ the islands, along with remaining buildings, in the hope that ‘it might seem good to Her Majesty’s government to make such a compensation to this Company for the same, as well as for the cost it has incurred in making roads and a wharf, as might, on investigation, be considered reasonable’ (Parliamentary Papers, 1855, p. 30). The British government accepted the company’s surrender of the islands but, as it had no intention to occupy the islands, turned down the suggestions of a penal settlement and compensation. On comment from the government, the Company then had to admit it had no right to surrender the islands anyway, without ‘the concurrence of the Messrs. Enderby’ (Parliamentary Papers, 1855, pp. 29–31).
37 Ibid., p. 69.
38 H.R. Mill, Letter, Royal Geographical Society, London. Archives corr., block 1881–1910. 3/12/1908 f1-2. The Captain Enderby, nephew of Charles Enderby, who told Dr Mill about the Enderby ships’ involvement in the Boston Tea Party, said that when the firm failed, he ‘did not know what became of their books’.
39 Parliamentary Papers, 1855, p. 67.
40 The ‘shipwreck era’ was from 1864–1907. Up to June 1868, the wrecks to which Enderby would have been referring were those of the Grafton, the Invercauld and the Minerva, all in 1864, and the General Grant in 1866 (Conon Fraser, Beyond the Roaring Forties, Government Printer, 1986, pp. 109–16).
41 A.G.E. Jones, who had a biased opinion of the Enderbys, notes in Ships Employed in the South Seas Trade (Roebuck Society, Canberra, 1991) that ‘Charles spent his last years living with his daughter (who had come into some money), in a top back room in Kensington, and to the end of his days it was well understood in the family that he could not be trusted with money.’ Enderby, of course, had never married and had no daughter. As to his daughter’s money, Jones describes Enderby in an earlier letter of 24 April 1969 to a Miss M. Raitt (held at Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge University, England) as having died ‘without two halfpennies to rub together – in a top back room off the Fulham Road’. The facts from Enderby’s death certificate (a copy of which is held by the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge University, England) are less sordid, although still depressing. It states that Enderby died at his sister’s home at 12 Neville Terrace in the district of Brompton, Kensington; that his occupation was ‘Gentleman’; the cause of death ‘Heart disease, 8 yrs. Paralysis right side’; and that his sister, Louisa Gambell, was present when he died.
42 Michael King, Moriori: A people rediscovered, Viking, Penguin Books, Auckland, 1989, p. 86; Buddy Mikaere, ‘Maungahuka: The nearest Maori settlement to the South Pole’, in Tu Tangata 32, pp. 60–61.
43 Encyclopaedia Britannica: ‘Whale Fisheries’.
44 Neville Peat, Subantarctic New Zealand: A rare heritage, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, 2006, p. 92.
45 With ships coming and going over the years, the absence of rats is surprising; they were certainly around at the time of the Enderby Settlement. The Black Dog was smoked for rats on 24 June 1851, and the smoking was found to be effectual the following day (ESD). There are mice on the main island and probably still on Enderby Island, where I photographed them in 1984.
46 Paul R. Dingwall, Kevin L. Jones & Rachael Egerton (eds), In Care of the Southern Ocean: An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands, New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 27, Auckland, 2009, p. 4.
47 R.A. Falla, ‘Comments on the Enderby Settlement and the Cemetery at Port Ross, Auckland Islands’, in J.C. Yaldwyn (ed.) Preliminary Results of the Auckland Islands Expedition 1972–1973, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, New Zealand, 1975, pp. 395–400.
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Enderby Settlement Diaries: Records of a British colony at the Auckland Islands, Diarists William Augustus Mackworth & William John Munce. P.R. Dingwall, C. Fraser, J.G. Gregory, C.J.R. Robertson (eds), Wild Press & Wordsell Press, New Zealand, 1999
Enderby, Charles, Proposal for re-establishing the British Southern Whale Fishery, through the medium of a Chartered Company, a
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——, Description of the Outlying Islands South and East of New Zealand, Hydrographic Office, London, 1868
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Index
Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.
Adam’s Island 23, 53, 54, 55, 72, 107, 111, 112, 113–14, 114, 115; Enderby Settlement gaol 111–13, 119, 122, 133; flora and fauna reserve 114; sealing 140
agriculture 24
albatrosses 113; royal albatrosses 132, 190; wandering albatross 114
alcohol: problems after the departure of Enderby 197–99; restrictions on sale and supply 27, 58, 81, 122–23, 156, 160, 164, 168; settlers 75, 81, 82, 137, 138, 140, 150, 171; ship captains, officers and crews 66, 71, 91, 105, 109, 122–23, 124, 133, 168; see also discipline
Amazon 138, 143, 144, 145
American War of Independence 41
Anisotome 187; latifolia 52, 53, 201
Anjou 166
Antarctica 17, 34, 35, 44, 45, 46
Antarctica (Morrell’s schooner) 56
Ariel 133, 137
Artemisia 62, 63, 64, 69, 115
Auckland (cutter) 66, 69, 76, 80, 82, 94, 97, 117, 118, 140, 205, 206
Auckland (New Zealand city) 88, 89
Auckland Island 130; basaltic columnar cliffs 51, 56, 74, 77, 130, 166; Giant’s Archway 180; Mackworth’s west coast expedition 76–78; see also Enderby Settlement; and individual place names
Auckland Island teal 136
Auckland Island tit 194
Auckland Islands: arrival of Samuel Enderby 13; basaltic columnar cliffs 18, 51, 52, 52–53, 56, 68, 74, 77, 110, 130, 132, 154, 166; base for whaling venture 18, 20, 44, 47–49, 63–64, 107, 120, 148–49, 152; Bristow discovers 44; British possession 16, 18; and changes in shipping and routes 129; climate 34; Crown colony status 24, 25, 98–99; Enderby’s 1852 offer to form a settlement 214–15; Grey’s visit 87, 89, 90, 93, 95–97, 98–99; map,
Bristow’s 55; maps, location 14, 15; Matioro’s arrival from Chatham Islands 30; territorially part of New Zealand 98–99; unspoilt environment 215–16; volcanic origins 18, 52, 55, 107, 110, 111; World Heritage status 215
Auckland Whaling Company 48
Augusta 62, 63, 66, 115
aurora australis 33
Australia 44, 49, 93–95, 123; see also New South Wales; South Australia; Tasmania; Victoria
Awarru 74
Balleny Islands 45, 195
Balleny, John 45
Banks, Sir Joseph 41
Barton, Jessie 120, 123, 133, 135, 137
Barton, Mary 40, 120, 121, 123, 133, 137, 202, 210
Barton, Mary Louisa Thornley 177
Barton, Robert 40, 120, 121, 123, 136, 137, 140, 144, 200, 210
Bay of Islands 22, 30, 44, 127, 129, 130, 201, 212
Beacon Point 20
Bell, Ellis 135
Bell, James 149
Bell, Mrs 120
bellbirds 26, 77
Bellingshausen, Thaddeus 44, 142, 145
birds 26, 27, 76; see also albatrosses; Auckland Island teal; Auckland Island tit; bellbirds; shags; sooty shearwaters
births 65, 83, 140, 172, 177
Biscoe, John 45
Bishop, Hannah (née Tawerangi) 167, 205
Bishop, Robert Reuben 148, 167, 205
Black Dog 103; capture of whale in Wellington Harbour 184; payment to Enderby for, in lieu of salary 189; restraining order to prevent leaving Wellington 186; settlers and goods leaving Auckland Islands on 178, 180, 191; trading and passenger voyages, New Zealand and New South Wales 102, 118, 123, 125, 128, 136, 170, 171, 205; voyage to New Zealand with Enderby, Dundas and Preston 175–76, 180–81, 188
Bollons Bay 113
Bond, George 25, 75–76, 80–81, 82, 149
Boston Tea Party 41
Botany Bay 113
Bracegirdle, Fred 36–37, 211, 211
Bracegirdle, James 211
Brisk 25, 27, 135; in Antarctic seas 46, 63–64; arrival at Port Ross 16; Cooks’ marriage aboard 21; crew disputes and discipline 58, 66, 110–11, 158, 167, 168, 205; crew sickness 158, 159; Macquarie Island oiling voyage 146, 168, 179, 198; replacement of Tapsell with Bunker 64, 73, 99; transport of settlers and stores from Enderby Settlement 191, 202, 203, 204, 205; voyage to Balleny Islands 195; whaling 28, 31, 33, 34, 63–64, 65–66, 68, 99, 109, 115, 116, 118, 157–58