The Smartest Places on Earth
Page 25
7. With 300-millimeter wafers of 14–20 nanometers.
8. See www.globalfoundries.com.
9. See www.infineon.com.
10. See www.hightech-startbahn.de.
11. See www.mpg.de/en.
12. See www.fraunhofer.de.
13. See www.helmholtz.de/en/home.
14. See www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/en/home.
15. See www.amtc-dresden.com/content/index.php?xmlfile=general.xml.
16. See www.siltronic.com/int/en/home/index.jsp.
17. See www.das-deutschland.de.
18. See www.hap.de.
19. See www.ais-automation.com/de/index.php.
20. See www.deru-reinraum.de/home.
21. Interview with Gitta Haupold, November 13, 2015, Dresden; all Haupold quotes in this chapter are from this interview.
22. See www.infineon.com/cms/de/about-infineon/press/press-releases/2014 /INFXX201404–033.html.
23. See www.silicon-europe.eu/about/silicon-europe.
24. See tu-dresden.de/forschung/epc/contact/ueber_uns/ueber_uns/document _view?set_language=en.
25. Interview with Bettina Vossberg, November 11, 2014, Dresden; all Vossberg quotes in this chapter are from this interview.
26. See www.futuresax.de.
27. See www.dresden-exists.de/index.php?id=30&no_cache=1&tx_queoevents _events%5Baction%5D=teaser&tx_queoevents_events%5Bcontroller%5D=Event &cHash=29da65cc4d2938c0c24e5b13279263e9.
28. See sherpa-dresden.de/index.php?site=team.
29. See www.intelligentcommunity.org.
30. See www.hightechcampus.nl.
31. See www.holstcentre.com.
32. See www.imec.be. In 1982 the Flemish government set up a program in the field of microelectronics with the goal of strengthening the microelectronics industry in Flanders. This program included setting up a laboratory for advanced research in microelectronics (Imec), a semiconductor foundry (former Alcatel Microelectronics, now STMicroelectronics and AMI Semiconductor), and a training program for VLSI design engineers. The latter is now fully integrated into Imec activities. Imec was founded in 1984 as a nonprofit organization. It is supervised by a board of directors, which includes delegates from industry, Flemish universities, and the Flemish government.
33. Companies like Dupont Teijin Films, Solvay, BASF, Bayer, Merck, and Agfa contribute their knowledge of substrates and materials. Equipment suppliers and organic electronic manufacturers such as Orbotech, Coherent, Roth & Rau, ASM, ASML, Singulus Mastering, and Plastic Electronic provide a deep understanding of the production processes and facilities. Integrated device manufacturers like Philips, Panasonic, and Polymer Vision give clear specifications of what market-ready technology and system design should look like. See www.holstcentre.com.
34. See www.philips.nl.
35. See www.asml.com.
36. Interview of Martin van den Brink in Het Financieele Dagblad, April 24, 2004.
37. Interview with Hans Duisters, November 11, 2014, Dresden; all Duisters quotes in this chapter are from this interview.
38. See www.sioux.eu.
39. See www.phenom-world.com.
40. See www.mutraxc.com.
41. See www.bom.nl.
42. See www.brainportindustries.com.
Chapter 3: Making a New Movie of an Old Story
1. All Proenza quotes in this chapter are based on interviews in Akron, June 12–13, 2013, and follow-up interview by phone on August 29, 2014.
2. Luis M. Proenza, “The Akron Model: Toward a New Framework for University Entrepreneurship, a Narrative Briefing for the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation,” July 2011.
3. Jobs-Ohio, Ohio Polymers & Chemicals at jobsohiowest.com/industries /polymers-chemicals.
4. Ohio State had a $983 million R&D budget in 2014 (up from $609 million in 2005) with $478 million coming from the federal government and $118 million from industry (www.research.osu.edu). The Ohio Third Frontier Program is a $2.1 billion initiative that provides funding to Ohio technology-based industries, universities, and nonprofit research institutions (www.development.ohio.gov). The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation is an example of close collaboration between several universities and major businesses (www.pvic.org at www.oee.osu.edu).
5. See Third Frontier website, at development.ohio.gov/bs_thirdfrontier /background.htm.
6. Akron Polymer Systems website at www.akronpolysys.com.
7. Timken has since split into a producer of specialized steel products and bearings such as mega-bearings of the kind found in wind turbines.
8. Quoted in press release by A. Schulman of July 1, 2010, “A. Schulman Expands Support for Polymer Research at the University of Akron.”
9. Karl-Heinz Zum Gahr, Microstructure and Wear of Materials, Tribology Series, 10 (Elsevier, 1987), cited in Tribology article in Wikipedia.
10. Interview with Barbara Ewing on June 13, 2013, in Youngstown, Ohio.
11. According to Dennis Barber, executive director, Ohio Polymer Strategy Council, the Ohio Polymer Industry, August 2011.
12. Albert Link, “A Generosity of Spirit: The Early History of the Research Triangle Park,” published by the Research Triangle Foundation, 1965, p. 10. Further quotes by Williams Little are also from this source.
13. Ibid., p. 43.
14. Fortune magazine, September 1966.
15. See www.visitnc.com/listing/american-tobacco-historic-district-lucky-strike-cigarette.
16. Discussion at dinner in Durham, North Carolina, on April 23, 2014.
17. Interview with Chuck Swoboda at the Cree Factory at the edge of the Research Triangle Park on April 25, 2014.
18. After Georgia Tech, Texas A&M, and Purdue.
19. Interview with Randy Woodson on April 22, 2014, at North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
20. For Eastman Chemical.
21. Interview with Bob Geolas at RTP, April 21, 2014.
22. From Sven Hemlin, Carl Martin Allwood, and Ben R. Martin, eds., Creative Knowledge Environments: The Influences on Creativity in Research and Innovation (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2004).
23. Interview with Mats Lindoff at Ideon, September 3, 2013, Lund.
24. Interview with Richard Mosell at Ideon, September 4, 2013, Lund.
25. Interview with Katarina Noren, September 3, 2013, Lund; all other Noren quotes in this chapter are from this interview.
26. See www.nlr.nl.
27. See www.avantium.com.
28. See static.tue.nl/universiteit/faculteiten/faculteit-biomedische-technol ogie/innoveren-met-biomedische-technologie/spin-offs/qtise.
29. From an interview with Het Financieele Dagblad, March 9, 2015. Also see static.tue.nl/universiteit/faculteiten/faculteit-biomedische-technologie/inno veren-met-biomedische-technologie/spin-offs/qtise.
30. See the article about his move to Maastricht at www.maastrichtuni versity.nl/web/Main1/SiteWide/SiteWide11/EersteUniversiteitshoogleraarBeno emdAanUM1.htm.
31. Het Financieele Dagblad, October 4, 2014.
32. The board of TenCate supports this step. See Fred Bakker and Tjabel Daling, “Textielfabrikant als Hoogwaardige Nichespeler” (Textile producer that turned into a high-quality niche player), Het Financieele Dagblad, November 3, 2012, Amsterdam. In July 2015, the Dutch private equity house Gilde formed a consortium that will buy all outstanding shares from TenCate.
33. In July 2015, the British company GKN bought Fokker Technologies.
34. Interview with Wim Pasteuning, July 2012, Hoofddorp.
Chapter 4: White Coats and Blue Collars
1. He also trained Christiaan Barnard and Norman Shumway, who were part of the team that conducted the first heart transplant, as detailed in G. Wayne Miller, King of Hearts (New York: Crown Books, 2010).
2. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ereky.
3. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology.
4. Interview with Bernard Fox, chair of cancer research at Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, and CEO of the start-up UbiV
ac on October 17, 2014 in Portland, Oregon.
5. World Health Organization, “Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment,” WHO Global Report, 2005, cited by a Harvard School of Public Health working paper for the World Economic Forum: “The Global Economic Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases,” September 2011 (www.hsph.harvard.edu), and the NCD Alliance, “Addressing Global Inequalities in NCD Prevention and Control for a Healthy Future,” October 2012.
6. Telephone interview on November 12, 2014, followed by meeting on May 26, 2015, in Washington, DC. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s largest medical device company, with ten major medical device platforms of at least $1 billion each and $27.5 billion in revenues in this area in 2014 (out of a total of $73 billion). That could change in 2015, when Medtronic and Covidien will be combined; together they had $28.2 billion in 2014 medical-device revenues. See Fierce Medical Devices, April 6, 2015.
7. Germany’s Biotronik, founded in 1963 and headquartered in Berlin, is the only significant European company still producing pacemakers. However, its research-and-production facilities are located in Lake Oswego, Oregon. There is also the Sorin Group in Italy, which is much smaller. A single Chinese company makes pacemakers, but its product is not in the same league in terms of sophistication.
8. Clinical studies on the insulin pump therapy effectiveness were done by Dr. Richard Bergenstal and others of the University of Minnesota and published on July 22, 2010.
9. Interview with Ellie Pidot at Medtronic Headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on July 29, 2013.
10. Scott Litman and John Stavig, “Is Minnesota Successful in Entrepreneurship?” Minneapolis Post, June 17, 2013. These authors cite some success stories, for example, Minneapolis-based Code 42 Software that provides online backup for consumers and enterprises, and raised $52.5 million in 2012; enStratius, a cloud-management software provider that was acquired by Dell in 2013; and Compellent, a rapidly growing provider of highly virtualized storage solutions with automated data management features for enterprise and cloud-computing environments that was also acquired by Dell for $960 million. Nevertheless, a 2013 report by the Kauffman Foundation shows that Minnesota still has a long way to go in new start-ups (where it ranks only fortieth in the nation), although the ranking for new patents is much better.
11. Now a subsidiary of Boston Scientific Corporation.
12. Covidien (now part of Medtronic after its acquisition in 2014) acquired the start-up that originally brought this to market for $2.6 billion. See Covidien Press release, July 12, 2010.
13. Het Financieele Dagblad, August 27, 2012.
14. Interview with Norman Dann in Minneapolis on July 31, 2013.
15. Martin Moylan, “At Medtronic, Efforts by CEO Ishrak Appear to Be Paying Off,” Minnesota Public Radio, MPR News, July 22, 2013 (mmoylan@mpr.org).
16. He retired in 2014.
17. Interview with Dale Wahlstrom in Minneapolis on July 30, 2013.
18. Andy Giegerich, “Oregon’s Biotech Sector Shows New Signs of Life,” Portland Business Journal, October 26, 2012.
19. “Battelle/Bio, State Bioscience Jobs, Investment and Innovation, 2014,” at www.bio.org/sites/default/files/Battelle-BIO-2014-Industry.pdf.
20. OHSU’s campus houses three top-notch hospitals: the OHSU Hospital (a Level 1 trauma center and general hospital), Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, and the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
21. After acquiring local Stimulation Technology, Inc.
22. Kelly also cofounded the Sapient Health Network (now part of WebMD) in 1995 and Learning.com shortly thereafter.
23. Beyond the Intel-OHSU relationship, Mary Stenzel-Poore also came up with the idea of other “co-laboratories,” with partners like Pacific Northwest National Lab, a Department of Energy research laboratory; and electronic microscope maker FEI, which was important because researchers need to visualize cancer cells and how they interact. Working with companies like Siemens, OHSU has since pioneered the use of a four-dimensional approach to imaging. Comments in this chapter by Stenzel-Poore come from an interview with her at OHSU, Portland, Oregon, on October 15, 2014.
24. Quotes in this chapter by Joe Gray come from an author interview at OHSU, Portland, Oregon, on October 16, 2014.
25. Pawlowski moved to Micron Technology in July 2014 after thirty-one years at Intel.
26. “Portland OHSU Teams with Intel to Decode the Root Causes of Cancer and Other Complex Diseases,” OHSU press release, April 22, 2013.
27. See OHSU start-up companies website, at www.ohsu.edu/xd/research /techtransfer/startups/index.cfm. Typically, the university receives one-third of the license fees for inventions made on its campus, the department that housed the research gets another one-third, and the scientist in charge of the research is entitled to the remaining one-third. Interview with Andrew Watson at OHSU, Portland, Oregon, on October 16, 2014.
28. Some start-ups have been successful enough to move to the big bioscience brainbelts in California, including HD+, Edward Life Sciences, Cepheid Inc., and Organovo. HD+ developed an artificial kidney based on nanotechnology, raised over $60 million in venture capital, and then moved to Silicon Valley. Edwards Life Sciences manufactures and repairs artificial heart valves, helping to treat over 2 million patients. Cepheid Inc., now located in Sunnyvale, California, is a medical diagnostics company well known for its contract with the US Postal Service to test for anthrax. Its 6,000 GeneXpert machines use test kits to detect infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV. Organovo, founded in 2007, designs three-dimensional human tissue and tumor models.
29. Knight is not the first or only philanthropist in this area. Other examples are the $2.5 billion Daniel Ludwig has given for cancer research over the years through the Ludwig Cancer Center and the Gates Foundation’s $2.5 billion program to fight HIV and malaria, from which an OHSU researcher received a $25 million grant in September 2014 for work on an HIV vaccine. Microsoft’s other founder, Paul Allen, gave $100 million in seed money to the Institute for Brain Science in Seattle for brain mapping.Besides bolstering OHSU, the Knight gift also had a snowball effect in Oregon Not to be outdone, the University of Oregon started a $2 billion campaign and Oregon State University finished a $1 billion campaign—not bad, considering there are only thirty-five public universities in the United States (and probably the world) that have raised over $1 billion from philanthropy. According to the Chronicle of Philanthropy, Facts and Figures, about 14 percent of all American philanthropy is for health ($1.2 billion in major gifts for 2013 alone, not counting the Knight challenge). Even though the federal government still contributes two-thirds of the massive $70 billion in R&D spending on new drugs, biotechnology, and medical instruments, universities worry about the squeeze left by the federal funding gap, particularly because it comes at a time when drug companies and venture capital have also become hesitant about spending the mega-amounts needed for new drugs (“US Investment in Health Research 2012,” Research America). According to the Science and Engineering Indicators of the National Science Foundation, health is the largest recipient of non-defense spending (defense spending was $83 billion in FY2011, non- defense spending $61 billion, and health spending $32 billion).
30. Interview with Eric Rosenfeld at his office in Portland, Oregon, on October 15, 2014.
31. Interview with Mario Jenni, June 11, 2014, Zurich; all other Jenni quotes in this chapter are from this interview.
32. See www.cvent.com/rfp/zurich-hotels/technopark-zuerich-foundation /venue-2da8053746c74fdebf46a5c8167fdda7.aspx.
33. Interview with Leo Krummenacher in Sonntag, June 7, 2009.
34. In an interview June 7, 2009, with the Swiss magazine Sonntag 1, Leo Krummenacher recounted how the complex developed.
35. See www.molecularpartners.com.
36. See www.roche.com.
37. See www.esbatech.com.
38. See www.bsse.ethz.ch.
39. See biosaxony.com.
40. See bio-city-leipzig.de/welcome.<
br />
41. See www.biotech-leipzig.de/en/unternehmen/383-technologiegrunderfonds-sachsen-seed-gmbh-und-co-kg.
42. See www.iccas.de/uber-iccas/?lang=en.
43. See www.iccas.de/forschung/?lang=en.
44. See de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Simons.
45. See www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6853/full/nj6853–04a0.html.
46. See www.mpi-cbg.de.
47. See www.tzdresden.de/bioz-location.html.
48. See www.oncoray.de.
49. See www.crt-dresden.de/about.html.
50. See www.ipfdd.de/mbc.
51. See www.bionection.de/programme/format.
52. See www.biotype.de.
53. See www.qualitype.de, and www.rotop-pharmaka.de/en/our-products.
54. So bold and controversial that it drove the then-CEO to suicide before success became clear.
55. Interview with Harri Posti at the University of Oulu, Finland, on September 6, 2013.
56. See www.bme.oulu.fi.
57. See also Ryuji Kohno, University of Oulu Research Institute, “R&D, Standard, and Regulation of Medical Body Area Network (BAN),” 2013 European Connected Health Alliance Leadership Summit, Oulu, June 12, 2013. The quotation is from an interview with Tuula Palmen on September 6, 2013.
58. “Invest in Finland,” Health Care and Wellbeing News, April 25, 2013.
59. Based on interviews with Seppo Kopsala in Oulu, September 5–6, 2013, and subsequent e-mail correspondence.
60. Medical device makers have revenues over $1 billion. See “The Medical Device Industry in the United States,” Select USA, at selectusa.commerce.gov /industry-snapshots/medical-device-industry-united-states. Most medical technology companies can be found in California, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachusetts, Illinois, Minnesota, and Georgia, as well as Washington, Wisconsin, and Texas. See also Yair Holtzman, “The U.S. Medical Device Industry in 2012: Challenges at Home and Abroad,” MDDI (Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry), July 17, 2012.