Harlem Nocturne
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John Cage Trust, 51
Johnson, James P., 144
Johnson, Lutie, 88, 96–97
Johnson, William H., 103
Johnston, Toosie, 76–77
Jones, Bill T., 76
Jones, Hank, 149, 150fig
Jones, Max, 161–162
Josephson, Barney, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 73–76, 139, 152, 153, 157, 160, 168, 174, 176, 194
Journey of Immersion, 55
Judeo-Christianity, 11
Julius Rosenwald Foundation, 16, 72
Kent, Rockwell, 62–63
Kern, Jerome, 22
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 177
Kirk, Andy, 147
Kurath, Gertrude Prokosch, 39
Kykunkor, 29
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 95–96, 100, 120
Lane, Anna Houston. See Petry, Ann
Lane, Bertha James, 82
Lane, Peter Clark, 82
Larsen, Nella, 11, 95
Laundry Workers Joint Board, 97
Lawrence, Jacob, 37, 104
League for Political Education, 166
Lee, Canada, 74
Left, 8–9, 10, 46, 93–94, 115
Leftists, 30, 99, 136
Lenin, V. I., 8
Levien, Julia, 39
Levy, Herbert Mont, 75
Lewis, Norman, 103
Lewis, Sinclair, 114–115
Liberals, 8, 30, 99
Liberty, 9
Life magazine, 53, 174
“Like a Winding Sheet” (Petry), 114
Lincoln, Abbey, 50, 131
Lincoln, Abraham, 90
Literature, 77
education and, 114
Left and, 115
movement in, 16
society, reform of and, 114
sociological novel and, 115–118
See also Petry, Ann
Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X
Lloyd, Margaret, 42
Louis, Joe, 113, 176
Lunceford, Jimmie, 136
Lynching, 63, 64, 91, 145
Mabry, Iris, 39
Mainstream press, 13, 106, 113
Makeba, Miriam, 50
Malcolm X, 35, 111, 112, 170
Manchild in the Promised Land (Brown), 173
Manhattan, NY, 33, 63
Mannings, Muriel, 48
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963), 4
March on Washington movement (1941), 6–7
Martin, David Stone, 144, 155–156
Martin, John, 13, 24–25, 39, 46, 52, 53
Martinique, 40
Marx, Karl, 10
Marxism, 10–11, 116
Mary Lou Williams: Circle Recordings, 183
Mary Lou Williams’s Piano Workshop (radio program), 13–14, 157
Mayfield, Roland, 146
Mays, Benjamin, 177
McBurnie, Beryl, 38–39
McCarthy, Joseph, 74, 93, 130
McCarthyism, 16, 37, 61, 74, 130, 189
McDowell, Deborah, 192–193
McGarity, Lou, 52fig
McKay, Claude, 182
McKayle, Donald, 65–66, 191
McRae, Carmen, 119
Mead, Margaret, 71
Merriwether, Louis, 131
Migrants, migration, 5, 7, 17, 28, 32, 55, 100, 119
Miles College, 59
Military, 6, 12, 88–89, 91, 111–113
Monk, Thelonious, 13, 33, 150, 159, 160
Moore, Audley, 136
Morrison, Toni, 117, 192
Morton, Jelly Roll, 144
Mostel, Zero, 45, 74
Moten, Benny, 147
Motley, Willard, 114
Movement, 16–17, 24–25, 29, 42, 55, 67, 68, 69, 101
Murray, Albert, 113
Music
bebop, 11, 13, 123, 150, 159–162, 179, 180, 181
black, 143, 164, 180
boogie-woogie, 180
classical, 165
forties and, 5
in Harlem, NY, 11–12
jazz, 13, 143, 157, 164, 166, 179, 181
movement in, 16
in New York City, NY, 11–12
rhythm and blues, 11
swing, 11, 15, 159, 179, 180
See also Williams, Mary Lou
“Music and Progress” (Williams), 179–180
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
The Narrows (Petry), 88, 105, 192
Nash, Joe, 48
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 96, 113, 168
National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, 98
National Association of Graduate Nurses, 98
National Black Nurses Association, 98–99
National Council of Negro Women, 113
National Maritime Workers Union, 35–36, 47
National Medical Association, 98
National Negro Congress (1936), 8
National Urban League, 96, 113, 120
National Youth Administration (NYA), 36–37
Native Son (Wright), 84–85, 113, 116
Naylor, Gloria, 192
Nazism, 6, 30
Neel, Alice, 188fig, 189
Negro Bar Association, 98
Negro Digest, 106, 113
Negro Freedom Rally (1943), 17, 19, 21–24, 28, 30, 50, 52–53, 55, 60, 62
Negro Liberator, 135
Negro People’s Front, 8
Negro Quarterly, 106
“The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” 53, 66
Negro Story, 106
“Negro Women Have a Vote—How Shall They Use It?,” 99
Negro Women Incorporated (NWI), 87, 99–101, 109
“Negro Youth’s Heritage in Dance” (Jackson), 59
New Dance Group, 37–40, 68, 72
New Negro movement, 21–22, 119
New Republic, 149
New York City, NY
artists in, 1–2, 11–12
culture in, 2
obstacles to freedom in, 12–13
Petry, Ann and, 12–13, 85–87, 185
politics in, 2
Primus, Pearl and, 29, 185
racism in, 12–13
Williams, Mary Lou and, 12–13, 17, 168–169, 185
New York Daily News, 91, 93
New York Post, 120
New York Public Library, 85, 101, 162
New York Times, 13, 23, 39, 125, 126, 137, 166, 191, 193
New York University, 36, 71
Nichols, Herbie, 161
Notes of a Native Sun (Baldwin), 120
Novak, Kim, 104, 129
“The Novel as Social Criticism” (Petry), 115–118, 128
Nunn, Bill, 176–177
NYA. See National Youth Administration
Oberlin College, 58
O’Brien, Peter, 182
O’Neal, Frederick, 101–102
“On Saturday the Siren Sounds at Noon” (Petry), 81
On Strivers Row (Hill), 102, 103
Opportunity, 106, 113
Orent, Milton, 150fig, 156, 162, 166
Organized labor, 5, 6, 8
Parker, Charles, 166
Parks, Gordon, 174
People’s Voice newspaper, 10, 84, 86, 90–96, 98, 130, 137
Perske, Betty, 46
Petry, Ann, 80fig, 81, 149
aesthetic concerns of, 3, 7, 95, 114, 115–118
ANT and. see American Negro Theater (ANT)
appearance of, 84
audience of, 84–85
background of, 2, 81–84
birth of, 2
Communist Party and, 10–11, 90, 129–130
Davis, Benjamin J., Jr. and, 138
democracy and, 3, 10
Double V Campaign and, 5
education of, 14–15, 82–84, 103, 104–105
everyday people, portrayal of by, 2
Harlem, NY and, 2, 9, 79, 81, 89, 90–91, 98, 110, 170, 189
Harlem Riots (1943) and, 90, 118–127
Harle
m Riots and, 17
“In Darkness and Confusion” of, 118
as intellectual, 3, 14–15, 82–83
as journalist, 81, 84, 90–96, 97–98
legacy of, 15, 192–193, 196–197
“Like a Winding Sheet” of, 114
The Narrows of, 105, 192
New York City, NY and, 2, 12–13, 85–87, 185
“The Novel as Social Criticism” of, 115–118, 128
NWI and, 99–101
People’s Voice and, 10, 84, 90–96, 98
personality of, 2
political activism of, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 81, 83, 89–90, 94–96, 97–101
Popular Front and, 8
Reformist Left and, 8
relationships of, 86
reputation of, 15, 79
screenwriting of, 104, 129
segregation and, 98–99
short stories of, 81, 106, 114, 192
significance of, 3, 11, 15
social problems and, 84–85, 97–98
social realism and, 114, 117
“Solo on the Drums” of, 102
The Street of, 81, 88, 96–97, 107–114, 128–129, 192, 193
See also Literature
Petry, Elisabeth, 82, 83, 87, 88, 192
Petry, George David, 85–86, 88, 104, 107, 111, 112, 127, 128–129
Philadanco, 68
Phylon, 113
Pittsburgh Courier, 20, 140, 176–177
Plessy, Homer, 27
Plessy v. Ferguson, 6
PM newspaper, 8, 106
Politics
art and, 2–3, 12, 14
Cold War, 4, 15
dance and, 23–25, 27, 32, 38, 53
Double V Campaign and, 6–7
forties and, 5
militant, 4
Petry, Ann and, 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 81, 83, 89–90, 94–96, 97–101
Popular Front and, 5, 45
Primus, Pearl and, 7, 10, 14, 29–31, 38, 57–62, 69
progressive, 38, 155
protest, 83
radical, 25, 32
Reformist Left and, 9
tactics and, 4
war years and, 4
Williams, Mary Lou and, 3, 7, 10, 14, 139–140, 175–178
Popular Front, 5, 7–8, 30, 45, 106
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 21–22, 45–46, 87, 91, 92, 101, 110, 118, 120, 129, 137, 153, 154
Powell, Bud, 13, 150, 160, 161
Premice, Josephine, 68
President’s Fair Employment Practices Committee, 6
Press. See Black press
Primus, Pearl, 26fig, 41fig, 52fig, 138, 175
aesthetic concerns of, 3, 7, 24–25, 30–31, 49, 51, 52
Africa, trip to of, 3, 16, 31, 57
afrocentricity and, 31
appearance of, 47–50
audiences, relationship with of, 42–43, 50
background of, 2, 28, 29, 31–32, 33–34
birth of, 28, 33
black press and, 43
on Broadway, 63, 67
Café Society and, 2, 44–48, 50–53, 60, 152, 153
choreography of, 25, 43, 50, 53, 67, 77, 190
collaborations of, 2, 50–52
Communist Party and, 10, 60, 62, 74, 75
democracy and, 3, 10, 76
Double V Campaign and, 5, 30, 53
Dunham, Katherine and, 13, 40, 42–44
early career of, 35–37
education of, 14–15, 24, 33–35, 36, 69–73, 190
FBI investigation of, 3, 16, 17, 58, 59–62, 68, 73–76
firsthand accounts of, 65–66
Five Dancers performance of, 39–40, 44
friendships of, 2
Harlem, NY and, 2, 9, 95
“In Darkness and Confusion” of, 122–127
as intellectual, 3, 14–15, 30, 31, 34, 44, 54, 55, 69–73, 85
legacy of, 15, 190–192, 196–197
marriages of, 53–54, 190
Negro Freedom Rally (1943) and, 17, 23–24, 28, 30, 50, 52–53, 55, 60, 62
nervous breakdown of, 62–63
New Dance Group and, 37–40, 68, 72
New York City, NY and, 2, 12–13, 29, 185
personality of, 34, 51
political activism of, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 29–31, 38, 57–62, 69
Popular Front and, 8, 30
reputation of, 13, 15
reviews of, 39–40, 42
segregation and, 24, 27, 43
SNYC and, 57–60
social realism and, 31, 110
South, trip to of, 54–57, 63–65
as teacher, 68–69, 72
white supremacy and, 9
Williams, Mary Lou and, 2, 50–51, 67, 152, 168
See also Dance
Racism, 6, 61, 139
Black Americans and, 28
black press and, 92
Communist Party and, 62
dance as protest against, 53
democracy and, 10
employment and, 22, 35–36
Harlem, NY and, 79
housing and, 22
New York City, NY and, 12–13
South and, 28
Radicalism, 8, 25, 32, 94
Rahman-Ndiaye, Andara Koumba, 191
Randolph, A. Philip, 6–7, 19, 124
Realism, social, 11, 31, 110, 114, 117
Reckling, Frances Kraft, 86–87, 88
Renaissance, Harlem, 11–12, 21, 95
Republican Party, Republicans, 90
Richards, Lloyd, 102
Roach, Max, 166
Roberts, Lucky, 136
Robeson, Paul, Jr., 37
Robeson, Paul, Sr., 22–23, 37, 45, 48, 74, 75, 130, 135, 137
Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” 23, 118
Robinson, Dollie, 87–88, 98–99, 110
Robinson, Mabel Louise, 104–105
Rockefeller, Nelson, 46
“Roll ’Em” (Williams), 147–148
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 46, 53, 176
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 6, 36, 92, 93
Rorty, Richard, 8–9, 46, 114–115
Rosenkrantz, Timmie, 167
Rosie the Riveter, 4
Rowley, Hazel, 156
Russell, Curley, 166
Rustin, Bayard, 6–7
Sapphire, 76–77
Saturday Evening Post, 106
Savage, Augusta, 37
Savoy Ballroom, 29, 35, 46, 95–96
Schoenberg, Arnold, 163
Schurman, Nona, 39
Scott, Hazel, 12, 45, 46, 47, 74, 75, 91, 136, 137, 153–154, 157, 175
Scottsboro Boys, 135
Scruggs, Mary Elfrieda. See Williams, Mary Lou
Second Great Migration, 5, 7, 28
Segregation, 24, 94, 98
black migrants and, 28–29
black press and, 91
dance and, 25, 27
democracy and, 29
Democratic Party and, 90
Double V Campaign and, 6
in employment, 7
Harlem, NY and, 79
in housing, 7
in military, 6, 12, 91, 111–113
Petry, Ann and, 98–99
Primus, Pearl and, 25, 27, 43
professional organizations and, 98–99
protest against, 25
racial, 19, 28
transportation and, 25, 26–27, 29
Williams, Mary Lou and, 175–177
Shange, Ntozake, 192
Show Boat (musical), 22, 67
Sierra Leone, 29
Simms, Hilda, 54
Simone, Nina, 50
Simons, John, 52fig
Six Men and a Girl (Williams), 160
Smith, Bessie, 11
Smith, Ferdinand, 136, 138
Smith, Lillian, 176
Smith, Marvin, 95
Smith, Morgan, 95
SNYC. See Southern Negro Youth Congress
Social justice, 10, 14, 24, 30, 151
Social movements, 15, 17
Social realism, 11, 31
, 110, 114, 117
“Solo on the Drums” (Petry), 102
“Souls of Black Folk” (Du Bois), 57
South, 32, 73
Primus, Pearl trip to, 54–57, 63–65
racism in, 28
Williams, Mary Lou and, 144
“Southern Landscape,” 63
Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), 57–60
“Southland,” 63
Soviet Union, 59, 62
Spirituality, 10, 11, 15, 140, 142, 178, 185, 191, 193–194
Stalin, Joseph, 93–94
Steinbeck, John, 114–115
Stereotyping, 8, 89, 96, 115
Stormy Weather (film), 42, 118
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 115–116
“Strange Fruit,” 45, 53, 63–66, 67, 77
Stravinksy, Igor, 163
Strayhorn, Billy, 146, 154
The Street (Petry), 13, 81, 88, 96–97, 105, 107–114, 128–129, 170, 192, 193
“Study in Nothing,” 67
Sugar Hill, NY, 110, 133, 140, 149
Tamiris, Helen, 137
Tatum, Art, 136, 163
Taylor, Billy, 164
Teagarden, Jack, 149, 150fig
That Hill Girl (Petry), 104, 129
Thenstead, Adolph, 67
Time magazine, 48, 153, 181
Tolson, Melvin, 114
Toomer, Jean, 55
Town Hall, 14, 165, 166
Train, Arthur, 104
Trilling, Lionel, 128
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 116
Unions, 5, 6, 8
United States
capitalism in, 9
culture of, 3
democracy in, 3, 10
equality in, 19
racism in, 10
Urban Bush Women, 68, 191
Urban League, 113–114
Urban renewal, 130–131, 133, 189
Vaughan, Sarah, 12, 119
Walker, Alice, 192
Walker, Margaret, 12, 114
“Walking with Pearl . . . Southern Diaries,” 66–67, 191
Washington, Booker T., 83
Washington, Dinah, 12, 128
Washington, Fredi, 91, 135, 136, 137
Waters, Ethel, 118, 168
Webster, Ben, 156, 163, 166
Weeks, James, 63
Weidman, Charles, 38, 69
Weingarten, Gray, 154, 163, 168, 178
Welles, Orson, 176
Wells, Ida B., 27
West Africa, 3, 16, 24
White, Charles, 37, 114
White, Josh, 23, 45, 50, 67, 74, 75, 77, 94–96, 137, 138
White, Walter, 45, 96
White supremacy, 9, 28, 30, 69, 70, 108
Wilder, Austin, 68
Wilkerson, Doxey, 93
Williams, Cootie, 118–119
Williams, Johnny, 147
Williams, Mary Lou, 138, 141fig, 150fig, 158fig
aesthetic concerns of, 3, 7
as arranger, 14–15, 147–148, 181–182
audiences, relationship with of, 42–43, 50
audiences of, 7
background of, 2, 142–147
bebop, birth of and, 13, 159–162
birth of, 2
Café Society and, 2, 45, 139, 140, 152–154, 160
career resurgence of, 15–16
collaborations of, 2
Communist Party and, 10, 139–140